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PCB Week13

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13 views24 pages

PCB Week13

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Mr. Originator
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Department of Collegiate and Technical Education

Importance of RoHS (Week 13)


PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION (20EC41P)
IV Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Electronics and Communication Engineering-20EC41P


Importance of RoHS(Restriction of use of
Hazardous Substances)

In 2003, EU created a legislation in EE industry


to restrict the use of hazardous substances, for
the sake of environmental and people safety and
health.

Also known as Directive 2002/95/EC


Importance of RoHS(Restriction of use of
Hazardous Substances)

The RoHS directive makes it illegal


to manufacture or import into
the member states of the EU
any electrical
or electronic equipment that
contains restricted materials––
RoHS Restricted Materials

Admissible amount of restricted materials is


expressed in ppm

Ex: Cadmium : <100 ppm


Lead : <1000 ppm
Mercury : < 1000 ppm
Hexavalent Chromium: <1000 ppm
Importance of RoHS
(Restriction of use of Hazardous Substances)

•Environmental pollution
•Landfills
•Water pollution
•People health (skin and Lung cancer)
Waste management of Hazardous Materials in PCB

• As more people are using electronic products, more e-waste


like computer boards, TV boards, mobile phones, circuit
boards are being created, which constitutes hazardous waste.
The RoHS and WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment) directive, limits the use of hazardous materials
and also has recycling targets. WEEE aims at reuse, recycle,
and recovery.
• PCB is composed of mainly metal and resin, which are
hazardous. A physical separation method can be used, Using
PCB recycling machine, metal and resin powder can be
separated.
• Present approach to PCB Scrap Disposal:
PCB scrap generated can be sent for
recycling, recovery operations or for
landfill. On an average, about 85% scrap is
subjected to landfill and only 15% is
subjected to recycling
Scrap PCBs:

• Scrap PCBs can be categorised into three grades depending upon the inherent
precious metal content. These are
• 1. Low Grade Material: It comprises power supply units, TV boards, and large
aluminium heat sink assemblies.
• 2. Medium Grade Scrap: This contains metal contents, generally from pin and
connectors.
• 3. High Grade Material: This comprises high precious metal content boards, like
gold containing IC, optoelectronic devices discrete components.

• PCB Scrap
• PCB Scrap disposal involves
• 1. Disassembly of scrap PCBs followed by
sorting, grading and shredding operations.
• 2. The output from Recycler is either sent for
landfill or to a smelter.
• 3. Boards containing sufficient gold or precious
metal are subjected to smelting.(About 1%
only) as shown in diagram.
• Technologies of Recycling of PCBs:
• Recycling process of PCB was described by
Yokoyama and Iji (1995), which is shown
below. A practical process for pulverizing the
PCB waste and resulting powder into copper
rich powder and glass fibre resin powder is
created.
• With this process up to 94% of the copper
was recovered. The recovered glass fibre
resin powder is used in paints and
adhesives, which improves mechanical
strength and thermal expansion
• Two approaches (Mechanical method and hydrometallurgical
method) are emerging as potential techniques for separation of
materials in the recycling process.
• 1. Mechanical method (Pulverizing and separating process):
PCB waste is pulverized and results in copper rich powder and glass
fibre and resin powder. The process involves pulverizing and
separating is as shown in diagram.
• In this process, the PCB waste is pulverized in a process consisting
of crushing (cutting and shearing), the copper rich powder and glass
fibre resin powder is recovered with a separating process (gravity
separating step using an air vortex and an electrostatic separation
step). The average particle size was found to be in range from
100mm to 300mm.Upto 94% copper can be recovered.
• 2. Hydrometallurgical method: A
methodology based on solvolysis has been
developed to enable both the recovery of
metals and the recovery of plastic materials
with additional benefit of the capability to
extract halogens and brominated
hydrocarbon derivatives
•
Environment Management Standard (EMS)
• Environment management standard (EMS) can help an
organization improve environmental performance, minimize
risk and reduce business overheads
• . It is a system and database which integrates procedures and
processes for training of personnel, monitoring, summarizing,
and reporting of specialized environmental performance
information to internal and external stakeholder of a firm”.
• The PCB industry worldwide is now taking up the parallel
principles of quality control and waste management, and firmly
believes that a more comprehensive approach towards
environmental management is needed. Just as companies
• Environment management standard (EMS) can help an organization improve
environmental performance, minimize and nations have developed standards for
everything from food packaging to the transmission of video and voice over
fiber optic cables, international standards for environmental management and
protection system called ISO-14000 have been developed by the international
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• .This standard approaches environmental issues with a focus not on meeting
limited improvement across a broader spectrum (Bruhn, 1997).
• ISO 14000 requires companies to identify and prioritize the significant
environmental impacts of their operations, quantify and develop
performance-based environmental objectives, define the structure and
responsibilities, develop internal auditing and corrective action
communication system.
• This standard can be viewed as an extension of the total quality management
approach to business management wherein the goal is to continually strive to
achieve excellence, and constant improvement is the key objective.
• Perhaps the greatest benefit of the standard is that it encourages companies to be
environmentally proactive and stay ahead of the regulatory curve. It stimulates
the development method to eliminate materials, processes and wastes that make a
company vulnerable to regulations.
• Goals of EMS
• The goals of EMS are to increase compliance and reduce waste:
•  Compliance is the act of reaching and maintaining minimal legal
standards. By not being compliant; companies may face fines,
government intervention or may not be able to operate.
•  Waste reduction goes beyond compliance to reduce environmental
impact. The EMS helps to develop, implement, manage, coordinate
and monitor environmental policies. Waste reduction begins at the
design phase through pollution and waste minimization. At the end
of the life cycle, waste is reduced by recycling.

• 13.3.2 Features of Environmental Management System (EMS)


•  Provides a systematic way of managing an organization’s
environmental affairs.
•  Is the aspect of the organization’s overall management structure that
addresses immediate and long-term impacts of its products, services
with planning, controlling and monitoring policies in an organization.
•  Gives order and consistency for organizations to address environmental
concerns through the allocation of resources, assignment of responsibility
and ongoing evaluation of practices, procedures and processes.
•  Creates environmental buy-in from management and employees and
assign accountability and responsibility.
•  Sets framework for training to achieve objectives and desired
performance.
•  Helps understand legislative requirements to better determine a
product or service’s impact, significance, priorities and objectives.
•  Focuses on continual improvement of the system and a way to
implement policies and objectives to meet a desired result. This also helps
with reviewing and auditing the EMS to find future opportunities.
•  Encourages contractors and suppliers to establish their own EMS.
•  Facilitates e-reporting to federal, state and provincial government
environment agencies through direct upload.
• An environmental management system is a
strategic policy instrument that can help an
organization comply with environmental
regulations, manage energy and other
resources better, reduce environmental tax
burdens and improve business performance
overall.
• 13.3.3 Implementing an EMS – Business Benefits
•  Environmental performance – an EMS identifies ways of improving efficiency
such as using fewer materials, less energy and minimizing waste, which can
help reduce overheads.
•  Improved market share- consumers are more likely to purchase and services
from supplies that can show their activities are less harmful to the environment.
•  Enhanced investment opportunities- investment institutions are taking
environment considerations into account when making investment decisions.
•  Reduced insurance premiums- insurance companies consider pollution risks
when setting business premiums, those that demonstrate effective environmental
risk management may be offered better premium rates.
•  Environment taxes- including landfill tax, aggregate tax, climate change levy,
carbon reduction commitment and emissions trading schemes, aim to encourage
businesses to improve their environmental performance and minimize impacts.
•  Financial incentives- such as feed-in Tariffs and the Renewable Heat Incentive
are designed to encourage businesses to invest in low-energy technologies.
•  Environmental regulations- The environment agency and other regulators
consider an EMS as a responsible approach to reducing environmental Impacts, and
regulatory non-compliance.

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