Scribd
Upload
24 views15 pages

Unit 8 Sec 1

Uploaded by

moorasaysawt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views15 pages

Unit 8 Sec 1

Uploaded by

moorasaysawt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Atomic Structure

Unit 8
Models of Atoms

 Good enough to explain the behavior of solids, liquids , and gases.


 It also explains diffusion, density, and gas pressure.
 Atoms are made up of sub-atomic particles called protons, neutrons,
and electrons.
 Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of an atom.
 Electrons whizz around the outside.
Why do atoms have no electric charge?

Atoms contain charged particles. But atoms have no overall electrical


charge.
They are neutral. This is because, in any atom, the number of protons is
the same as the number of electrons.
 Finding Electron

 Scientist Joseph John Thomsons


 Electron by cathode ray ( https://youtu.be/4QAzu6fe8rE )
New Models of the Atom
 Thomson’s plum pudding model

In 1904, Thomson said , negative electrons are placed throughout a positively-charged


sphere. The electrons move around in rings.

 Nagaoka’s Saturn model

In 1904, Nagaoka suggest , an atom consists of a positively-charged center. Electrons


orbit around the center in rings, like those of the planet Saturn. Nagaoka predict that an
atom has a nucleus with a large mass
Discovering the nucleus
Testing the plum pudding model

 Rutherford
 Hans Gieger and Ernest Marsden

 A new model for the atom


 By 1911, Rutherford had created a new model:
●Atoms have a central nucleus. Most of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus. The nucleus is positively
charged.
● The nucleus is surrounded by a big empty space in which electrons move.

 Rutherford’s model explained Geiger and Marsden’s observations:


● The positive particles that bounced backwards had hit a nucleus.
● The positive particles that travelled straight through the foil had passed through empty space between nuclei.

 Inside the nucleus


Rutherford discovered that:
● atoms have a central nucleus
● most of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus
● the nucleus contains protons
Protons, electrons, and the periodic table
Protons
• The nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons.
• All atoms of an element have the same number of protons.
• For example, all oxygen atoms have eight protons, and all nitrogen atoms have seven protons.

Electrons
• whizz around an atom outside its nucleus. The electrons occupy shells. Shells are also called energy
levels, or orbits.
• Each shell can hold a maximum number of electrons:
● the first shell can hold up to two electrons
● the second shell can hold up to eight electrons

The numbers show the electronic structure of an atom.


The table shows the electronic structures of the atoms drawn opposite.
The electron arrangements of the first 20 elements of the periodic table.
Proton number, nucleon number, and isotopes
proton number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is its proton number.
Atomic number = number of proton = number of electron

Nucleon number
Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of an atom. Particles in the
nucleus – protons and neutrons – are called nucleons.

Nucleon number or mass number


The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is its nucleon number or mass number.
For example, an atom of oxygen has eight protons and eight neutrons. Its nucleon number
is sixteen.

Mass number or nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutron


The Group 1 elements

 The columns of the periodic table are called groups.


 The elements of a group have similar properties to each other

Properties and patterns


 The Group 1 elements are metals. In some ways, they are like other metals:
● they conduct electricity
● they are shiny when freshly cut.
 The Group 1 elements are softer than most other metals. They can be easily cut with a knife.

Melting point and boiling point


The Group 1 elements have low melting points compared to most other metals
Li= 180 C, Na = 98 C, Potassium = 64 C

Density
The Group 1 elements have low densities compared to most other metals.

Reactions with water


sodium + water sodium = hydroxide + hydrogen
potassium + water = potassium hydroxide + hydrogen
The Group 2 elements

Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca ), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba) , Radium (Ra)

Reactions with water


Calcium reacts vigorously with water. The products are hydrogen gas and calcium hydroxide solution:
calcium + water calcium hydroxide + hydrogen

Strontium and barium react even more vigorously with water. The products are similar:
strontium + water strontium hydroxide + hydrogen
barium + water barium hydroxide + hydrogen

Reactions with acid


The Group 7 elements

 Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are in Group 7 of the periodic table.
 They are the halogens

Group trends
 The Group 7 elements are non-metals. They do not conduct electricity. They are poor conductors of heat.
 The table shows some properties of the Group 7 elements

 The Group 7 elements have low melting and boiling points compared to most metals. This is because they
exist as molecules.
 A strong force holds the two atoms of the molecule together. The forces between a molecule and its
neighbours are weak. It is easy to separate the molecules of chlorine in the liquid state to form a gas.
Reactions of the Group 7 elements

Chlorine react with iron wool

https://youtu.be/EvtyMr5EvBY

From top to bottom of group 7:


• Melting point and boiling point increase
• The reactions with iron get less vigorous.
Periodic trends

Groups
In the periodic table, the vertical columns are called groups. The elements in a group have similar properties.
There are trends in these properties.
For example, in Groups 1, 2, and 7 the melting points of the elements increase going down the group.

Periods
The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods.

From left to right of periods 1 and 2:


• Melting points increase for the first four elements
• Melting points of the other elements in the periods are lower.
How scientists work: inside
sub-atomic particles

Evidence for the Higgs boson

https://youtu.be/BiR1cPisge8

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy