Scribd
Upload
5 views25 pages

1 Topic 1 Lesson 1

Uploaded by

aston.deuchar.gamer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views25 pages

1 Topic 1 Lesson 1

Uploaded by

aston.deuchar.gamer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

IB CHEMISTRY

Topic 1 Stoichiometric
relationships
1.1 Introduction to the particulate
nature of matter and chemical change
OBJECTIVES

• Atoms of different elements combine in fixed ratios to form


compounds, which have different properties from their
component elements.
• Mixtures contain more than one element and/or compound that
are not chemically bonded together and so retain their individual
properties.
• Mixtures are either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
• Deduction of chemical equations when reactants and products
are specified.
• Application of the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) in equations.
• Explanation of observable changes in physical properties and
temperature during changes of state.
Law vs theory
Both are developed from experiments. Both have
exceptions. Both can be modified or rejected.

Theory: An explanation that provides an understanding


across a range of phenomena and disciplines.
Law: A description of regular patterns of behavior.
Law of definite proportions
• ‘A compound always contains the
same proportion of elements by
mass’
• Joseph Louis Proust, French chemist
• 1794 showed experimentally that
artificial and natural copper carbonate
had the same proportion of weights
between Cu, C, and O.
But... what about this
compound?
• Berzelius a Swedish chemist
disagreed with Proust.
• Non-stoichiometric
compounds (mainly
inorganic solids and
polymers) as well as
isotopes form exceptions to
the rule
• Eg. FeO is usually Fe0.84O
due to Fe in different states
(Fe2+ and Fe3+)
Principle of Occam’s razor
William of Ockham was and English monk
(1287-1347 CE).

‘A theory should be as simple as possible


while maximizing explanatory power.’
(Shaving away the unnecessary)

Why did Proust win out over Berzelius?


Terminology
Element: A substance composed of atoms having an identical
number of protons in each nucleus.

Atom: Smallest part of an element

Compound: 2 or more elements chemically bonded together

Mixtures: Contain more than one element an/or compound


that are not chemically bonded together and so retain their
individual properties. Two types:
Homogenous – have uniform properties
Heterogenous – have non-uniform properties
Terminology
• Solid (s), Liquid (l), Gas (g), Aqueous (aq) – dissolved
in water
States of matter
Changes of state
Vaporization
(boiling vs
melting evaporation)

freezing
condensation

deposition

sublimation
Heating curves
• SI unit for temperature is the kelvin (K) which is °C +
273.
150

Energy added at phase change


goes into breaking interparticle
100 forces NOT raising temperature

50

0
Time/s
This flat line demonstrates the
-50 substance is pure
(Lasse) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

endothermic
Law of multiple proportions
• ‘If two elements form more than one
compound between them, then the ratios of
the masses of the second element which
combine with a fixed mass of the first
element will be ratios of small whole
numbers’ eg. CO and CO2

• John Dalton, English chemist


• An improvement built upon Proust’s law of
definite proportions and Lavoisier’s law of
conservation of mass. These three laws then
then form the basis for chemical formulae,
names, and stoichiometry!
Experimental evidence for
stoichiometry:
Polyatomic ions
Ions are atoms with a positive (cations) or negative
(anions) charge. Polyatomic ions are covalent molecules
with a charge that act as a unit in ionic compounds.

These must be memorized! (list on next slide)


(You will learn how to work these out soon).
Polyatomic ions – the list
Ammonium NH4+
Carbonate CO32-
Hydroxide OH-
Nitrous acid HNO2
Nitrite NO2-
Nitric acid HNO3
Nitrate NO 3
-

Sulphite SO32- Sulphurous acid H2SO3


Sulphate SO42- Sulphuric acid H2SO4
Phosphite PO33- Phosphorous acid H3PO3
Phosphate PO43- Phosphoric acid H3PO4
Naming covalent compounds

Covalent compounds are formed by sharing electrons. To


name these compounds you must add prefixes to show how
many atoms are in the formula. You know it is covalent
because it will be a non-metal combined with a non-metal.

Add prefixes to all atoms, but omit mono- for the first
element. Add - ide to the last element.
Eg. CO = carbon + oxygen = carbon monooxygenide
carbon monoxide
Naming ionic compounds
Ionic compounds are formed from the attraction of positive
ions (cations) and negative ions (anions). To name these
compounds, find the charges and balance the charges. You
know it is ionic because it will be metal combined with a
non-metal.

The cation comes first the anion comes second.


Eg. NaCl sodium chloride
Charges are already balanced (+1 + -1 = 0)
Balancing equations
1. Make a table to list out the elements on the left and
right hand side of the equation
Left Right
C H O C H O
C6H14 + O2  CO2 +
6 14 2 1 2 3
H2O
2. Begin with the most complicated compound and
balance the equation for this.

Left Right
C H O C H O
C6H14 + O2  6CO2 + 6 14 2 1 2 3
H2O 6 13
Left Right
C6H14 + O2  6CO2 + C H O C H O
7H2O 6 14 2 1 2 3
6 14 13
19

3. Finish by balancing the least complicated compound.

Left Right
C H O C H O
C6H14 + 19/2O2  6CO2 + 6 14 2 1 2 3
7H2O 19 6 14 13
19
4. Get rid of any fractions by multiplying by the
denominator.

C6H14 + 19/2O2  6CO2 +


7H2O
2C6H14 + 19O2  12CO2 + 14H2O
Note; this you do not do when we start doing physical chemistry Topic 5-7.
But you’ll see it in Topic 1 and it will be used this way in the Paper 1 exams

5. Double check to ensure it is balanced and the


numbers are the lowest common factor.
Test yourself

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy