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Power System Stability

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

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Md Yekra Rahman
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37 views20 pages

Power System Stability

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

Uploaded by

Md Yekra Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

Outline of Presentation
 Introduction

 Power angle curve

 Dynamics Of Synchronous Machine

 Swing equation

 Analysis of steady state stability

 Equal Area Criterion

 Methods of improving stability


Introduction (contd…)
 A large power system consists of several synchronous machines
(or equipment or components) operating in synchronism.
 When the system is subjected to some form of disturbance, there is
a tendency for the system to develop forces to bring it to a
normal or stable condition
 The term stability refers to stable operation of the
synchronous machines connected to a power system when they
are subjected to sudden disturbances.
 Depending on the nature and magnitude of disturbances the
stability studies can be classified into the following types
1. Steady state stability
2. Transient stability
Introduction (contd…)

POWER SYSTEM
STABILITY

Steady state stability


Transient state
stability

Static Dynamic
stability Stability
Introduction (contd…)
Steady state stability : It is defined as the ability of a power
system to remain stable (i.e., without losing synchronism) for
small disturbances ( gradual changes in load).
 Static stability refers to inherent stability that prevails without
the aid of automatic control devices
 Dynamic stability refers to artificial stability given to an
inherently unstable system by automatic control devices. It
is concerned with small disturbances lasting for 10 to 30 sec.

The transient stability is defined as the ability of a power


system to remain stable for large disturbances. (such as sudden
change in loads, loss of generations, excitations, transmission
facilities, switching operations and faults).
Power Angle Curve

EV 2
Pe  jQe sin δ  j E V cos δ  V ........
Xd ( 3)
  X d d
X
EV 
 Pe =Real Power of (S)= sin δ .........
X s (4)
Thus, the real power output depends on and power angle δ.
Power Angle Curve (contd…)
 Plotting (4)

 As δ is increased beyond 90 0 ,Pe decreases .

 At δ=180 0 , Pe becomes zero.

 Beyond δ=180 0 ,Pe becomes negative which implies that the power

flow direction is reversed and the power is supplied from the


infinite bus to the generator.
 The positive value of δ (E leading V) applies to generator action and
negative value for δ (E lagging V) applies to the motor action.
Power Angle Curve (contd…)
 The max steady-state power transfer occurs when
δ=90;
EV
P max ..................(5)
 X
The value of Pe,max is called the pull-out or steady-state stability limit.

 In actual practice δ is kept round 30 0


 When the power angle δ increases by a small amount Δδ.
The increase in synchronous power output is given by

E V
Pr  P  P  cos δ ………………….(6)
d
δ δ
Where
X
Pr synchronizing power coefficient

 In terms of ABCD parameters, power angle equation can be written as


EV AV 2
  sin(β  α )...............(7)
Pmax B B
Dynamics of synchronous machine

1
KE  2 Mωs ...........(12)

ωs   Pωsm  rotor speed in rad (elec) /


2
sec 2
 2
M  J    ωs
10 6  P 

H
M sec2 / elec  rad............(13)
 180 f
Swing Equation

 The behavior of a synchronous machine during transients


is described as swing equation.
Let,
J = Total moment of inertia of the rotor mass in kg - m 2
θm = Angular displacement of the rotor with respect to a stationary axis
in mechanical radians.
t = Time, in seconds.
Tm= The mechanical (or) shaft torques in N-m.
Te= Net electrical (or) electromagnetic torque in N - m.
Ta= Net accelerating torque in N - m.
 Under steady state conditions,

Te = T m , N =
Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
constant
Swing equation (contd…)

d 2θ
Ta  m
..........
J dt 2 (15 )

d 2δ
 Pm  Pe .......(18)
M ( p.u ) dt 2
Swing equation (contd…)

δ1  δ 2

δ
Swing equation (contd…)

 The above results are easily extendable to any no. of machines


swinging coherently.
 Swing Curve: The graph between load angle and time is called
Swing Curve.
 If δ increases continuously with time the system is
unstable.
if δ starts decreasing after
reaching a maximum value it is
said that the system will remain
stable.
Transient stability

Transient stability limit is the maximum power that can be


transferred without the system becoming unstable when a sudden or
large disturbance occurs.
Assumptions:
• In transmissions line & synchronous machine resistance is
neglected.
• Damping term contributed by synchronous machine damper winding
is neglected.
• Rotor speed is assumed to be synchronous.
• Mechanical power input to machine remains constant.
• Voltage behind transient reactance is assumed remains constant.
• Loads are modelled as constant admittances.
Transient stability(Contd….)

The transient stability can be analysed by following methods


i) Equal Area criterion.
ii) Point by point method
iii) Runga-Kutta method
Equal area criterion
The stability of a single machine connected to
an infinite bus can be studied by the use of equal area
criterion.
 If Pe1=Pe0+∆P then the accelerating power Pa decreases
from ∆P
(when δ =δ0) to zero (when δ =δ1).
 During the time taken by the load angle to increase from
δ0 to
δ1 , the rotor absorbs KE. This KE equals to the shaded
Equal Area criterion

 The load angle δ 2 can be obtained from the condition that the

KE gained by rotor during its swing from δ 0 to δ 1

must equal to KE returned as it swing from δ 1 to δ 2 .


 This leads to conclusion that area A 1 must be equal to shaded area

A 2 . This is referred as equal area criterion.


Mathematical way of expressing Equal area Criterion

 Multiplying eq (18) by  dδ  and integrating, we get.


2 
dt 
δ
dδ  2 P a

dδ ...........(27)
δ 0

dt M
 For a stable system (i.e. the load angle will have minimum
dδ
value when  0 δ)
dt
i.e.  P dδ  a

δ
0 0

 This refers to zero area, which is possible only where p a has both

accelerating and decelerating power that is for, p m >p e and for


the other part pe >pm
 For the generator action Pm>Pe for positive area A 1 and Pe>Pm for

negative area A2 for stable operation.


Critical clearing angle & Critical clearing time

 Critical clearing angle (δcc): It is the maximum


allowable change in the power angle δ, before clearing the
fault, without loss of synchronism.
P 1  Pm 
δ δ a t δ  cos cos δ max P (δ  δ 0 )..............(29)
2M  max 
 Critical clearing time(t c c ): It can be defined as the maximum
0 2 cc max

time delay that can be allowed to clear the fault without loss
synchronism.
of 2H (δ  δ )
t cc 0
.................(30)

cc  fPm

 If the actual clearing angle is greater than the Critical clearing


angle, the system is unstable, otherwise it is stable.
Methods of improving stability

 By increasing inertia constant(M)

 Increasing system voltage

 Reduction of transfer reactance

• Use of double circuit lines


• Use of Bundle conductors
• Series compensation of the lines
 Fast switching
 Turbine fast valving ( or) By-pass
valving
 Single –pole switching
 Load shedding
 HVDC links

 Breaking resistors
Methods of improving stability (Contd…..)

 Short circuit current limiters

 Full load rejection


technique

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