WIRELESS AND MOBILE

1
COMMUNICATIONS
Haileselassie Fisseha
hfhailsh7@gmail.com
+251914024651

12/04/2024
CHAPTER 1 -LECTURE 1
d
Outline of the Lecture
 Motivation
 Brief history of wireless communication
 Block diagram of communication system
 Technical
2 challenges
 Current wireless communication systems
 Trends for future systems and networks
12/04/2024
 3
Motivation freedom of positioning

Why wireless communications?

– Reasons for no wires are manyfold.
• Flexibility,compatible and enable for new
apps
• Mobility,enable any where/time connectivity
• Robustness? Ppty of being strong n healthy
• Faster to deploy than wired, brings
cocomus to areas wout prexisting infrastructure 12/04/2024
 4
Why Talk About Wireless?
• Wireless communication is not a new technology but cell phones have brought
revolution in wireless communication
• Wireless Technology has changed the way
– Organizations & individuals work & live today
• In less than 10 years
– World has moved from fixed to wireless networks
– Allowing people, mobile devices & computers talk to each other, connect
without a cable
– Only available option for field data acquisition
• Interconnectivity with multiple devices
– Using radio-waves, sometimes light 12/04/2024

– Frees user from many constrains of traditional computer & phone system
 Wired vs. Wireless
5

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 Electromagnetic Radiation
6

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7 Introduction To Wireless Communication
 Wireless communications is, by any measure, the
fastest growing segment of the communications
industry.
 Cellular systems have experienced exponential
growth over the last decade and there are
currently about two billion users worldwide.
 In addition, wireless local area networks
currently supplement or replace wired networks
in many homes, businesses, and campuses.
 Some of the new application emerged are
wireless sensor networks, automated highways
and factories, smart homes and appliances, and
remote telemedicine. 12/04/2024
 8 Introduction To Wireless Communication
 The first wireless networks were developed in the preindustrial age.
 Smoke signals,
 torch signaling
 lashing mirrors
 signal flares
•Combination of signals
Transmit using LOS
 •An elaborate set of Signals are
used
 semaphore flags
 and others.
 Observation stations (telescope) were built on hilltops and along
roads to relay these messages over large distances 12/04/2024
9 Introduction To Wireless Communication
 These early communication networks were replaced first by the
telegraph network (invented by Samuel Morse in 1838)
 later replaced by the telephone.
 In 1895, a few decades after the telephone was invented,
Marconi demonstrated the first radio transmission.
 Radio technology advanced rapidly to enable transmissions
over larger distances with
 Better quality,
 less power
 Smaller devices
 cheaper devices, Thereby enabling public and private radio
communications,television, and wireless networking
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10 The first half 20th Century
 Audio broadcasting over radio
 Video broadcasting over radio (television)
 Government radio systems
– Police radio
– Military radio
 World War II
– Secure communications and spread spectrum
 Theoretical breakthroughs
– Wiener filter
– Matched filter
– Information theory 12/04/2024
 Introduction To Wireless Communication
11

 Early radio systems transmitted analog signals.

 Today most radio systems transmit digital signals composed
of binary bits.
 Directly from a data signal
 or by digitizing an analog signal.
 Why Digital signals?
Consistence of reproduction
Noise immunity
Seemless of integration
 Multiplexing
 Integration of d/t Technology 12/04/2024
 Introduction
12
To Wireless Communication
A digital radio can transmit
 a continuous bit stream
 it can group the bits into packets (Packet Radio).

  Packet Radio is often characterized by bursty transmissions:.

  The first network based on packet radio, ALOHANET, was developed at the
University of Hawaii in 1971.
  The network architecture used a star topology with the central computer at its
hub.
  Any two computers could establish a bi-directional communications link between
them by going through the central hub
  ALOHANET incorporated the first set of protocols for channel access and
routing in packet radio systems 12/04/2024
13 Introduction To Wireless Communication
 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) use packet
radios for tactical communications in the battlefield.
 The nodes in these ad hoc wireless networks had the ability to self-
configure into a network.
 the resulting systems fell far short of expectations in terms of speed and
performance.
 Packet radio networks also found commercial application in supporting
wide area wireless data services.
 wireless data access

 email, At low data rate (20kbps

 file transfer,
 Web browsing)

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 Introduction To Wireless Communication
14
 By far the most successful application of wireless networking has been the cellular
telephone system.
 when wireless voice transmission between NewYork and San
Francisco was first established.
 In 1946, public mobile telephone service was introduced in 25 cities across the
United States.
 These initial systems used a central transmitter to cover an entire metropolitan
area.
 But it was not sufficient due to limited radio spectrum..

 It Could support only 543 users.

 A solution came from AT&T Bell Laboratories eveloped the cellular concept .

 Cellular systems exploit the fact that the power of a transmitted signal falls off with
distance. 12/04/2024

 two users can operate on the same frequency at

15
Mobile Communications
• Voice transmission between New York and San Francisco in 1915
– convergence of telephone and radio started.
• Public mobile telephone introduced by AT&T in USA in 1946
– FM radio transmission, 120 kHz per voice channel, limited to 80 km
from base station, operator-assisted dialing.
• Mid-1960s: AT&T’s IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service) uses 30 kHz
voice channels, narrowband FM and direct dialing
• Cellular concept introduced by AT&T in 1950s.
– Spatial frequency reuse.
– Concept designed completed in late 1960s.

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 Block diagram of communication
16 system

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 Cont...
17
 Format
– Operation to convert signal into digital form (digital symbols)
• E.g., A/D-conversion
– Does not remove redundancy
• Source coding
– Information signal’s (from source) redundancy is removed (e.g.,.
HUFFMAN-coding)
– Compressing the message
– Digital symbols have redundancy,
• If symbols have not the same probability or
• if symbols are not independent of each others
– Source symbols inherent redundancy is nonsystematic
• Wastes channel capacity 12/04/2024

• Cannot be efficiently used to detect/correct errors

 Cont ...
 18
Encryption: two goals
– privacy (sanoman yksityisyys): prevents the inappropriate users to get the
infomation (useless to intercept)
– authentiation (sanoman luotettavuus): prevents the inaapropriate users to sent
information (prevents false alarms)
• Channel coding
– Redundance is increased in a way, that the receiver can use it efficiently to detect
and correct errors -> parity check bits
(e.g., repetition codes, block codes, convolutional codes)
– Every sequence of k bits is presented as code word of length n => amount of
redundance is n/k; inverse k/n is code rate
– Channel coding increases signals’ distance in signal space,
therefore error probability decreases
– Errors should be usually randomized using interleaving

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 Cont ...
19
• Modulation
– To match the signal spectra in the band pass channel
 – Can be changed carries wave
amplitude, phase or frequency
– Line coding is corresponding process in low pass channel
• Spectrum spreading (spread spectrum systems)
– Signal spectrum is spread by a factor of 100-1000
– Goals, e.g.,
• Increase interference resistance of the receiver
• Decrease probability of interception (LPI)
• Tolerate multipath propagation
• Multiple access (CDMA = code division multiple access)
• Distance measuring 12/04/2024

 – Spreading is done using special spreading code

 Cont...
20
• Multiplexing
– Sharing of transfer capacity of channels to different users
– Is usually fixed
– Can be done in frequency or time domain (orthogonality)
– Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
– Time division multiplexing (TDM)
• Multiple access
– Also sharing of channel capacity
– Not necessary fixed but it can be changed based on requirements of the
users
– Access is controlled
– Examples
̵ Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) 12/04/2024

̵ Time division multiple access (TDMA), e.g., GSM

21 Cont...
 • Synchronization
– To find meaningful time instants of the
received signal time axis

– Frequency (carrier synchronization) and

time (symbol synchronization) estimation

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22
Technical Challenges
 Many technical challenges must be addressed to enable
the wireless applications of the future.
 These challenges extend across all aspects of the
system design.
 Wireless Nodes (terminals)
 Wireless Channel
 Intermediate Devices (BTS)

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Challenges on Wireless Terminal
23
 Computers process voice, image, text, and video data, but breakthroughs
in circuit design
 As wireless terminals add more features, these small devices must
incorporate multiple modes of operation in order to support the different
applications and media.
 Consumers don’t want large batteries that frequently need recharging.
 so transmission and signal processing at the portable terminal must
consume minimal power.
 The signal processing required to support multimedia applications and
networking functions can be power intensive.
 Thus, wireless infrastructure-based networks, such as wirelessLANs and
cellular systems, place as much of the processing burdenas possible on
fixed sites with large power resources. 12/04/2024
 Challenges on Wireless Terminal
24

 The finite bandwidth and random variations of wireless channels also require
robust applications that degrade gracefully as network performance degrades.
 First of all, the radio spectrum is a scarce resource that must be allocated to
many different applications and systems.
 For this reason, spectrum is controlled by regulatory bodies both regionally and
globally.
 A regional or global system operating in a given frequency band must obey the
restrictions.
 Spectrum can also be very expensive:
 Eg. In USA companies spent over $9 billion for second-
generation cellular licenses
 The spectrum obtained through these auctions must be used extremely 12/04/2024
25 Challenges with Wireless
Channel
 At frequencies around several gigahertz, wireless
radio components with reasonable size, power
consumption, and cost are available.
 However, the spectrum in this frequency range is
extremely crowded.
 Thus, technological breakthroughs to enable higher-
frequency systems with the same cost and
performance would greatly reduce the spectrum
shortage. 12/04/2024


Cont...
26

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27 Cont.
 The other challenge is random channel fluctuation due to

Reflections
Attenuation
 This makes it difficult to design reliable systems with guaranteed performance.
 Moreover wireless communication are challenged by

Security implementation
Wireless networking (The network must be
able to locate)

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Why?
28
• Radio wave propagation (sort of like your voice)
– Decreasing signal strength
 Radio waves lose energy due to absorption
 or scattering
– Multi-path fading:
reflections from multiple objects;
time varying due to mobility
– Interference
• Your signal is noise to others in the same
frequency band
• Broadcast nature
• Network dynamics
– Moving objects, weather 12/04/2024
29
Technical Challenges
• Wireless or radio communications pose a number of
distinct technical and scientific challenges related to the fact
that communication need to be wireless due to
– radio propagation issues
– power limitations if the terminal is also wireless in power
supply sense.
• A wireless channel is inherently more difficult and
fluctuating than a wired one.
NB Wireless connection is not always the best choice.
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Technical Challenges
30

 Terminal challenges:
– Power limitations in portable terminals
􀃖 power efficiency is a crucial issue.
– Multitude of system standards
􀃖 need for flexible and reconfigurable terminals.
• Radio spectrum is a scarce resource.
– Bandwidth efficiency is a critical design issue.
– Frequency spectrum sharing and allocation is a big
political/economical issue.
• International standardization bodies and national
 regulators need to co-operate. 12/04/2024

• Security concerns due to radio transmission.

 31 Wireless Channel
 Wireless channel distorts the signal in several manners:

– free-space path loss (attentuation)

– shadowing (large scale fading)

– (small scale) fading due to multipath propagation.

• Wireless channels are always unpredictable to some extent.

􀃖 Wireless channels pose a main technical / theoretical design / research challenge for wireless
communications.

 􀃖 Understanding the channels is crucial.

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32
Wired vs. Wireless

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Propagation
33
Channel – the Trouble Maker

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34 Examples of Quality of Service (QoS)
Requirements

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35 Service Requirements

• Sensor networks: <1kbit/s; central nodes need up to

10Mbit/s
• Speech communications: 5-64 kbit/s, depending in speech
coder (vocoder)
• Elementary data services: 10-100 kbit/s
• Communications between computer peripherals: 1 Mbit/s
• Wireless LANs: broadband internet speeds, 1-100 Mbit/s
• Personal Area Networks: >100 Mbit/s
12/04/2024
 Wireless Networking
36
• Locating the users and routing the signal is not always
trivial in mobile communications.
 The traffic patterns, user (also interfering ones)
locations and service needs (data rate, delay
requirements, reliability etc.) vary over time and space.
– High mobility poses particularly significant challenges.
• Challenges to wireless networking protocols, media
access, routing etc.
• Cross-layer optimization is needed for performance
optimum. 12/04/2024
37 OSI Protocol Reference Model

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 38 OSI Protocol Reference Model

• Application layer: user program that generates data.

• Presentation layer: changes syntax (data format) if
necessary.
• Session layer: synchronizes sessions (dialogues).
• Transport layer: end-to-end connection management, error
recovery.
• Network layer: routes data through network.
• Link layer: framing, error recovery on links, including MAC.
• Physical layer: point-to-point medium-dependent
transmission. 12/04/2024
Current Wireless Communication Systems
39
 Cellular communication (telephone) systems
• Cordless phones
• Wireless local area networks (WLAN’s)
• Wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN’s)
• Fixed wireless access
• Paging systems
• Satellite networks
• Short range connectivity
• Emerging systems and technologies
– Ad hoc wireless networks
– Sensor networks
– Distributed control networks
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40
Types of Wireless Devices

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Current Wireless Communication system
41
 Cellular Telephone System
 Cellular telephone systems are extremely popular and lucrative
worldwide:
 These are the systems that ignited the wireless revolution.
 Provide two-way voice and data communication
 The basic premise behind cellular system design is frequency reuse.
 reuse the same frequency spectrum at spatially
separated locations.
 Specifically, the coverage area of a cellular system is divided into non-
overlapping cells.
 Intercell /Interchannel Interference
 Reuse Distance 12/04/2024
 Architecture of Cellular Telephone System
42
 All base stations in a given geographical area are connected a
mobile telephone switching office (MTSO).
 MTSO is mainly responsible
 Channel Allocation
 Call Routing
 Managing Handoff
 (if power level is below Threshold level)

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43
Cellular Systems
 Geographic region divided into cells.
 Frequencies / time slots /codes reused at
Spatially separated locations.
 Co-channel interference.
 Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handover.
 Shrinking cell size increase capacity,
as well as networking burden and
investments to base stations.

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Cellular Phone Networks
44

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Cellular System Evolution
45

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 Networks and SystemCordless Telephone System
46
• Cordless telephone systems are full duplex communication
systems.
• First generation cordless phone
• in-home use
• communication to dedicated base unit
• few tens of meters

• Second generation cordless phone

• outdoor
• combine with paging system
• few hundred meters per station

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 47
Paging Systems
• Conventional paging system send brief messages to a subscriber
• Modern paging system: news headline, stock quotations, faxes, etc.
• Simultaneously broadcast paging message from each base station (simulcasting)
• Large transmission power
to cover wide area.

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 48 Paging Systems
• Broad coverage for short messaging
• Message broadcast from all
base stations
• Simple terminals
• Optimized for 1-way transmission
• Overtaken by cellular
– Features needed within cellular
technology

12/04/2024
 49
Wireless LAN (WLAN)
 Wireless LANs support high-speed data transmissions within
a small region.
 Wireless devices that access these LANs are typically
stationary or moving at pedestrian speeds.
 All wireless LAN standards in the United States operate in
unlicensed frequency bands.
 The interference problem is mitigated by setting a limit on the
power per unit bandwidth.
 Wireless LANs can
12/04/2024

 Ad-hoc or infrastructure.
50 WLAN

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 Wi-Fi: Wireless LAN (Hot Spot)
51

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 52
Wireless Local Area Networks
• WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range).
• Breaks data into packets.
• Channel access is shared (random access).
• Backbone Internet provides best-effort service.
• Poor performance for some applications (e.g. video).

12/04/2024
 53 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
• Wide area broadband wireless access solutions or
WMAN’s extend the WLAN idea and set-up to larger
coverage areas.
• Attempt to bring in also some features of cellular
systems, like handovers and mobility support.
• Rapidly developing technology.
• In the first phase, fixed wireless access or wireless local
loop (WLL) technology may be realized to solve the so
called last mile problem.
12/04/2024

– This is also a technology of its own.

54 Wi-Max: Wireless MAN

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 WLAN
55
and WMAN Standards
• WLAN
– IEEE 802.11b (Current Generation)
• Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
• Frequency hopped spread spectrum
• 1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range
– IEEE 802.11a / ETSI HiperLAN (Emerging Generation)
• Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz)
• OFDM with TDMA
• 20-70 Mbps, variable range
– IEEE 802.11g (New Standard)
• Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands 12/04/2024
56 Data Rate vs. Range

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57
From 2G to 3G and Beyond

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 58
Wireless Technology
• Emerging mainstream wireless technologies provide powerful building blocks for next-generation applications
– WLAN (IEEE 802.11 “WiFi”) hot-spots for broadband access, Bluetooth
• PDAs and laptops with integrated WLANs
– Broadband Wireless access technology- MAN (Alternative to DSL)
• IEEE 802.16 10-30 Km 40 Mbps WiMax
– Wide area wireless data also growing
• SMS, GPRS, CDMA2000, 1xEV-DO (2.4 Mbps data optimized)
• Networking of embedded devices
– Smart spaces, sensor networks
– web caching for information services
– Wireless sensor nets for monitoring and control
– VOIP for integrated voice services over wireless data networks

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 59 IrDA: P2P wireless Network

 Infra-red Data Association

 Based on Half Duplex Point-to-Point concept
 Frequency below the red end of spectrum making it invisible
 Eliminate the need for cables
 Clear line-of-sight
 Short-range (few meters)
 Simplest, most prevailing wireless standard
 No fixed speed 9.6 Kbps, 4Mbps
 Discovery Mode to find out data rate, size
 IrDA ports on PDA, Laptops USB sticks 12/04/2024

 Remote Control in TV, VCR, Air-conditioner

 Bluetooth: Wireless PAN
60
 Bluetooth (Named after Danish King Harold
Bluetooth)
 Based on Master-Slave concept
 Short-range (10 meters)
 Eliminate the need for cables
 Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band
 720 Kbps
 Interference due to multiple piconets and IEEE
802.15.1 home/person LAN
 To eliminate interference frequency hoping
technique used 12/04/2024

 Ominidirectional with both voice & data

 Satellite Systems
61

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 62
Short Range Connectivity
• Typically a low cost cable replacement for high rate
connections between low mobility or immobile devices for up
to few meters (< 100 m max).
• Bluetooth
– 2.4 GHz band (crowded)
– 1 data (700 kbps) and 3 voice channels
– telecomm, PC, and consumer electronics companies
• Ultrawideband (UWB) solutions emerging as well
– Impulse radio technology
– UWB OFDM, WiMEDIA
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 63
Ad Hoc Networks
• Peer-to-peer communications with no backbone infrastructure.
• Routing can be multihop, topology dynamic.
• Fully connected with different link SINRs.
• A flexible network infrastructure.
• The capacity is generally unknown.
• Transmission, access, and routing strategies for ad hoc networks are
generally ad hoc.
• Crosslayer design critical
and very challenging.

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 64 Sensor Networks
• Nodes powered by non-rechargeable batteries.
􀃖 Energy is the driving constraint.
• Data flows to centralized location.
• Low per-node rates but up to 100 000 nodes.
• Data highly correlated in time and space.
• Nodes can co-operate in transmission, reception, compression,
and signal processing.

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 Sensor Networks
65 node can only send a finite number of bits.
• Each
– Transmit energy minimized by maximizing bit time
– Circuit energy consumption increases with bit time
– Introduces a delay versus energy tradeoff for each bit
• Short-range networks must consider transmit, circuit, and processing
energy.
– Sophisticated techniques not necessarily energy-efficient.
– Sleep modes save energy but complicate networking.
• Changes everything about the network design:
– Bit allocation must be optimized across all protocols.
– Delay vs. throughput vs. node/network lifetime tradeoffs.
– Optimization of node cooperation. 12/04/2024
 Distributed Control over Wireless Links
66

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67 Cognitive Radio

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 68
Spectrum Regulation
• Radio spectrum is regulated by government offices.
– Finland: Ministry of Transportation and Communications
– USA: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or OSM.
• Regulation utilizes system (international) standards:
– International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
– European Telecommunications Standadization Institute (ETSI)
– FCC
– Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) in
Japan.
• De facto standards by companies.
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 Trends for Future Systems and Networks
69

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Transmission Technologies Summary
• Fixed wireless access (WMAN) • Military communication systems
70
– Heavily dominated by OFDM techniques – Were based on FH and FSK modulation
– Also DSL based on ”OFDM” – Current use CDMA techniques
• Cellular systems (WWAN) – Future seem to go towards multicarrier
(CDMA)
– Older mainly TDMA based, some CDMA
based
– Modern systems all based on CDMA
– Future systems will be OFDM based
• WLANS
– The first ones based on DS-SS
– Modern and future systems based on
OFDM
• Short range systems (WPANs)
– Have been using spread spectrum
techniques
12/04/2024
– Commercial UWB will be based on OFDM
 Why Wireless Broadband?
•People
71 expect to get similar services compared to wireline DSL
despite of their location.
⇒Wireless broadband multimedia services will be needed
• Wireless systems are developed in an evolutionary way
⇒In the future the networks will consist of several standards for
wireless access
• User is not expected to be aware of the available networks
=> different networks need to co-operate
• The future is a mixture of different broadband wireless
access networks complemented by various
short range schemes most of which
can be termed as broadband systems.
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 Mobile internet is on the way
72

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Consumers Have N escwe nNareioe’sds
73

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 74 Terminology and reference
• 3G = Third generation mobile network. (Old analog networks are referred as 1G, digital
TDMA networks as 2G)
• IMT-2000 (International mobile telephony)
– Project of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
– Family of standards for (3G) mobile telecommunications
• UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX,…
• 3GPP = 3rd Generation Partnership Project
– collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, to make 3G
specifications within the scope of the IMT-2000
• UMTS = Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services
• HSPA=High Speed Packet Access
– HSDPA Downlink
– HSUPA Uplink
E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Sköld and P. Beming: 3G EVOLUTION : HSPA AND LTE FOR MOBILE
BROADBAND, Elsevier.
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75
Towards 4G

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76 Towards 4G

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 The future
77

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