Scribd
Upload
32 views28 pages

Machines Class10

Uploaded by

MysticXavier
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views28 pages

Machines Class10

Uploaded by

MysticXavier
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Machines

Definition
A machine can be defined
as a device by which we
can either overcome a large
resistive force (or load) at
some point, by applying a
small force (or effort) at a
convenient point and in a
desired direction (OR) by
which we can obtain a gain
in speed.
Functions of machines
• In changing the point of application of effort to a
convenient point

• In changing the direction of effort to a convenient


direction

• For obtaining a gain in speed (speed multiplier)

• In lifting a heavy load by applying a less effort


(Force multiplier)
Terms related to Machines
• The resistive or opposing force to be overcome by a machine is called load
(L)
• The force applied on the machine to overcome the load is called effort (E)
• The ratio of the load to the effort is called the mechanical advantage of the
machine.

A machine’s mechanical advantage is the number of times the machine


multiplies force.
Load, Effort and Fulcrum
Mechanical Advantage (M.A.)
• MA > 1: In a machine used to overcome a certain load, the effort needed is
less than the load.(works as a force multiplier)

• MA <1: In a machine used to overcome a certain load, the effort needed is


greater than the load. (gain in speed)

• MA =1: The effort needed is equal to the load. (change the direction of
effort as there is no gain in force or speed)

• Unit: MA is the ratio of two similar quantities, it has no unit


Velocity Ratio (V.R.)
• The ratio of the velocity of effort to the velocity of load is called the
velocity ratio of a machine

• If and are the distances moved in the same time t by the load and
effort, respectively, then
V.R., contd.,
• VR is the ratio of the displacement of effort to the displacement of load.

• if VR >1, A machine works as a force multiplier

• If VR<1, speed multiplier

• If VR =1 , machine changes the direction of effort.

• Unit: Because VR is also the ratio of two similar quantities, it has no unit.
Efficiency
• Work input = Work done by the effort on the machine
• Work output = Work done on the load by the machine
• Efficiency is the ratio of the work output to the work input. It is denoted by
the symbol

• Unit: Because it is a ratio of two similar quantities, it has no unit.


• It is usually expressed in percentage, so we have
Principle of a Machine
• The point at which energy is supplied to a machine by applying effort is called
the effort point, and the point where the energy is obtained by overcoming the
load is called the load point.

• From the law of conservation of energy, the useful work done by a machine
(i.e. output energy) can never be greater than the work done on the machine
(i.e input energy)

• Thus, no machine can have efficiency greater than 1


Efficiency, MA and VR
• MA of a machine is equal to the product of its VR and efficiency
Machine

Ideal machine Actual machine

• Efficiency=1 or 100% • Efficiency <1 or <100%


• M.A. = V.R. • M.A.< V.R.
Levers
• The axis about which the lever turns passes through a point of the
lever called the fulcrum

A Effort arm F Load arm B

E (a) Class I L

• A lever works on the principle of moments


• Moment of load about the fulcrum = Moment of effort about the
fulcrum
Law of levers
• The two moments are always in opposite direction

• Thus, we have MA of a lever as the ratio of length of its effort arm to the length of
its load arm. This is known as the law of levers.

• From the above equation:


• (to change the direction of effort applied)
• (Speed Multiplier)
• (Force Multiplier)
Types of Levers
Levers are classified based on positions of Effort, Load
and Fulcrum

• Class 1: Fulcrum middle, effort and load are on either


side

• Class 2 : Load middle, effort and fulcrum are on either


side

• Class 3 : Effort middle, load and fulcrum are on either


side
Kinds of Levers
• In case of Class I levers, the fulcrum (F) is in between the effort (E) and
the load (L)

• For Class I levers, MA and VR can have any value —


• Either >1 or = 1 or < 1

A Effort arm F Load arm B

E (a) Class I L
Kinds of Levers, contd.,
• In case of Class II levers, the load L is somewhere in between the effort
and the fulcrum F
Effort arm E
F B Load arm
A

(b) Class II

• In case of Class II levers, the fulcrum (F) is in between the effort (E) and
the load (L)
• For Class II levers, the effort arm is always longer than the load arm
• MA and VR of Class II levers are always more than 1
• Class II levers always act as a force multiplier
Kinds of Levers, contd.,
• In case of Class III levers, the effort E is in between the fulcrum F and the
load L, and so the effort arm is always smaller than the load arm
E

F Effort arm B
A

Load arm
L
(c) Class III

, and because for an ideal lever, for these levers


• MA and VR for Class III levers are always <1
• With levers of Class III, we do not get gain in force, but we get gain in
speed
All kinds of Levers

Class I
E.g. of each class of levers as found in
human body
• Class I lever: Action of nodding of the head
• Class II lever: Raising the weight of the body on the toes
• Class III lever: Raising a load by the forearm
Pulley
• A single pulley or a combination of two or more pulleys fixed in a
frame is called a block, while a string (rope or chain) which winds
around the pulleys in different blocks is known as tackle
Single fixed pulley
• A pulley which has its axis of rotation fixed in position is called a fixed
pulley. It is used for lifting a small load
• MA, VR and of a single fixed pulley
Simply movable pulley
• A pulley whose axis of rotation is not fixed in position is called a movable
pulley.
MA, VR and of a single movable pulley
• The load L is balanced by the tension in two segments of the string, and
the effort E balances the tension T at the free end

L = T + T = 2T
M.A. =
• A single movable pulley acts as a force multiplier
Way to change the direction of effort using a
movable pulley
• With a single movable pulley, the effort has
to be applied in the upward direction.

• However, it is inconvenient to apply effort in


an upward direction; therefore, a movable
pulley is used along with a single fixed
pulley to change the direction of effort.
Combination of Pulleys
• When a heavy load is to be lifted or shifted from one place to another, we
require a pulley system of MA > 2, so a single movable pulley is not
enough. A combination of several pulleys is then used.
1. Using one fixed pulley and other movable pulleys

In general, if n movable pulleys are connected with


one fixed pulley, then

If n movable pulleys are connected, then


2. Using several fixed pulleys in two blocks (the block and tackle system)
If the total number of pulleys used in both the
blocks is and the effort is being applied in the
downward direction, then the tension in
segments of the string supports the load
we have
The effort required to balance the load is

Thus, VR is always equal to the number of


strands of tackle (or sections of the string)
supporting the load.
Effect of weight of pulleys on MA, VR and
Consider a system of n pulleys. Let w be the total weight of the lower block
along with the pulleys

In the balanced position,

• Thus, MA is less than the ideal value n. VR does not change.


• Therefore, efficiency is reduced due to the weight of the lower block of
pulleys.
• In an actual machine, the output energy is always less than the
input energy as there is some loss of energy during its
operation.
• The loss in energy can be due to the following reasons:
• The moving parts in it are neither weightless nor smooth (or
frictionless)
• The string in it (if any) is not perfectly elastic
• Its different parts are not perfectly rigid.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy