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Fluid Flow

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Rujul Kaushal
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7 views45 pages

Fluid Flow

Uploaded by

Rujul Kaushal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Flow Through Open Channels

• Types of Flow
• 1. Open channel Flow or Gravity Flow
• 2. Pipe Flow or Pressure Flow
• ( Pipes not flowing full also can be classified as
open channel flow)
• Open channel flow is classified as the flow
which has a free surface exposed to
atmosphere.
• The flow takes place due to the slope of
channel bed(gravity force) and not due to
difference of pressure.
• In pipe flow, the flow is governed by fall in
pressure along the direction of flow
Types of channels
• 1. Natural (Irregular shape)
• 2. Man made (Regular shape)

• Examples of natural channels:Rivers and


streams
• Man made channels include sewer pipe lines,
irrigation canals
Classification of Open Channel Flows:
• A channel in which the cross-sectional shape and
size and also the bottom slopes are constant is
termed as a prismatic channel.
• Most of the man-made (artificial) channels are
prismatic channels over long stretches.
• The rectangle, trapezoid, triangle and circle are
some of the commonly used shapes in made
channels.
• All natural channels generally have varying cross-
sections and consequently are non-prismatic
Rectangular Canal
T

A y d

FIGURE 1.1 P
q
Definition sketch for
section elements
Related Terms
• Flow depth, y:Vertical distance from the channel bottom
to the free surface.
• Depth of flow section, d :Flow depth measured
perpendicular to the channel bottom. The relationship
between d and y is d=y cos θ. For most manmade and
natural channels cos θ ≈ 1.0, and therefore y=d. The two
terms are used interchangeably.
• Top width, T:Width of the channel section at free
surface.
• Wetted perimeter, P:Length of the interface between the
water and the channel boundary.
• Flow area, A: Cross-sectional area of the flow.
• Hydraulic depth, D: Flow area divided by top
width, D =A/T.
• Hydraulic radius, R or Hydraulic mean depth:
=Flow area divided by wetted perimeter, R=
A/P.
• Bottom slope, S0: Longitudinal slope of the
channel bottom,
S0 = tan θ ≈ sin θ.
• The flow of a liquid through a circular pipe, when the
level of liquid in the pipe is below the top of the pipe is
classified as an Open Channel flow.
• The rate of flow through circular channel is determined
from the depth of flow and angle subtended by the
liquid surface at the centre of the circular channel.
• Fig. shows a circular channel through which water is
flowing.
• Let d = depth of water,
• 2θ = angle subtended by water surface AB at the
centre in radians
• R = radius of the channel
• Then the wetted perimeter and wetted area is
determined as:
• Wetted Perimeter ,P = × =
• Wetted area, A = Area ADBA
• = Area of Sector OADBO – Area of ΔABO
• = × -
• = -
• =-
• = -
• = -
• A=(- )
• Hydraulic mean depth
• R= =
• R = (- )
Steady and Unsteady Open Channel Flow

• If the flow depth or discharge at a cross-section of an


open channel flow is not changing with time, then the
flow is steady flow, otherwise it is called as unsteady
flow.
• Flood flows in rivers and rapidly varying surges in
canals are some examples of unsteady flows.
• Unsteady flows are considerably more difficult to
analyze than steady flows
• A prismatic channel carrying a certain discharge with
a constant velocity is an example of steady flow.
Uniform and Non-Uniform Open Channel
Flow
• If the flow depth along the channel is not
changing at every cross-section for a taken
time, then the flow is uniform flow.
• If the flow depth changes at every cross-
section along the flow direction for a taken
time, then it is non-uniform flow.
• A prismatic channel carrying a certain
discharge with a constant velocity is an
example of uniform flow.
Uniform Steady Flow
• The flow depth does not change with time at
every cross section and at the same time is
constant along the flow direction.
• The depth of flow will be constant along the
channel length and hence the free surface will
be parallel to the bed.
Non-Uniform Steady Flows
• The water depth changes along the channel
cross sections but does not change with time
at every cross section with time.
• A typical example of this kind of flow is the
backwater water surface profile at the
upstream of a dam.
Rapidly Varied Flow (R.V.F.):
• Rapidly varied flow is defined as that flow in which
depth of flow changes abruptly over a small length
of the channel.
• When there is any obstruction in the path of flow of
water, the level of water rises above the obstruction
and then falls and again rises over a small length of
channel.
• Or the depth of flow changes rapidly over a short
length of the channel. For this short length of the
channel the flow is called rapidly varied flow (R.V.F.).
Gradually Varied Flow (G.V.F.)
• If the depth of flow in a channel changes
gradually over a long length of the channel,
the flow is said to be gradually varied flow and
is denoted by G.V.F.
Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow
• The flow in open channel is said to be laminar if the Reynold
number (Re) is less than 500 or 600. Reynold number in case
of open channels is defined as: Re=
• where V = Mean velocity of flow of water,
• R = Hydraulic radius or Hydraulic mean depth =Cross-section
area of flow normal to the direction of flow/ Wetted
perimeter
• ρ= Density
• µ = viscosity of water.
• If the Reynold number is more than 2000, the flow is said to
be turbulent in open channel flow. If Re lies between 500 to
2000, the flow is considered to be in transition state.
• Consider uniform flow of water in a channel as
shown in Fig
• The forces acting on the water between
sections 1-1 and 2-2 are:
• 1. Component of weight of water along the
direction of flow,
• 2. Friction resistance against flow of water,
• 3. Pressure force at section 1-1,
• 4. Pressure force at section 2-2
• As the depths of water at the sections 1-1 and 2-2
are the same, the pressure forces on these two
sections are same and acting in the opposite
direction.
• Hence they cancel each other.
• In case of uniform flow, the velocity of flow is
constant for the given length of the channel.
• Hence there is no acceleration acting on the water.
• Hence the resultant force acting in the direction of
flow must be zero.
• As the flow is uniform, it means the velocity,
depth of flow and area of flow will be constant for
a given length of the channel.
• Let L = Length of channel,
• A= Area of flow of water,
• θ= Slope of the bed,
• V = Mean velocity of flow of water,
• P = Wetted perimeter of the cross-section,
• τ = Frictional resistance
• The weight of water between sections 1-1 and 2-2.
• W = Specific weight of water x volume of water =ωxAxL
• Component of W along direction of flow = W x sin θ =
ωAL sin θ
• Frictional resistance against motion of water= τ x surface
area
• τ =f x (velocity)ⁿ
• The value of n is found experimentally equal to 2
• surface area = P x L
• Frictional resistance against motion = f x P x L x
• Resolving all forces in the direction of flow we
get
• =0

• = =
•
• = m = R = hydraulic mean depth

• = C = Chezy’s constant
• Substituting the values of and in equation
•
• For small values of
• = = =
•
• Therefore Discharge
• Q = Area Velocity
• Q=AV
• Q=A
• Q=A
Question 1
• Find the velocity of flow and rate of flow of
water through a rectangular channel of 6 m
wide and 3 m deep, when it is running full.
The channel is having bed slope as 1 in 2000.
Take Chezy’s constant C = 55.
•
Manning gave
• C=

•
• Where n is manning’s coefficient depending
on the roughness of the channel surface

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