Minia University Faculty of Engineering

Lecture four
Materials testing
 Classification of testing
A- Distractive test
- Static testing
1- Tensile test. 2- Compression test.
3- bending test.
- Dynamic testing
1- fatigue test. 2- impact test
B- Non-distractive test
1- Hardness test, 2- sound (Ultrasonic) test.
3- Radiographic test. 4-Caopilary test
5- visual Examination. 6- Magnetic Crack Detection
Static testing
 1- Tensile test
The mechanical properties of the
materials can be determined by
tensile test.
The main principle of the tensile test
is denotes the resistance of a
material to a tensile load which
applied axial gradually to a
specimen.
 Dimensions of a standard tensile test-specimen
ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials) specifies preparation of round
test specimen

Short l= 5 d
and long l = 10 d
 Flat Test Specimen
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) specifies preparation of test specimen

Figure:- Typical flat test specimen

Flat Tensile Test Specimen

45 degree direction
Tra
ns n
fer o
dir cti
e cti dire
on g
l lin
Ro
 Tensile Test Setup (Testing
machine)

Use in tensile , compression and bending test

 Tensile Test
Most common test for studying
stress‑strain relationship,
especially metals
In the test, a force pulls the
material, elongating it and
reducing its diameter

Figure Tensile test: (a) tensile force

applied in (1) and (2) resulting
elongation of material
Tensile Test Sequence of ductile specimen
Figure shows:-Typical progress of a tensile test:
(1)beginning of test, no load;
(2)uniform elongation and reduction of cross‑sectional area;
(3)continued elongation, maximum load reached;
(4)necking begins, load begins to decrease;
(5)fracture.
(6)final length can be measured. If pieces are put back together
 Mechanical properties can be obtain from the
tensile test
1- Relationship between stress – strain
) STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM(
2- Youngs modulus )Modulus of elasticity(
3- Plastic region
4- Elastic region
5- ductility
6- Yield stress (Yield strength)
7- Ultimate tensile strength
8- Fracture strength
 To draw The Relationship between stress –
strain
Engineering stress

Engineering strain
Types of stress-strain curve
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

ductile materials
Semi ductile materials
Brittle material
Properties of a ductile material
 Youngs modulus )Modulus of elasticity(

Youngs modulus can be determine in the elastic

region (
Elastic Region in Stress‑Strain Curve
 Relationship between stress and strain is linear
 Material returns to its original length when stress
is removed
Hooke's Law: e = E e

where E = modulus of elasticity

 E is a measure of the inherent stiffness of a
material
 Its value differs for different materials
Typical values of modulus of elasticity
at different temperature
Plastic Region in Stress‑Strain Curve
 Yield point marks the beginning of plastic
deformation
 The stress-strain relationship is no longer guided
by Hooke's Law but by
 Ductility (Elongation)
Ability of a material to plastically strain without
fracture
 Ductility measure = elongation EL

L f  Lo
% EL  *100
Lo

where EL = elongation; Lf = specimen length at fracture;

and Lo = original specimen length
Lf is measured as the distance between gage marks
after two pieces of specimen are put back together
 Yield, ultimate and fracture strength

FY
Yield strength 
Ao
Fmax
Ultimate Tensile Strength 
Ao
F fracture
fracture Strength
Ao
 Example
A tensile test uses a test specimen that has a gage length of
50 mm and an area =200 mm2 .During the test the specimen
yields under a load of 98,000 N. The corresponding gage
length = 50.23 mm. This is the 0.2% yield point. The
maximum load of 168,000 N is reached at a gage length
=64.2 mm. and the fracture load of 58,000 N reached at
70mm
Determine
(a)yield strength,
(b) tensile strength, and
(c) fracture stress,
(d) ductility at uniform elongation.
 solution

FY
Yield strength 
Ao
Fmax
Ultimate Tensile Strength 
Ao
F fracture
fracture Strength
Ao
L f  Lo
% EL  *100
Lo
 2- Compression Test
Applies a load that squeezes the
ends of a cylindrical specimen
between two platens

Figure:-Compression test:
(a) compression force applied to test piece in
(1) and (2) resulting change in height.
Compression Test Setup
Engineering Stress in Compression
As the specimen is compressed, its height is
reduced and cross‑sectional area is
increased
=- F
Ao
where Ao = original area of the specimen
 Engineering Strain in Compression
Engineering strain is defined

h  ho
e 
ho
Since height is reduced during compression, value of e
is negative (the negative sign is usually ignored when
expressing compression strain)
 Stress-Strain Curve in Compression
Shape of plastic region is
different from tensile test
because cross section
increases
Calculated value of
engineering stress is higher

Figure :-Typical engineering stress‑strain curve for a

compression
 3- Bending Test
Figure 3.10 Bending of a rectangular cross‑section results in
both tensile and compressive stresses in the material: (1)
initial loading; (2) highly stressed and strained specimen;
and (3) bent part.
 Transverse Rupture Strength
The strength value derived from the bending test:

1.5FL
TRS  2
bt
where TRS = transverse rupture strength; F = applied load at
fracture; L = length of specimen between supports; and b and t
are dimensions of cross-section
Dynamic testing
Impact test -1
Support of impact Test Specimen

Cantilever
Cantilever ( Beam (Charpy)
Impact test specimen Before and after -1
testing

Before testing After testing

 Fatigue test
The load is applied raptly

The load change from plus to minus

Load cycle in fatigue test

Loading Methods

Single Loading
Non- Destructive test
1- Hardness Tests
 Hardness
Hardness is a resistance to deformation.
There are four general types of hardness
test.
A-Brinell hardness measurement.
B-Vickers hardness measurement.
C- Rockwell hardness measurement
D- micro (Knoop) hardness measurement.
 A- Brinell Hardness Test

Widely used for testing

metals and nonmetals of
low to medium hardness
A hard ball is pressed into
specimen surface with a
load of 500, 1500, or
3000 kg

Figure::- Hardness testing methods:

(a) Brinell
 Brinell Hardness Number
Load divided into indentation area = Brinell
Hardness Number (BHN)

2F
BHN 
Db ( Db  Db2  Di2 )

where BHN = Brinell Hardness Number, F = indentation load, kg;

Db = diameter of ball, mm, and Di = diameter of indentation, mm
 B-Vickers Hardness test

The indenter is pressed into specimen surface with a

load from 1 to 150 kg according to W.P material
Indentation of Vickers hardness
(HV) can be obtained as follows

d= (d1+d2)/2
 C- Rockwell Hardness Test
 A cone shaped indenter is pressed into
specimen using a minor load of 10 kg, thus
seating indenter in material
 Then, a major load of 150 kg is applied,
causing indenter to penetrate beyond its initial
position
 Additional penetration distance d is converted
into a Rockwell hardness reading by the
testing machine
Rockwell Hardness Test sequence

Figure :- Hardness testing methods: (b) Rockwell:

(1) initial minor load and (2) major load.
Types of Rockwell Hardness Test

Cone 120 degree Ball 10 mm in diameter

 E- micro (Knoop) Hardness Test
The Knoop hardness test is a microhardness test – a test for
mechanical hardness used particularly for very brittle
materials or thin sheets using a pyramidal diamond, load 100
gram and can be determine the (HK) as follows:-
2- Magnetic Crack Detection
3- sound test

4- Ultrasonic Test
5- Radiographic test

Q11- illustrate with drawing the Vickers Hardness test?

thank

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