CEG 331

Structural Analysis 1
(2, 0)

Dr Olusegun A Afolabi
Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering
 CEG 331 Lectures
Introduction: Structures and Analysis
Loading system
Structural floor system
Symmetric Structures and loading
Structural Idealization,
Constraints/Static equilibrium,
Statically determinate and Indeterminate system
Methods of structural Analysis, Moment distribution,
Moment area method, Influence lines etc
 Introduction: Analysis of Structures
Structural analysis is the evaluation of anticipated
loads/forces and determination of structural response
Structural responses (eg, Q, M, deformation(ε),
displacements (θ, Δ), fatigue), are necessary parameters in
the design and construction of structures

Structural modeling and simulations are computer-based

method of analysis, using specific algorithms to evaluate
the structural responses and behaviors
 Load bearing System
Structures are load bearing systems, designed and constructed
for the purpose of supporting load application in static
equilibrium state
Examples include, Building, Bridges, Dams, Towers, Shell etc

Structures are usually presented as arrangement of structural

components, connected at the nodes (or, joints, ends etc) to
ensure monolithic action and static equilibrium state during
transition of forces and moments by the components
The components assist in transition of applied load (stresses)
from point of load application to sub-structural system and
the ground, that is,

Applied Load → Structural Components → Ground soil

Load transition path by structural components

Load (Force) → Slab → Beam → Column →
Foundation → Ground soil
 Typical Structural System
(a): Dam (b): Building/bridge deck
 Structural Floor System
Known also as Suspended floor slabs, they are structural
components that serve as point of load application on
structures
Located at the precise level (or height) of load application

Due to their structural function, the floor system are

suspended and supported by other structural components that
assist in keeping them in position and in distribution of
internal stresses (load) through components to the ground
Floor systems (ie, slab and beams) of multi-storey building,
are linked by series of columns forming frame structures
(consisting of floors and columns)

Other assemblies (eg, dams, mast, shell etc) have different

structural system and mode of load application
For example,
Dam : Mass or Reinforced concrete without component
Mast: Truss systems
Shell structures: Membrane systems
 Symmetric structures and Loading
Symmetry is the act of exhibiting a pattern that provides similar
arrangement of component parts of an object about a reference axis,
including agreement in dimension, scales and orientation

In mathematics, symmetry usually, refer to an object that is invariant

under some transformations including, rotation, reflection, etc.

The function f(x) = f(-x) is symmetric (eg, Fij = -Fji )

→ Fij - Fji = 0 ie, ∑F = 0 (a static equilibrium state)
Also, the static equilibrium state requires that,
∑M = 0 → Mij = -Mji
Ie, clockwise moment is equal to anticlockwise moment ( a
symmetric behavior)

Similarly, f(x) = - f(-x) is asymmetric

Asymmetric is the act of not symmetric

Therefore, load application and structural arrangement must be made

to encourage symmetric actions and behaviors for the static
equilibrium state
 Symmetric Planar Structures
Many planar framed structures have either axes of symmetry or point
(center) of symmetry
Planar structure (in the xy plane) is symmetric with respect to an axis
Y, if its geometry as well as the material properties are the same with
respect to right-hand orthogonal axis, x, y, z and x !, y!, z! Such that x =
x!, y = y!, and z = z!

Similarly, a planar structure (in the xy plane) is symmetric with respect

to a point (centre of symmetry), if its geometry and material properties
are the same with respect to two sets of orthogonal axes x, y, z and x !,
y!, z! Such that x = -x!, y = -y!, and z = -z! .
 Structural Idealization
Idealization is scientific process of constructing models to represent
information and state of physical object, ie, the shape, form, dimensions
etc.
The information is used to model the system during analysis to
determine the responses, including stability to load application
Structural load are most essential data in analysis and must accurately
determined, which include,
Self weight of the structure
Applied or imposed load (type of structure)
Environmental Load: Wind load, Seismic force etc
Climatic factor: Temperature change etc
Idealizations
 Structural Constraints / Static Equilibrium
Consider a rigid body system subjected to applied force, the tendency is to
commence motion, therefore the body can only remain at rest, if an
opposing force is applied
Ie, F = ma = 0 (not feasible, since F has magnitude, hence a cannot be 0)

According to Newton's third law, “action and reaction are equal and
opposite” therefore, F = -R and. F + R = 0
And, ∑F = 0, application of R keeps the system in static equilibrium
state
Static equilibrium state, is the design requirement of structures, such that
action of applied forces must not produce motion nor displacement
The opposing force R is known as restraining force (or constraint)
Constraints are systems (or objects) which possess reactive forces
that can keep structures or structural components in static
equilibrium (ie, rest position)

Supports / Constraint Reactive forces

Fixed or Encastre 3 Nos
Hinged or Pinned 2 Nos
Roller 1
Statically Determinate and Indeterminate Structures
Statically determinate describes structures with minimum reactive
forces (3Nos) required to maintain static equilibrium state,
Thus, can easily be analyzed with static equilibrium equations, as
follows,
∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0, and ∑M = 0

Statically indeterminate structures possesses more than 3 Nos reactive

forces (due to structural reasons), required for static equilibrium state
and the static equilibrium equations are not sufficient for the analysis.
Other analytical methods are involved in the analysis
Examples include, Continuous beams, fixed ended and propped
cantilevered beams, frame structural system.

Degree of Determinacy (D)

D = 3m + R -3j – NAR
In the expression, D is the degree of determinancy,
m = number of members, R = reactive forces at the supports
j = number of joints and, NAR = number of action released at joints
D≥0 and
statically determinate, when D = 0
D ˃ 0 the structure is defined as statically indeterminate
 Structural Analysis Methods
Methods of structural analysis are classified into two distinct groups
and methods as follows
Classical methods
Modern or matrix methods
Classical methods are earlier concept of analysis involving equilibrium
of forces and actions acting on structures,
Are important in understanding fundamental concepts of structural
analysis which enables the analysis of simple structures.
Examples include, Static equilibrium equation, Moment distribution
method, Moment area method, slope-deflection etc.
 Modern matrix
Modern matrix methods are employed usually for
indeterminate and complex structures
It involves computer algorithms, programs and softwares for
the analysis, modeling and simulations to visualize the
structural response
They constitute powerful tools for analyzing complex
structures with high degree of indeterminacy and involving
large number of simultaneous equations (with m x n matrices).
Modern matrix method is carried out using either a stiffness
matrix or a flexibility matrix
 Statically Determinate Beams
Simply supported beams or Cantilever beams. Beams having 3 reactive forces at
the support
Compound beams (continuous and indeterminate beams) but on removal
structural action like BM using hinge(s) it becomes statically determinate

Simply supported beams/cantilevers

Analysis involve only static equilibrium equations
Procedures; Determine the reactive forces at support using static equilibrium
equations
∑Fx = 0 ∑Fy = 0 and ∑M = 0
Solving for reactive forces show that the beam is in equilibrium with the applied
load and reactive forces
 Q, N and M
Internal forces are forces induced in the structure as a result load transmitting
through it to the supports
Internal forces in beams are Shear force (Q), Normal forces (N) and bending
moment (M)
Q is defined as sum of all forces perpendicular to the axis of the beam from one
end to a cross section x
N is the sum of all forces on the longitudinal axis of the beam from one end to
cross section x
M is the sum of all forces times perpendicular distances (M = F d) from one end to
a cross section x
Home assignment: solve atleast 3 simply supported beams and 2 cantilever
beams
 Analysis of statically determinate structures,
Compound beams
and Frames

Compound structures are indeterminate systems

introduction of hinge(s) within span or nodes removes
actions (eg, BM), to enable statically determinate
analysis using static equilibrium equation
Compound Beams
Procedure
1. Determine redundancy or
determinacy D
D = 3m + +R -3j – NAR
If D = 0, the beam is statically
determinate
2. Divide the beam into determinate
parts at the hinge point, which
enables static equilibrium analysis
3). at the hinge ∑F = 0 and M = 0 Internal forces in beams are defined as
NBr + NBl = 0 and NBr = - NBl Q is defined as sum of all forces
perpendicular to the axis of the beam
HBr + HBl = 0 and HBr = - HBl from one end to a cross section x
Note: the equilibrium of the hinge
provides forces of equal magnitude and
opposite sense N is the sum of all forces on the
longitudinal axis of the beam from one
end to cross section x
4. Analyze component parts using static
equilibrium equation and solve for
reactive forces at support
M is the sum of all forces times
5. Determine and draw the internal perpendicular distances (M = F d) from
forces, SFD, NFD and BMD
one end to a cross section x
 Example
Analyze the compound beam shown
and the draw SFD and BMD

D = 3m + R -3j –NAR
= 3x4 + 5 – 3x5 -2 = 0
The compound beam is statically
determinate

Divide the compound beam into three

segments at the hinges to enable
static equilibrium analysis of the
segments
Static equilibrium at hinges, The beams segments are,
M = 0 and ∑F = 0 , AB, BC and CDE
∑Fx = 0 and ∑Fy = 0 Consider the equilibrium of segment
BC , having udl of 15kN/m over a
NBl + NBr = 0 and NBl = -NBr length of 2m
NCl + NCr = 0 and NCl = -NCr ∑F (vertical forces)
NBr + NCl = 15x2 = 30
Equal and opposite forces acting at Symmetrical loading
joint B and C at the hinges
Hence, NBr = NCl = 30/2 = 15kN
Segment AB Segment CDE
∑M = 0 ∑M about E,

MA + 15x3 = 0 4RD – 15x7 -30x2 = 0

MA = - 45kNm 4RD = 105 + 60 = 165

RD = 165/4 = 41.25kN
∑FY = 0
RA - 15 = 0 RA = 15kN ∑FY = 0

∑FX = 0 thus HA = 0 RE + RD = 15 + 30
RE = 45 – 41.25 = 3.75kN
 SFD

Starting from point A, consider a section X-X at

distance x from A
QX = ∑FY
At A, x = 0 and Q = 15kN
Q value is constant between A and B (0 ≤ x ≤ 3m)
between B and C, QX = 15 + 15(x-3) = 60 – 15x,
at B, x = 3 and Q = 60 – 15x3 = 15kN
at C, x =5 and Q = 60 – 15x5 = -15kN
between C and D, Qx = 15 – 30 = - 15kN
at D, QX = - 15 + RD = -15 + 41.25 = 26.25kN
at E, QX = 3.75kN
 BMD
Mx = ∑FY X
Ie, Sum of the moment from one end of
the beam to specific cross section
MA = -45 kNm
MB = -45 + Ra x3 = -45 + 15x3 = 0
MC = -45 + 15x5 – 15x2x(1) = 0
MD = -45 + 15x8 – 15x2x4 = -45 kNm
ME = 0
 STRUCTURAL FRAME SYSTEMS
Frame systems are assemblies of structural
beams and columns monolithically
connected at the nodes (or, joints)
The system is considered as a unit known
as frame during structural analysis

The frame ABCD in the fig., comprise of

members AB (column), BC (beam) and CD
(column)
Node B and C the connection joint
A and D are supports
 Structural Joints
Joints are node points where two or more structural members are
connected for structural purpose (eg supports and load transition)

Joints are further classified as follows,

Continuous Joints: when structural actions are continuous and can
be transfer adequately from one member to another while maintain
static equilibrium state ∑F = 0 and ∑M = 0
Hinged Joint: The release of M of a continuous joint makes it a
hinged joint. Also the equilibrium equation is M = 0 and ∑F = 0
 Types of Frame Systems
Followings are common type
of structural frame system

Portal Frame
Gable Frame
Multibay Frame: joining bays
Multi-storey Frame: joining
heights
Space Frame: 3D view (x, y, z
direction)
 Sway and Nonsway Frames
Configuration of frame system (ie, multistorey, space frames)
enables rotations (θ) and lateral displacement of the frames.
Sway is lateral displacement due to loading, structural
configuration, and design etc. It is a characteristic property of the
system such as stability and dynamics.
Due to parameters such as robustness, elastic stiffness, allowable
drift limits and modulus of rigidity etc
A non sway frame is stable and considered to have minimal or
permissible lateral displacement (Δ) and interstorey drift and also in
static equilibrium state during load application
Sway displacement (θ and Δ)
must be negligible for safe and
stability of structures,
and achieved either by bracing
(eg, shear wall), or by
symmetric loading and
configurations
 Analysis of Statically Determinate Frames
Statically determinate frames are,
- Frames with 3 support reactive
forces
- Compound frames
Method of Analysis for Statically
determinate system is
∑FX = 0 ∑FY = 0
and ∑M = 0
 Compound Frame
Procedure
1. Determine redundancy or determinacy D
D = 3m +R -3j – NAR
If D = 0, the beam is statically determinate
2. Divide the frame into determinate parts at the hinge point, which
enables the static equilibrium analysis
3. Analyze component parts using static equilibrium equation and
solve for reactive forces at support
4. Determine and draw the internal forces, SFD, NFD and BMD
Example: Analyze the compound frame shown, and
draw the SFD, NFD and BMD
The frame is divided at the hinge into Consider section AB
2 component parts
∑FY = 0 QBL – RA = 0
Lets consider the equilibrium of
section BCD . RA = QBl = 36kN
∑FX = 0, and NBr = 0 . ∑FX = 0 HA + 10 = 0
∑FY = 0, QBr + RD = 18 x 4 =72 and HA = -10 kN
.
∑MB = 0 , 4RD = 18 x 4 x 2 ∑MB = MB = 0
. and RD = 36kN . MA – 4HA – 10x1 = 0
then, QBr = 72 – RD = 36kN . MA = 4HA + 10
= -40 + 10 = -30kNm
Assignment

Use the reactive forces

to draw the SFD, NFD and BMD
Statically Indeterminate Structural System

Analysis Method
Moment Distribution
Method

Moment Area Method

 Moment Distribution Method (MDM)
A structural analysis method for statically indeterminate beams and
frames developed by Prof Hardy Cross in 1930. It belongs to the
category of displacement method of structural analysis that involve
solving simultaneous equations by means of iteration
Iteration is a standard form of algorithms, and involves repetition of
processes in order to generate sequence of outcomes. The degree of
accuracy depends on the number of iteration process before convergence

MDM as an approximate method does not directly requires solving the

simultaneous equations (unlike slope deflection method where
simultaneous equations are directly solved).
 MDM
In the method, moment equilibrium equation of the joints are solved
iteratively by considering the static equilibrium of each joint
independently while other joints are assumed restraint

For static equilibrium of joint L,

∑M = 0, ie, MLM + MLK + MLJ = 0
 Basic Concept of MDM

Consider the frame shown,

Members of the frame are
assumed not to deform
axially nor translate relative
to one another
Joints A, C, D of the frame
Before implementing the moment
are fixed, while joint B can
distribution among members, all
rotate slightly due to applied joints are assumed to be temporary
load locked using clamp
 MDM
Every joint of the structure to be
analyzed is fixed in order to
develop the fixed end moment.
The clamped restraint degree of
freedom (ie, rotation)
The fixed end moment at each
joints may not be of the same Therefore, to ensure equilibrium the
magnitude because the load on AB
and BC are different, hence not in sum of moment at the joint must be
equilibrium zero, and also excess (out of balance)
joint moment must be distributed and
Eg, Joint B, FEMBA ≠ FEMBC carried over to adjacent joints
(ie, ∑M ≠ 0)
 Definitions and Terminology
Sign Convention
Counterclockwise member end
moments are considered negative
Clockwise moments are considered
positive
Fixed end Moments (FEM)
Moment produced at member ends
due to applied load, and calculated
assuming the supports are fixed or
clamped
Member Stiffness
Consider a prismatic beam AB, hinged at
end A and fixed at end B
If moment M is applied at end A, the
beam rotates by an angle θ at the hinged A
and develops a moment MBA at the fixed
end B as shown

The relationship between the applied

moment M and the rotation θ can be
established using the slope deflection
equation
By substituting, Mab = M, θA = θ Now suppose that the far end B of the
beam is hinged,
and, θb = FEMab = 0
Relationship between the applied moment
in the slope-deflection equation M and the rotation θ of end A of the beam
can now be determined, using the
Mab = 2EI/L)(2θa + θb) + FEMab
modified slope-deflection equation
= (2EI/L)(2θa) = (4EI/L)θ
By substituting, Mab = M, θa = θ and
Bending stiffness k, of a member is FEMab = FEMba = 0
defined as the moment that must be
applied at an end of the member to cause a in the slope-deflection equation,
unit rotation at that end Then, M = (3EI/L)θ
By setting θ = 1 rad, the expression of and by setting θ = 1 rad
bending stiffness of beam becomes
K = 3EI/L
K = 4EI/L
Carry-Over Moments If a moment M, is applied to the left end
of the beam, the slope-deflection
Distributed moments at ends of equations for both ends of the beam can
members meeting at a joint cause be written as follows,
moments in the other ends, which are
assumed to be fixed Note, θB = 0 being a fixed end
These induced moments at the other M1 = 2EK(2θA) = 4EkθA ------ (1)
ends are called carry-over moments
M2 = 2EkθA ------ (2)
solving eqn (1) and (2)
θA = M1/4Ek
and, M2 = ½(M1) or, M1/M2 = ½

Therefore, Carry Over Factor = ½

 Distribution Factor
Distribution factor is a factor used in If, ∑K = kOA + kOB + kOC + kOD
determining the proportion of
unbalanced moment distributed to each DFOA = kOA /∑K DFOB = kOB /∑K
of the members at a joint DFOC = kOC /∑K DFOD = kOD /∑K
For members at joint O of the frame, the
∑DF = DFOA + DFOB + DFOC + DFOD
distribution factors are computed based
on member stiffness K, as follows = 1 (sum of DF at any joint)

Special Cases
at fixed end support,
Since no rotation is permitted k=0,
Then, DF = 0
Cantilever end: Distributed Moments (DEM)
the joint is not an ideal joint The distributed moments are
computed as follows,
sum of DF = 1 + 0 = 1
MOA = (kOA/∑K)Mo = DFOA
The cantilever moment M, (MO)
remains constant
MOB = DFOB (M0)
Therefore the DF = 0 at the
MOC = DFOC (M0)
cantilevered section
MOD = DFOD (M0)
 Boundary Conditions

In structural systems, described by mathematical functions, such as

the boundary value problems (ie differential equations). A boundary
value problem has conditions specified at the extremes (boundaries)
of the independent variable in the equation

In structural systems (eg, beams, frames), the boundary conditions

are those parameters available at the ends of elastic deformation
curve that satisfies the solutions of resulting differential equations.
Therefore, BC are known or assumed conditions that enables the
analysis of structural system. Examples are, Support system (fixed,
hinge, roller), elastic curve (slope, deflection) etc,
 Procedures of MDM
1) Determine member stiffness k = 4EI/L (or, 3EI/L when the last support is
hinged)
2) Calculate distribution factors for members meeting at specific joint
(DF = k/∑K )
3) Calculate the fixed end moments (FEM) due to structural loads
4) At each joint evaluate static equilibrium state, ie, sum the moment at joints,
and out of balance moment or moment required for static equilibrium state
for a joint J comprising of members ji and jk, ∑MJ = MJI + (-MJK) = M
but static equilibrium requires ∑M = 0 at joints, and to ensure equilibrium state
requires addition of equal and opposite action
Ie, M + (-M) = 0
therefore the distributed moment = -M (our of balance moment)
5). Distribute the out-of-balance moment at joints to members meeting at each joint by
multiplying the moment (-M) by their respective distribution factors (DF) in the first
cycle of MDM
ie, DMJI = DFJI (-M) and DMJK = DFJK (-M)
In the second cycle and subsequent cycles, carry-over moments from the distributed
moment are carried to the other ends within the same span of a beam (or frame)
COM = ½(Distributed moment)
6) The process is tabulated and the procedure being iterative is repeated severally until
distributed moment becomes very negligible (ie, a convergence is attained).
7) After Moment distribution exercise, the beam or frame, becomes statically
determinate and can be analyzed for internal forces and actions (Q, N and M) using
static equilibrium equation
8) Draw SFD, NFD and BMD
Typical Moment Distribution Table

The end supports

(Boundary Conditions)
Support A = Fixed end,
slope = 0 and, DF = 0
No load on span CD since
FEM = 0
Support D = Fixed, and DF
=0
After the distributions
Sum of entries on each
column represent the BM at
that support
 Initial Support Displacement
Beams with initial settlement/relative displacement of the supports
The displacement or yielding beam supports subjects the beam to twisting
moment
The FEM at that support becomes cumulative addition of the FEM due to
applied load on the beam and FEM (ie, twisting moment) due to support
displacement
For a displacement Δ at support B, then,
FEMAB = FEMAB (applied load) + FEMAB (support Δ)
FEMBA = FEMBA (applied load) + FEMBA (support Δ)
FEMAB = FEMBA = -6EIΔ/L2
(negative sign or slope, shows right support is displaced etc)
Fixed end Moments
 ASSIGNMENT: (Home Practice)
(1). Calculate Member stiffness, Distribution factors and Fixed end
Moments.
(2) Assume support B (the beam) settles by 2 mm determine FEMs (EI =
19.44 x 109 kN-mm2 )
Example:

Analyze using MDM, the beam shown, and draw the SFD, BMD
and elastic curve diagram. Values of second moment of area are
indicated along the member
Relative Member Stiffness (k = Joint B (members BA and BC)
I/L)
DFBA = 0.4I/(0.4I+0.5I) = 0.44
kAB = kBA = (IAB /LAB ) = 2I/5 = 0.4I
DFBC = 0.5I/(0.4I+0.5I) = 0.56
kBC = kCB = 3I/6 = 0.5I
kCD = kDC = (3/4)(4I/5) = 0.6I (end
Joint C (members CB and CD)
support D is hinged)
DFCB = 0.5I/(0.5I+0.6I) = 0.45

Distribution Factor (DF = k/∑k) DFCD = 0.6I/(0.5I+0.6I) = 0.55

Joint A , (fixed end, member AB)
DFAB =kAB/∑k = (0.4I/(0.4I+ἀ) = 0 Joint D = (member DC)
(ἀ very large due to fixed end) DFDC = kDC/KDC+0 = 0.6I/(0.6I+0) = 1
Fixed End Moments
FEMAB = -PL/8 = -100x5/8 = -62.5kNm
FEMBA = PL/8 = 62.5kNm

FEMBC = -wL2/12 = -30x62/12 = -90kNm

FEMCB = wL2/12 = 90kNm

FEMCD = -Pab2/L2 = -80x1.25x3.752/52 + (-40x3.75x1.252/52 )

= -65.63kNm
FEMDC = Pa2b/L2 = 80x1.252x3.75/52 + 40x3.752x1.25/52
= 46.88kNm
 MDM Table
Joints A B B C C D

Members AB BA BC CB CD DC

DF 0 0.44 0.56 0.45 0.55 1.00

FEM -62.5 62.5 -90 90 -65.63 46.88

Bal 0 12.10 15.40 -10.97 -13.4 -46.88

COM 6.05 0 -5.49 7.70 0

Bal 0 2.42 3.07 -3.47 -4.23
COM 1.21 0 -1.74 1.54 0
Bal 0 0.77 0.97 -0.69 -0.85
COM 0.39 0 -0.35 0.49 0
Bal 0 0.15 0.20 -0.22 -0.27
COM 0.08 0 -0.11 0.10 0
Bal 0 0.05 0.06 -0.05 -0.05
COM 0.03 0 -0.03 0.03 0
Bal 0 0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.02
∑M -54.74 78.0 -78.0 84.45 -84.45 0.00
 MDM
1 cycle
st

Joint D, FEMDC = 46.88 and DF = 1

Joint A, FEMAB = -62.5 DF = 0
Therefore, balancing MAB = 0 Bal M = -46.88 and MDC = -46.88x1 = -46.88kNm

Joint B, FEMBA = 62.5 and FEMBC = -90

2nd Cycle: Carry over moments
FEMBA + FEMBC = 62.5 – 90 = -27.5 but ∑M = 0 for
static equilibrium. Hence, Bal. M = 27.5kNm Distributed end moments are carry over within the
span from one end to the other to account for
MBA = 27.5x0.44 = 12.1 , and MBC = 27.5x0.56 = additional moment at the joints
15.40
Eg, MBA → ½ MBA to joint AB also MAB → ½ MAB
Joint C, FEMCB = 90 and FEMCD = -65.63 to BA etc
FEMCB + FEMCD = 90 – 65.63 = 24.37 Then balancing moment is repeated to ensure ∑M
Therefore, Bal. M = -24.37kN = 0 at each joint
The process is repeated iteratively (for other
MCB = -24.37x0.45 = -10.97 cycles) until convergence
and MCD = -24.37x0.55 = -13.40
After the Moment distribution the beam becomes statically
determinate, and can be analyzed for internal forces using
static equilibrium
 Determine Support’s reactive forces
Draw SFD, BDM and Elastic curve diagram
∑MB = 0, 5RA – 100x2.5- ∑MC = 0 (from the right)
54.74+78.0
-5RD + 40x3.75 + 80x1.25 – 84.45 =
5RA – 226.74 = 0 0
RA = 226.64/5 = 45.35kN -5RD +165.55 = 0
RD = 165.55/5 = 33.11kN
∑MC = 0, 45.35x11 -100x8.5 -
54.74 + 6RB -30x6x3 + 84.45 = 0 ∑FY = 0, RA + RB + RC + RD = 100
6RB = 934.7 and + 30x6 + 80 + 40 = 400
RB = 934.7/6 = 155.78kN RC = 400 – 45.35 – 155.78 – 33.11
= 165.76kN
 Elastic curve diagrams
Beams deforms due to load Drawing elastic deformation curve
application and within elastic limits requires Stiffness (EI), applied load
(or, BM) and boundary conditions

The deformation change the

configuration resulting in increase
in dimension, and
change the initial straight
(horizontal) position to curvature
form known as elastic curve
Analyze using MDM and assume that support B of the
continuous beam shown settles by 8mm.
Draw SFD and BMD, Let EI = constant = 20,000 kNm2 .
Relative member stiffness (k = I/L) Joint B (members, BA and BC)
KAB = kBA = I/5 = 0.2I DFBA = 0.2I/(0.2I+0.17I) = 0.54
KBC = kCB = I/6 = 0.17I DFBC = 0.17I/(0.2I+0.17I) = 0.46
KCD (Cantilever, L = ἀ) = I/L = I/ἀ = 0
Joint C (member CB and CD
Distribution factor (DF = k/∑k) cantilevered)
Joint A (one member, fixed end) DFCB = 0.17I/(0.17I+0) = 1
DFAB = 0 DFCD = = 0/(0+0.17I = 0
 Fixed end Moments

Fixed end Moments (applied loads)

FEMAB = -PL/8 = -100x5/8 = -62.5kNm, FEMBA = PL/8 = 62.5kNm
FEMBC = -wL2/12 = -30x62/12 = -90kNm, FEMCB = 90kNm
FEMCD = cantilever bending moment = -20x1.5 = -30kNm

Effect of displacement of support B (8mm), with respect to slope of

AB and BC
FEMAB = FEMBA = -6EIΔ/L2 = -6x20,000x0.008/52 = -38.4kNm
FEMBC = FEMCB = 6x20,000x0.008/62 = 26.67kNm
 FEM (Combined)
FEM (applied load and support displacement)

FEMAB = -62.5 – 38.4 = -100 9kNm,

FEMBA = 62.5 – 38.4 = 24.1kNm

FEMBC = -90 + 26.67 = -63.33kNm,

FEMCB = 90 + 26.67 = 116.67kNm

FEMCD = -30kNm
 MDM Table

Joints A B B C C

Members AB BA BC CB CD
DF 0 0.54 0.46 1.0 0

FEM -100.9 24.1 -63.3 116.67 -30

Bal 0 21.17 18.03 -86.67

COM 10.59 0 -43.34 9.02

Bal 0 23.40 19.94 -9.02

COM 11.7 0 -4.51 9.97

Bal 0 2.44 2.07 -9.97

COM 1.22 0 -5.00 1.04

Bal 0 2.70 2.30 -1.04

∑M -77.39 73.81 -73.81 30 -30

Determine Supports reactive forces
Draw SFD and BMD
 Reactive forces

∑MB = 0, 5RA -77.39 -100x2.5 + 73.81 = 0

RA = 253.58/5 = 50.72kN

∑MC = 0, 11x50.72 -77.39 -100(8.5) -30x6x3 + 6RB = 0

6RB = 939.47, and, RB = 939.47/6 = 156.58kN

∑FY = 0,
RA + RB + RC = 100 + 30x6 +20 = 300
RC = 300 – 50.72 -156.58 = 92.7kN
Example: Frame Structure

Determine joints moment of the frame shown using MDM

Draw SFD, NFD and BMD
Member stiffness (k = I/L) Joint B (members BA, BC and
KAB = kBA = I/L = 2I/5 = 0.4I BD)
∑k = (0.4 + 0.25 + 0.33)I = 0.98I
KBC = kCB = ¾(I/L) = ¾(I/3) = 0.25I
(Joint C, a Hinged) DFBA = kBA/∑k = 0.4I/0.98I = 0.41
KBD = kDB = I/L = I/3 = 0.33I DFBC = 0.25I/0.98I = 0.25
DFBD = 0.33I/0.98I = 0.34
Distribution factor (DF = k/∑k) ∑DFB = 0.41 + 0.25 + 0.34 = 1
DFAB = 0 ( member AB, with a fixed end)
DFCB = 1 (member CB, with a hinged end)
DFDB = 0 (member DB, with a fixed end)
 Fixed end Moment
FEMAB = -Pab2/L2 = -100x2x32/52 = -72kNm
FEMBA = Pa2b/L2 = 100x22x3/52 = 48kNm

FEMBC = -wL2/12 = -20x32/12 = -15kNm

FEMCB = wL2/12 = 20x32/12 = 15kNm

FEMBD = FEMDB = 0 (no load on the member)

 MDM Table
Joint A B B B C D
Member AB BA BD BC CB DB
DF 0 0.41 0.34 0.25 0.3 0
FEM -72.0 48.0 0 -15 15.0 0
Bal 0 -13.53 -11.22 -8.25 -15.0 0
CO -6.77 0 0 -7.55 0 -5.61
Bal 0 3.08 2.55 1.88 0 0
CO 1.54 0 0 0 0 1.28
Bal 0 0
∑M -77.23 37.55 -8.67 -28.87 0.00 -4.33
 Calculate RA , RB and RC
∑MB = 0, 5RA - 77.39 - 100x2.5 + 73.81 = 0
RA = 253.58/5 = 50.72kN
∑MC = 0, 11x50.72 – 77.39 – 100x8.5 – 30x6x3 – 30 + 6RB = 0
6RB = 939.47 and RB = 939.47/6 = 156.58kN

∑FY = 0, RA + RB + RC = 100 + 30x6 +20 = 300

RC = 300 – 50.72 -156.58 = 92.7kN

Draw the SFD, NFD and BMD

MOMENT AREA METHOD OF ANALYSIS

Mohr’s Area Moment theorem

Theorem 1: Slope law (A/EI)
Theorem 2: Deflection Law (Aẋ/EI)
 Introduction: Beam’s Deformation
Beams when subjected to loading experience deformation due to
induced stress and strain
Force → Stress (σ) → Strain, ε (deformation)

The deformation cause lateral displacement of point on the

longitudinal axis, which changes the form/shape of an initially
straight beam to curved shape as a result of the support constraint

Deformation depends on beams geometry, elastic modulus (E),

flexural rigidity (EI) and applied bending moment
Design. requirement indicates that
deflection is undesirable

Therefore, must be within

tolerable/permissible limits for safety
and stability during load application
Ie, Serviceability limit state

Moment area method was developed

using the concept of displacement
(deflection)
 Moment Area Method
Developed by Sir Author Mohr around 1873, is based on two theorems
known as moment-area-theorems
It is a method for analyzing indeterminate structures using compatibility
of displacement and superposition principle

Superposition principle enables decomposition of structures during

loading, into two components
Primary structure: a statically determinate representation of the structure
with the applied loads (ie, structure with 3 reactions)
Reactant structures: representation of the redundant reactions acting (as
load) on the primary structure
Primary and Reactant Structures
 Mohr’s Theorem (Law) 1
States that “change in slope over any length of a member subjected to
bending is equal to the area of bending moment diagram over that
length divided by EI, provided there is no point of discontinuity
between the two points
(Δθ)IJ = (A/EI)IJ where A is the area of BMD
θJ – θI = (A/EI)IJ

Example:
Determine the rotation at B,
for cantilever beam shown
ΔθAB = (A/EI)AB
where A = area of BMD
θB – θA = (A/EI)AB
= (1/EI) ½(L PL)
Support A is fixed end and does not
permit rotation,
therefore θA = 0

Hence, θB = PL2/2EI
 Mohr’s Theorem (Law) 2
States as follows “for an originally straight beam subjected to bending
moment, the vertical intercept between one point and the tangent to the
curve of another point,
is the first moment of bending moment diagram divided by EI about the
point where the intercept is measured, provided there is no point of
discontinuity between the two points
Ie dΔ = (M/EI)xdx
∫dΔ = ∫(M/EI)xdx (integrating between A and B on the beam)
ΔBA = (1/EI)(∫Mdx)ẋ = (1/EI)(A)ẋ
= moment of M/EI diagram about B
 Geometric Relationship between, θ, Δ and L

Reference to the diagrams,

tan θ = θ = Δ/L
(for very small angle θ)
And, Δ = θL

The expression can be used

together with Mohr’s laws 1 and 2
to analyze indeterminate beams
In fig. 2 To determine ΔC displacement
θA = opp/adj = (ΔB + ΔBA)/L (deflection) of point C

but, ΔB = 0 no displace of joint B Consider C between AB and ΔCA is the

vertical intercept from C to tangent
from A
Then, θA = ΔBA/L and ΔBA = θA L
θA = opp/adj = (ΔCA – ΔC )/LCA
Applying Mohr Law 2 ΔCA – θA(LCA)
and ΔBA = (1/EI)(moment of M ΔCA = (1/EI)(moment of area of BMD
diagram about B) between AC, and about C)
also determine, θA using Law 1 = A/EI
ΔC = deflection at C
Maximum Deflection
Max deflection occurs at the point of change of curvature
of elastic curve which also the point of zero slope (θ = 0)
ΔθAC = (A/EI)AC
θC – θA = (A/EI)AC

And if θC = 0 then, θA = (A/EI)AC

the expression can be analyze depending on the unknowns
 Application of MAM in Indeterminate Structures
Indeterminate beams are beams with Using compatibility of displacement and
more than 3 reactive forces equating the two calculated deflections
to known deflection of the original
The beams can be divided into two
structure, enables analysis of reactive
known as
forces
Primary and Reactant Structures

Once the unknown values of reactive

Using principle of superposition, the forces are determined, the beam
two structures, becomes statically determinate
deflection at a known point is Hence, deflection, rotation can be
determined (eg, at the support Δ= 0) determined and SFD, BDM can be
drawn
 Areas and Centroids of Planar objects

Rectangles A = bh and Centroid = ½(b), ½(h)

Example 1:
Analyze the propped cantilever beam shown using moment
area method (MAM)
Observing the structure physically shows that deflection (ie, vertical
displacement) at support B, ie, δB = 0
Analyzing the primary and reactant structures using Mohr’s theorem
and applying superposition principle, the unknown support reaction
can be determined
∑δB = δBP + δBR = 0 (the actual structure)

The analysis involve consideration of elastic curve geometric with

Mohr laws
Eg, tan θ ≈ θ
= (vertical Intercept)/L = Δ/L
 Practice Question:
In the example, the beam degree of indeterminate =1, then
we only need to remove 1 action to enable determinacy
Reaction at B was assumed as the redundant and used in the
analysis

As an exercise, assume the moment at A is the redundant,

then draw the bending moment diagrams for both
primary structure and reactant structure respectively
Example 2:
Analyze the beam in fig Q2 using moment area method
 BMD Diagrams
For the Primary structure,
Calculate support reactions RA and RC
8RA – 10x4x6 – 20x2 = 0
RA = 240/8 = 35kN
and, RB = 60 -35 = 25kN
Then, Calculate the moments at specific points
and draw the BMD for primary structure

Use similar procedure to draw the BMD for

Reactant structure RB and MA
 Applying Mohr’s theorem
to an intermediate point B
Using Law 1 (for the primary structure)
Geometry of the elastic curve
defines, θALAC = ΔCA – ΔC but ΔC = 0 (support C)
θA = (ΔBA – ΔB)/LAB Then, θA = ΔCA /LAC
and, θALAB = ΔBA – ΔB = (1/EI)(Moment of area of BMD about C)/LAC
= (1/EI)(∑Aẋ) (ie, for segments of BMD)
Hence, ΔB = ΔBA – θALAB
= (1/8EI)((0.5(3.5)(61.25)((3.5/3)+4.5) +
0.5(60+61.25)(0.5)(4.25) + 0.5(2x20)(2+1.33)
θA can be analyze using Law 1 +2x50x3 + 0.5(2)(50(1.33)
= (1/8EI)(107.19x5.67 + 30.31x4.25 +10x10/3 +
ΔBA can be determined with Law 2
100x3 + 50x1.33)
Then substituted to solve for ΔB = 1136.38/8EI = 142.05/EI
The reactant structures MA and RB To determine ΔBA for the primary and reactant
using Law 1 structures between AB

θA = (1/8EI)(-8xMA x 4) = - ΔBA = (1/EI)(moment of area BMD about B)

4MA/EI = (1/EI)((0.5(3.5)(61.25)((3.5/3)+0.5) +
0.5(60+61.25)(0.5)(0.25))
also, (1/8EI)(0.5x8x2RBx4) = - = (107.19x1.67 + 30.31x0.25)/EI =
4RA/EI 186.58/EI
Then, ∑θA = (142.05 - 4MA – The reactants structure,
4RA)/EI ΔBA = (1/EI)(-4xMAx2) = -8MA/EI
But Support A is fixed end, θA = 0 ΔBA = (1/EI)(-0.5x4x2RBx1.33) = 5.33RB

142.05 - 4MA – 4RA = 0 ∑ΔBA = 186.58 -8MA – 5.33RB

4MA + 4RA = 142.05 ------- (1)

But at support B the displacement = 0
Calculate RA and RC H = 0
Ie, ΔB = ΔBA – θALAB = 0
( 186.58 -8MA – 5.33RB - 4(142.05 – 4MA – ∑MC = 0,
4RB))/EI = 0 8RA – MA -10x4x6 + RB – 20x2 = 0
-381.62 + 8MA + 10.67RA = 0 ----- (2)
8RA = 1.01 +240 + 40 -36.52x4 =
Solving simultaneously with eqn (1) 134.93
8MA + 10,67RB = 381.62 RA = 16,87kN
8MA + 8RB = 284.1
2.67RB = 97.52 and
∑FY = 0
RB = 36.52KN
RA + RB + RC = 40 + 20
MA = 284.1 – 8(36.52)/8 = -1.01kNm
RC = 60 – 16.87 – 36.52 = 6.61kN
Thus, the beam is now statically
determinate
SFD and BMD

From SFD, maximum moment occur at

x = 1.69 from A and X = 2m from C
MA = -1.01kNm (support A)
MAB = 16.87x1.69 – 10x1.692x0.5 – 1.01
= 13.22 kNm (max on span AB)
MB = 16.87x4 – 10x42x0,5 – 1.01
= -13.51 kNm (support B)
MCB = -(-6.61x2) = 13.22 kNm (max on
span CB)
MC = 0 (support C)
 Deflection/Vertical displacement
An important application of moment By geometry of elastic curve
area method is that, ΔHA is vertical intercept of a line from H to the
It can be used to determine deflection tangent from A (ie, defining angular displacement
at any point on the structure using the of AH) , and ΔH is displacement of elastic curve at
BMD and elastic curve behaviour H
Therefore, tan θA = θA = (ΔHA – ΔH)/LAH
Consider a point H within span AB θA LAH = ΔHA – ΔH
Assuming pt H is the point where (but θA = 0 at fixed end)
moment is maximum, which implies it
is position of maximum deflection on ΔHA = ΔH deflection at H
span AB Using Mohr Law 2
ΔHA = (1/EI)(Moment of area of BMD about H)
= ΔH
Practice Questions

Determine deflection at pt. H = 1m, 2m, and

3m on span AB

Calculate maximum deflection on span BC etc.

 INFLUENCE LINES

Influence Line diagrams

Maxwell betti’s theorem
( ∑FIPdJQ = ∑FJQdIP )
Muller-Breslau’s Principle