INTRODUCTION TO

LIVESTOCK AND
POULTRY
PRODUCTION
What is Livestock

Livestock are
the domesticated animals
raised in an agricultural setting
in order to provide labor and
produce diversified products
for consumption such as meat,
eggs, milk, fur, leather, and
wool. Such as cattle, sheep,
pigs, goats, horses, donkeys,
and mules, buffalo, oxen,
llamas, or camels, and others.
Poultry are domesticated
avian species that can be
raised for eggs, meat
and/or feathers. The term
“poultry” covers a wide
range of birds, from
indigenous and
commercial breeds of
chickens to Muscovy
ducks, mallard ducks,
turkeys, guinea fowl,
geese, quail, pigeons,
SWINE INDUSTRY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Hog production liveweight from July to September 2023

is 450.90 thousand metric tons.

All farmers, from small to larger properties, experienced

financial losses from the ASF epidemic. As a result of ASF,
most smallholder pig farms' incomes were negatively
affected and they struggled to repay loans, and because of
biosecurity requirements, most backyard farms closed
 Top CALABARZON
Northern
Mindanao -
Producing - 59.81
54.50
thousand
Region for metric tons
thousand
metric tons
Swine
Central Luzon - Davao Region
46.16 - 36.16
thousand thousand
metric tons metric tons.
 KINGDOM: Animalia

PHYLUM: Chordata
HOG
ZOOLOGICAL CLASS: Mammalia
SCHEME ORDER: Artiodactyla

FAMILY: Suidae

GENUS: Sus

SPECIES: Scrofa/vittatus

SUB-SPECIES: domesticus
 ORIGIN OF SWINE

Sus scrofa - is a wild hog of continental

Europe from which most domestic swine
have been derived.
The Banded pig (Sus scrofa vittatus) is a
subspecies of wild boar native to the Thai-
Malay Peninsula and many Indonesian
islands, including Sumatra, Java, and the
Lesser Sundas as far east as Komodo. It is
known as the wild boar in Singapore.
Origin of Swine
European Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa)
– Lives in the forest of Europe
– Nearly black in color, with a mixture of gray and rusty brown
on the body; very young pigs are striped
– Has short and erect ears
– Has the following features in comparison with the domestic
pig;
* Coarser hair, with almost manelike crest along the back
* Larger and longer head
* Larger feet and narrower body
* Longer and stronger tusks
*Greater ability to run and fight
Banded pig (Sus scrofa vittatus)
- also known as the Indonesian wild boar is a subspecies of wild boar
native to the Thai-Malay Peninsula and many Indonesian islands,
including Sumatra, Java, and the Lesser Sundas as far east as
Komodo.
- It is known as the wild boar in Singapore.
- It is the most basal subspecies, having the smallest relative brain size,
more primitive dentition, and unspecialised cranial structure
- It is a short-faced subspecies with a white band on the muzzle, as well
as sparse body hair, no underwool, a fairly long mane, and a broad
reddish band extending from the muzzle to the sides of the neck.
-
It is much smaller than the mainland S. s. cristatus subspecies, with
the largest specimens on Komodo weighing only 48 kg.
 PHILIPPINE NATIVE PIG

– Indigenous animals belong to a large undefined population of

individuals without any uniform traits usually ascribed to a
breed.
– The local pig or Philippine Native pig belongs to this category,
as they are small and lack the anatomical symmetry of
standard breeds,
– General characteristics: Small and late maturing, mostly solid
black or black and white have small ears, sway back and with
weak pasterns.
– have two pairs of "warts", with a tuft of hair extending outwards from
the warts closest to the jaw. They are considered Vulnerable by the
IUCN, and their population is currently declining due to multiple threats
PHILIPPINE NATIVE PIG
ORIGIN:
Sus celebenensis philipinensis Nehring
Sus celebenensis negricus Sanborn
Sus barbatus ahaenobarbus Huet

Other Scientific Name

Sus philippinensis Luzon Warty pig
Sus cebifrons Visayan Warty pig
Sus barbatus palawan Palawan Bearded pig
Sus oliveri Mindoro Warty pig
– The Visayan warty pig (Sus cebifrons)
– is a critically endangered species in the pig genus (Sus).
– It is endemic to six of the Visayan Islands
(Cebu, Negros, Panay, Masbate, Guimaras, and Siquijor)
- It is known by many names in the region (depending on the
island and linguistic group) with most translating into 'wild pig’:
baboy ihalas ('wild pig' in Hiligaynon,Cebuano and Waray),
baboy talonon ('forest pig' in Hiligaynon),
baboy sulop ('dark pig' in Cebuano),
baboy ramo ('wild boar' in Waray).
– The Palawan bearded pig (Sus ahoenobarbus)
– is a pig species in the genus Sus endemic to the Philippines
– it occurs on the archipelago of islands formed by Balabac, Palawan,
and the Calamian Islands.
– it is 1 to 1.6 m (3.3 to 5.2 ft) in length, about 1 m (3.3 ft) tall and
weigh up to 150 kg (330 lb)

– Oliver's warty pig or Mindoro warty pig (Sus oliveri)

– is a small species in the pig genus (Sus) which can only be found on
the island of Mindoro in the central Philippines.
– This species previously treated to be a subspecies of S. philippensis,
was shown to be morphologically and genetically different
PUREBREED

- bred from members of a recognized

breed, strain or kind without additional
mixture of other blood over many
generation.
PUREBREED
 Landrance
Yorkshire/Large white
Duroc
Pietrain
Hampshire
Berkshire
Poland of China
OTHER PURE BREED OF SWINE
Spotted
Limousine
Chester white
 Hereford
 Taniworth
Large black
 Chinese Taihu pigs

a. Funjiang
b. Meishan
c. Janxiang black
d. Erhualian
LANDRACE
Origin
– First Landrace swine was developed in Denmark for the production of
high quality bacon.
Characteristics
– The Landrace breed is white in color, although black skin spots or
freckles are rather common.
– It is known as the longest breed of swine (16 to 17 ribs).
– This breed is known for its prolificacy and mothering ability under
Philippine condition.
Disadvantage
– Weak legs and pasterns especially on the hind leg, Some strains of
Landrace have narrow body
2. Yorkshire/Large White
Origin
– English bacon breed which had its origin in Yorkshire and neighboring
countries in Northern England. It was developed by selection and
crossing with Leicester hog which was a white Hog.
– The present Large White was developed in England.
Characteristics
– Yorkshire should be entirely white in color.
– Yorkshire sows are noted as good mothers (Mother Breed).
– They not only farrow or raise large litters, but are great milkers.
– The pigs are excellent foragers and compare favorably with those of
any other breed in economy of gains.
Disadvantage:
– Some individuals in this herd are relatively short and
with big belly and they tend to develop carcasses with
excess back fat.
3. Duroc
Origin:
– The Duroc breed of hogs had its origin in the eastern United
States and in the Corn Belt.
– It would seem presumptuous today to attempt to identify the
foundation stock of the breed, which was originally called the
Duroc-Jersey.
Characteristics
Duroc has solid colors, ranging from very high light golden to
very dark red that approaches the color of mahogany.
The head is small in proportion to the body and the jowl is
medium in size.
The length of its legs is proportional to the depth and length
Performance
Duroc is considered a superior breed in terms of growth
rate and feed efficiency.
It has a good muscle quality and is probably the most
resistant to stress.

Disadvantage
Some individuals have a strong tendency to have a well
arched back which is undesirable because this animal do
not stay long in the breeding herd.
Unsound front and hind legs that may lead to stiff gilt or
lameness are also encountered in some animals.
4.Pietrain
Origin:
– Pietrain, Belgium, the village from which the breed takes
its name, was the birthplace of the breed
Characteristics:
This breed may be appropriately called the "muscle"
pigs because it is well known for its outstanding muscle
development in the ham, loin and shoulder.
 The backfat is very thin. The motherly ability is well
within
acceptable level.
Characteristics
Pietrain is a spotted pig with irregular dark and white
spots. Red hair is usually found on white spots. The
medium size head with straight or slightly bended snout
and short and wide ears. The neck is short, very well-
muscled without bulged chap

Disadvantage:.
 Because of the relatively well-muscled ham, the number
one problem of this breed is usually weakness of the hind
legs which do not develop as fast as the ham muscle
This breed is also known for being a slow grower and
being highly susceptible to stress
5. HAMPSHIRE
Origin:
– Hampshire breed traces its origin to Southern England.
– But the first Hampshire Swine Record was organized in Boone
country Kentucky, just across the Ohio River from Cincinnati.
– Oldest American hog breed.
Characteristics:
– The most striking characteristic of the Hampshire with erect
ears, white belt around the shoulder and body including the
foreleg.
Performance:
– Feed efficiency, length and ham-loin percent of this breed
is EXCELLENT.
Disadvantage:
– Low liter size at birth and at weaning, poor mothering
ability and late maturing. Being black is also an objection
because it is associated with thick backfat is also an
objection because it is associated with thick backfat and
with difficulty in dressing/cleaning during slaughtering .
6. BERKSHIRE
Origin
- South Central England, principally in the countries of
Berkshire and Wiltshire.
- The breed is used for fresh pork production in
England, Japan, North and South America, and other
areas worldwide
Characteristics
The distinct peculiarity of the Berkshire breed is the
short and sometimes upturned nose.
It has a short dished face with erect ears pointing
slightly forward.
Cont….
The color is black with six white points, four
white feet, one point on the forehead; and
another on the switch of the tail.

Disadvantage
This breed has a small liter size at birth and at
weaning, late maturing, thick backfat and
7. POLAND OF CHINA
Origin
– South-western Ohio in the fertile area known as the Miami
Valley. It is also known as the "Hot Type" of "big Type Poland
China.

Characteristics
Modern Poland China is black in color with six distinct white
points, the four feet, poll of the head and switch of the tail
known for their large frame, length of body, leanness and
muscle. They also are excellent feeders, gaining well under
good care and management. They also are quiet in their
disposition.
LIST OF OTHER
PUREBREEDS
SPOTTED SWINE
Origin – Central Indiana

Characteristics
 Large, black and white spots
 Spots are known for their feed efficiency, rate of
gain and carcass quality.
Spotted females for their productivity, docility and
durability
Disadvantage:
Don’t do well in extremely hot, sunny
climates because of their propensity
toward sunburn. They weren’t raised
for those conditions
Can be tough to find
LIMOUSINE
ORIGIN – Western Massif Central

CHARACTERISTICS
 Very lively and alert Iberian breed of pig is
accustomed to foraging or its food in the wild.
It is white with black marks of varying sizes.
There are two black patches, one on the head and
other on the rump
Its body is stout, broad and supported by long and
strong limbs
CHESTER WHITE
ORIGIN; Chester Country, Pa., United States of America
from which their name was formed .

CHARACTERISTICS
A large overall appearance with fatty characteristic and
features but with relatively thinner but stout legs; the
head is big and has overl.apping ears
White, pinkish white
Docile
Tail are long and twisted
HEREFORD
ORIGIN: domestic pig from United States
It is also called HEREFORD HOG and it was named for its
color and pattern. The color pattern of this breed is
similar to that of the Hereford cattle breed, red with a
white face.

CHARACTERISTICS:
Their face is of white color and is of medium length which
is slight dished. They have a medium sized dropping ears
An active and hardy animal
Cont…..
Well suited for both intensive and extensive pig
framing system,and the breed also so well in a wide
variety of climates.
Usually have a docile temperament.
Their quiet nature, friendly behavior and docile
temperament are good for the young people and for
the new pig farmers.
TAMWORTH
ORIGIN: Ireland where they were known as “Irish
Grazers”, being given that name due to the fact that
they were such wonderful foragers.

CHARACTERISTICS
They were long of limb, long snout and flat in ribs
They were active, hardy, good rustlers, and very
prolific but they were slow feeder and late in
maturing.
An active and hardy animal
Cont….
Well suited for both inensive and extensive pig
farming system, and breed also do well in a wide
variety of climates
Usually have docile temperament
Their quite nature, friendly behavior and docile
temperament are good for the young people and
for the new pig farmers.
LARGE BLACK
ORIGIN: East Anglia
Developed primarily from Chinese breeds brought into
England in the late 1800’s
After 1900, the Large Black became well-known outside
of its native region and spread throughout Great Britain.

CHARACTERISTICS
Large, just slightly smaller than Yorkshire and always
black
They have long head and straight faces with lop ears.
Cont….
Have a good depth of body, fair length, and strong
back
The hair is fine and rather thick with the black
pigmentation being quite heavy.
Heavy drooped ear.
The ears are so large they cover much of the face
seem to obstruct the view from the eyes.
Known for its very docile nature and some have
suggested that its obstructed vision contributes to
its unaggressive temperament.
Cont…
Whatever the cause they seem to move more
slowly and deliberately than other breeds
Have high levels of hardiness and thriftiness with
light shoulders and good sides and hams.
The mothering ability and litter size are good, the
breed does not seem to be as early maturing as
most other breeds. The heavy back pigmentation
of the skin is a characteristic not favored by
processors
CHINESE TAIHU PIGS
ORIGIN: from the narrow region of mild sub-tropical
climate around the Lake Tai region in the lower Yangtze
River Valley of China.

CHARACTERISTICS
Large one, black in color with a heavily wrinkled face. It
has a large head with a broad forehead and large folded
ears
Have a high rate of reproduction with litter sizes ranging
up to twenty, but averaging fourteen live piglets.
Cont:
This characteristic, as well as their resistance to
disease, has resulted in interest in the pigs for
research into breeding and genetic engineering.
Taihu pigs have been established in France,
Albania, Hungary, Japan, UK and US.
CHINESE TAIHU PIGS
 FUNJIANG
MEISHAN
JANXIANG BLACK
ERHUALIAN
FENGJING
ORIGIN: Breed of domestic pig from Shanghai, China
• The main areas of this breed are located in Songjiang,
Jinshan and Wujiang’s areas.
• It was named after the Shanghai town Fengjing
CHARACTERISTICS
Are modest-sized animals
they are black in color
They are distinguished by their highly wrinkled face and
body.
Highly resistant to disease.
Cont….
Can be fed manly on roughage and farm waste,
making it a very good breed for low-intensity farming
It has a rather high rate of breeding
The sows are able to produce two litters per year at
parity with about 12 piglets and rising to about 17
piglets at a third party. Occasionally big litter size of
around 20 piglets happens
The meat of the Fengjing pig is obviously, succulent
flavor that is ery good, but the breed normally grows
slowly.
MEISHAN
ORIGIN: Breed of domestic pig named for the Meishan,
Jiangsu Province, China

CHARACTERIStTICS:
It is a sub-group of the Taihu pig and is a small to
medium-sized (275-400ls) breed with large drooping
ears, and wrinkled black skin
Are extremlely docile and renowed for their tender and
flavorful red meat pork.
Best known for its large litters of 15-22 piglets
Cont….
Due to its fedundity, it was imported to the United State
in 1989 byt the USDA Agricultural Research Service.
ERHUALAN
CHARACTERISTIC
S:
 Erhualan pigs
have large and
fully floppy ears