World of Computing

1. Cloud Computing
2. Grid Computing
3. Cluster Computing
4. Distributed Computing
5. FOG Computing
6. Edge Computing
7. Serverless Computing
8. Green Computing
1. Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing is a model for delivering information technology

services over the internet. Users can now access and use shared pools
of reconfigurable computing resources, including as servers, storage,
databases, OS, and applications, without worrying about maintaining
the underlying infrastructure.

Organizations can rent computer resources from a cloud provider like

Amazon Web Services rather than purchasing and maintaining their
own hardware and software. Scalability, cost savings, increased agility,
improved reliability, and global access are a few advantages of cloud
computing.
Cloud Computing :
Cloud computing refers to providing on demand IT resources/services like server, storage,
database, networking, analytics, software etc. over internet. It is a computing technique
that delivers hosted services over the internet to its users/customers. Cloud computing
provides services such as hardware, software, networking resources through internet.
Some characteristics of cloud computing are providing shared pool of configurable
computing resources, on-demand service, pay per use, provisioned by the Service
Providers etc.
It is classified into 4 different types such as
· Public Cloud
· Private Cloud
· Community Cloud
· Hybrid Cloud
Advantages of Cloud Computing

1. Scalability: Without having to invest in pricey hardware, cloud computing enables businesses to
effortlessly scale up or down their computer capabilities as needed. This enhances an organization’s agility
and enables swift responses to shift business requirements.
2. Cost-Effectiveness: For small and medium-sized organizations in particular, cloud computing can be
more affordable than traditional computer methods. This is because economies of scale allow cloud
companies to offer computing power at a reduced price.
3. High Availability: Cloud computing is capable of providing high availability, and most cloud providers
offer uptime guarantees of a specific standard. This makes it perfect for applications that need constant
availability, such as online stores or banking services.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

1. Security Risks: Cloud computing can create additional security concerns, especially if the security
precautions taken by the cloud provider are moderate. Data leaks, unauthorized access, and other cyber-
attacks fall under this category.
2. Dependent Internet Connectivity: Internet connectivity is necessary for cloud computing to access
computing resources and data. If the internet connection is inconsistent or slow, this could be a drawback as
it could result in lost productivity or stopped service.
3. Restricted Control: The rate of control that companies have over their computing resources and data
may be limited as a result of cloud computing. Because they depend on cloud service providers to manage
and maintain their computer infrastructure, businesses may not be able to fully personalize and improve
their systems.
What are the use cases of cloud computing?
· Hosting websites and applications
· Data storage and backup
· Software development and testing
· Big data analytics
· Machine learning and AI services
· Remote work and collaboration tools

What are the types of Cloud services?

· Software as a Service
· Platform as a Service
· Infrastructure as a Service

Which is more scalable cloud or grid computing?

Cloud Computing is more scalable than grid computing.
2. Grid Computing

Grid Computing refers to a network of computers, which can be either homogeneous or

heterogeneous, working together across different locations to perform complex tasks. It
leverages the unused processing power of multiple machines to achieve its goals. Here are
the defining features:

Advantages of Grid Computing

· Flexibility: Grid Computing can integrate a variety of hardware and operating systems.
· Scalability: It can harness resources from a global network, allowing for greater scalability.
· Cost Efficiency: By utilizing existing unused resources, Grid Computing can be more cost-
effective.

Disadvantages of Grid Computing

· Complexity: Managing and coordinating a grid of diverse machines can be complex.
· Performance Variability: The performance might vary due to the diversity of the
participating machines and network latency.
Difference between Cloud Computing and Grid Computing
Cloud Computing and Grid Computing are two model in distributed computing. They are used for
different purposes and have different architectures. Cloud Computing is the use of remote servers to store,
manage, and process data rather than using local servers while Grid Computing can be defined as a
network of computers working together to perform a task that would rather be difficult for a single
machine.
3. Cluster Computing

Cluster Computing involves connecting two or more homogeneous computers to work as a

unified system. This approach is commonly used for tasks that require high computational
power and reliability.

Advantages of Cluster Computing

· Homogeneity: Since the computers in a cluster are of the same type, they are easier to
manage and maintain.
· High Performance: Clusters can offer significant computational power and speed by
pooling resources.
· Reliability: Clusters can provide redundancy and fault tolerance if one node fails.

Disadvantages of Cluster Computing

· Limited Scalability: Clusters are typically limited to a single location, which can restrict
their scalability.
· Cost: The requirement for homogeneous hardware can be costly.
Difference between Grid computing and Cluster computing
Both refer to ways of pooling computational resources to tackle
complex problems, but they differ significantly in their structure and
applications.
 Cluster Computing Grid Computing

Nodes must be homogeneous (same hardware and OS) Nodes can be homogeneous or heterogeneous

Computers are dedicated to the same task Computers contribute unused resources

Computers may be located at a huge distance from one

Computers are located close to each other.
another.

Computers are connected by a high speed local area network Computers are connected using a low speed bus or the internet
bus. .

Computers are connected in a distributed or

Computers are connected in a centralized network topology.
de-centralized network topology.

It may have servers, but mostly each node behaves

Scheduling is controlled by a central server.
independently.

Whole system has a centralized resource manager. Every node manages it’s resources independently.

Whole system functions as a single system. Every node is autonomous, and anyone can opt out anytime.

Cluster computing is used in areas such as WebLogic Grid computing is used in areas such as predictive modeling,
Application Servers, Databases, etc. Automation, simulations, etc.

It has Centralized Resource management. It has Distributed Resource Management.

Conclusion
• Cluster Computing and Grid Computing each offer
unique advantages depending on the
requirements of a given task.
• Cluster Computing is ideal for environments
needing high performance and reliability with
homogeneous systems, while Grid Computing
provides flexibility and scalability by utilizing
diverse resources across large distances.
• Understanding these differences can help in
selecting the appropriate computing model for
specific applications.
4. Distributed Computing :

Distributed computing refers to solve a problem over distributed autonomous computers

and they communicate between them over a network. It is a computing technique which
allows to multiple computers to communicate and work to solve a single problem.
Distributed computing helps to achieve computational tasks more faster than using a
single computer as it takes a lot of time. Some characteristics of distributed computing are
distributing a single task among computers to progress the work at same time, Remote
Procedure calls and Remote Method Invocation for distributed computations.

It is classified into 3 different types such as

· Distributed Computing Systems
· Distributed Information Systems
· Distributed Pervasive Systems
 CLOUD COMPUTING DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
Providing on demand IT resources/services Solve a problem over distributed autonomous
computers and they communicate between them
over a network.
Computing technique that delivers hosted Computing technique which allows to multiple
services over the internet to its computers to communicate and work to solve a
users/customers. single problem.
Classified into: Public Cloud, Private Cloud, Classified into: Distributed Computing Systems,
Community Cloud and Hybrid Cloud. Distributed Information Systems and Distributed
Pervasive Systems.
Benefits: cost effective, elasticity and Benefits: flexibility, reliability, improved
reliable, economies of Scale, access to the performance etc.
global market etc.
The goal of cloud computing is to provide on The goal of distributed computing is to distribute
demand computing services over internet on a single task among multiple computers and to
pay per use model. solve it quickly by maintaining coordination
between them.
Some characteristics of cloud computing are Some characteristics of distributed computing are
providing shared pool of configurable distributing a single task among computers to
computing resources, on-demand service, progress the work at same time, Remote
pay per use, provisioned by the Service Procedure calls and Remote Method Invocation
Providers etc. for distributed computations.
Some disadvantage of cloud computing Some disadvantage of distributed computing
includes less control especially in the case includes chances of failure of nodes, slow network
5. Fog Computing
(fog networking or fogging), is a decentralized computing architecture
that brings cloud computing capabilities to the network’s edge. This
method intends to increase efficiency, minimize latency, and improve
data processing capabilities.

What is Fog Computing?

Fog Computing refers to extending
cloud computing to an edge of the
enterprise’s network.
Thus, it is also known as Edge Computing
.
It facilitates the operation of computing,
storage, and networking services between
· The devices comprising the fog infrastructure are known as fog nodes.

· In fog computing, all the storage capabilities, computation capabilities,

data along with the applications are placed between the cloud and the
physical host.

· All these functionalities are placed more towards the host. This makes
processing faster as it is done almost at the place where data is created.

· It improves the efficiency of the system and is also used to ensure

increased security.
Types of Fog Computing

· Device-level Fog Computing: Device-level fog computing utilizes low-

power technology, including sensors, switches, and routers. It can be used to
collect data from these devices and upload it to the cloud for analysis.

· Edge-level Fog Computing: Edge-level fog computing utilizes network-

connected servers or appliances. These devices can be used to process data
before it is uploaded to the cloud.

· Gateway-level Fog Computing: Fog computing at the gateway level uses

devices to connect the edge to the cloud. These devices can be used to control
traffic and send only relevant data to the cloud.

· Cloud-level Fog Computing: Cloud-level fog computing uses cloud-based

servers or appliances. These devices can be used to process data before it is
sent to end users.
Components of Fog Computing

· Edge devices: Edge devices are the network devices nearest to the data source. Edge
devices consist of sensors, PLCs (programmable logic controllers), and gateway
routers.

· Data Processing: Data processing occurs locally on edge devices rather than being
routed to a central location for processing. The end effect is greater performance and
lower latency.

· Data Storage: in Data storage. Instead of transferring data to a central place, edge
devices can keep information locally. This increases security and privacy while
lowering latency.

· Connectivity: For fog computing to work, edge devices must be connected to the rest
of the network at high speeds. This can be done using wired or wireless methods.
When to Use Fog Computing?

· It is used when only selected data is required to send to the cloud. This selected data is
chosen for long-term storage and is less frequently accessed by the host.

· It is used when the data should be analyzed within a fraction of seconds i.e Latency should
be low.

· It is used whenever a large number of services need to be provided over a large area at
different geographical locations.

· Devices that are subjected to rigorous computations and processings must use fog
computing.

· Real-world examples where fog computing is used are in IoT devices Devices with Sensors,
Cameras (IIoT-Industrial Internet of Things), etc.
Advantages of Fog Computing

· This approach reduces the amount of data that needs to be sent to the cloud.
· Since the distance to be traveled by the data is reduced, it results in saving network bandwidth.
· Reduces the response time of the system.
· It improves the overall security of the system as the data resides close to the host.
· It provides better privacy as industries can perform analysis on their data locally.

Disadvantages of Fog Computing

· Congestion may occur between the host and the fog node due to increased traffic .
· Power consumption increases when another layer is placed between the host and the cloud.
· Scheduling tasks between host and fog nodes along with fog nodes and the cloud is
difficult.
· Data management becomes tedious as along with the data stored and computed, the
transmission of data involves encryption-decryption too which in turn release data.
Applications of Fog Computing

· It can be used to monitor and analyze the patients’ condition. In case of emergency,
doctors can be alerted.
· It can be used for real-time rail monitoring as for high-speed trains we want as little
latency as possible.
· It can be used for gas and oils pipeline optimization. It generates a huge amount of data
and it is inefficient to store all data into the cloud for analysis.
Difference Between Cloud Computing and Fog Computing

Cloud Computing: The delivery of on-demand computing services is known as cloud computing. We
can use applications to storage and processing power over the internet. It is a pay as you go service.
Without owning any computing infrastructure or any data centers, anyone can rent access to anything
from applications to storage from a cloud service provider.
We can avoid the complexity of owning and maintaining infrastructure by using cloud computing services
and pay for what we use.
In turn, cloud computing services providers can benefit from significant economies of scale by delivering
the same services to a wide range of customers.
Fog Computing: Fog computing is a decentralized computing infrastructure or process in which
computing resources are located between the data source and the cloud or any other data center. Fog
computing is a paradigm that provides services to user requests at the edge networks. The devices at the
fog layer usually perform operations related to networking such as routers, gateways, bridges, and hubs.
Researchers envision these devices to be capable of performing both computational and networking
operations, simultaneously. Although these devices are resource-constrained compared to the cloud
servers, the geological spread and the decentralized nature help in offering reliable services with coverage
over a wide area. Fog computing is the physical location of the devices, which are much closer to the
users than the cloud servers.
 Feature Cloud Computing Fog Computing

Cloud computing has high latency

Latency Fog computing has low latency
compared to fog computing

Cloud Computing does not provide

Fog Computing reduces the amount of data
Capacity any reduction in data while sending
sent to cloud computing.
or transforming data

Responsiveness Response time of the system is low. Response time of the system is high.

Access speed is high depending on High even more compared to Cloud

Speed
the VM connectivity. Computing.

Location Partially Supported in Cloud

Supported in fog computing.
Awareness computing.

Number of Server Cloud computing has Few number of Fog computing has Large number of server
Nodes server nodes. nodes.

Geographical
It is centralized. It is decentralized and distributed.
Distribution

Services provided at the edge of the local

Location of service Services provided within the internet.
network.

Working Specific data center building with air Outdoor (streets,base stations, etc.) or indoor
environment conditioning systems (houses, cafes, etc.)

Wireless communication: WLAN, WiFi, 3G, 4G,

Communication
IP network ZigBee, etc. or wired communication (part of
mode
the IP networks)
Conclusion
Fog computing delivers cloud capabilities to the edge of networks, increasing efficiency,
lowering latency, and improving data processing capabilities. It is perfect for
real-time data analysis, low-latency applications such as IoT, and situations where data
privacy and security are critical. While it provides scalability and lower bandwidth usage,
it also has issues in managing data congestion and increasing power consumption. Fog
computing is making progress in applications such as healthcare monitoring, industrial
IoT, and real-time analytics across a variety of industries.
How does fog computing reduce latency?
By allowing data to be processed where it is being used.
Does fog support IoT concept?
Fog computing supports the Internet of Things (IoT) .
How data is stored in fog computing?
Data has been stored on local computers and storage systems rather than being
routed to the cloud via a centralised data centre.
What is the security of fog computing?
Security is a critical issue for fog computing, because fog-based services are
supplied to massive-scale end customers by front fog nodes/servers.
6. Edge Computing

Edge Computing is a distributed computing architecture that brings

computing and data storage closer to the source of data. Data
processing takes place at the network’s edge, adjacent to the
device that generated the data, as opposed to a central location,
such as a data center. Reduced latency and bandwidth needs are
desired outcomes of edge computing when transferring large
amounts of data to a processing center.

IoT devices, automated vehicles, and augmented reality/virtual

reality (AR/VR) systems require low latency benefits, particularly
from edge computing. Applications that produce a lot of data, such
as those used in industry, video and image analysis, and intelligent
Advantages of Edge Computing

1. Reduced Latency: Edge Computing makes it possible to process and analyze data more quickly at the
point of origin, which cuts down on the time it takes for data to be transported to the cloud and back. Due
to the huge reduction in latency, this is perfect for real-time decision-making applications like robotics,
industrial automation, and automated cars.
2. Increased Security: By enabling data processing and analysis close to the data’s origin and reducing the
quantity of data that must be transferred to the cloud, edge computing can increase security. As a result, it
is more difficult for hackers to hack the system because the attack surface and potential vulnerabilities are
reduced.
3. Greater Bandwidth Efficiency: By enabling local data processing and analysis, edge computing can
lessen the quantity of data that needs to be transported to the cloud. Better bandwidth efficiency as a
result can lower data transmission costs and enable quicker processing.

Disadvantages of Edge Computing

1. Low Processing Power: With compare to cloud computing infrastructure, edge computing devices often
have less processing power and storage space. The types of apps that can be used on edge devices may be
constrained as a result.
2. Increased Complexity: Edge computing implementation can be trickier than standard cloud computing
strategies. This is due to the requirement of edge computing, which can be difficult to manage and
maintain, to install processing and storage resources closer to the source.
3. Increased Costs: In terms of hardware and maintenance costs, edge computing can be more expensive
than cloud computing. This is because Edge Computing necessitates the deployment of processing and
storage resources across several numbers which can be more expensive to set up and maintain.
Edge Computing Fog Computing
Highly scalable when compared to edge
Less scalable than fog computing.
computing.

Millions of nodes are present. Billions of nodes are present.

Nodes in this computing are installed closer to

Nodes are installed far away from the
the cloud(remote database where data is
cloud.
stored).

Edge computing is a subdivision of fog Fog computing is a subdivision of cloud

computing. computing.

The bandwidth requirement is very low. The bandwidth requirement is high. Data
Because data comes from the edge originating from edge nodes is transferred to
nodes themselves. the cloud.

Operational cost is higher. Operational cost is comparatively lower.

High privacy. The probability of data attacks is higher.

Edge devices are the inclusion of the

Fog is an extended layer of cloud.
IoT devices or client’s network.

Edge computing helps devices to get Fog computing helps in filtering important
faster results by processing the data information from the massive amount of data
Parameter Edge Computing Cloud Computing

is a distributed computing that brings is a model for delivering information

Definition computing and data storage closer to technology services over the internet.
the source of data.

Location of Processing is done near the device Data Analysis and Processing are done at a
Processing that generates the data. central location,

Bandwidth Low bandwidth is required. Higher bandwidth is required

is more expensive, as specialized h/w is less expensive, as users only pay for the
Costs
and s/w may be required at the edge. resources they actually use.

Easier, as users can quickly and easily scale

Scalability Scalability can be more challenging
up or down their needs.

Applications that require low latency Applications that do not have strict latency
and real-time decision-making, such requirements, such as web applications,
Use Cases
as IoT devices, autonomous vehicles, email, and file storage.
and AR/VR systems.

is more challenging, as data is transmitted

can be improved, as data is processed
Data over the network to a central location for
near the source and is not transmitted
Security processing.
over the network.
7. Serverless Computing
The Next Stage in Cloud Computing

Serverless computing and the Function-as-a-Service (FaaS)

model are the next stage in cloud computing. They
represent a shift away from traditional server-based
computing models towards a more dynamic, scalable, and
event-driven architecture.
The best way to understand serverless computing is by explaining the FaaS model. Most of
us are familiar with the terms SaaS, IaaS, and PaaS.
Software as a Service (SaaS) is a cloud computing service where software is hosted
centrally, and the service is delivered through the internet based on a subscription. Some of
the examples of SaaS are Google Apps, Dropbox, WebEx, and so on.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides infrastructure resources and also manages
and scales up the resource. Here you only pay for what you use. A few of the examples of
IaaS are AWS EC2, Azure virtual machines, and so on.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides both software and infrastructure that require for
the application development. AWS Beanstalk, Azur app services are some of the examples.
Function as a Service model that allows the developers to develop, run, and manage
applications without worrying about the application infrastructure. It is based on the
concept of the single-purpose block of code called functions. Here, the model uses an
event-driven architecture to process these functions, in which each function gets executed
by triggering an event – such as API requests, events in the database, scheduled events,
etc. And, serverless applications are built by combining multiple functions (FaaS).
Features and benefits of serverless computing and the FaaS
model:
1. No Server Management: Developers do not have to worry about
server management, provisioning, or scaling. The cloud provider
takes care.
2. Pay-Per-Use Pricing: Developers only pay for the resources they
use, rather than paying for an entire server or virtual machine.
3. Event-Driven Architecture: Applications are triggered by events,
such as user actions or system events. This allows for a more
dynamic and responsive computing environment.
4. Scalability: As resources are automatically provisioned and
deprovisioned based on demand. This allows applications to scale
up or down quickly and efficiently.
5. Faster Development: Developers can build applications more
quickly and easily, as they do not have to worry about server
infrastructure or deployment.
6. Reduced Costs: As developers only pay for the resources they use,
and do not have to worry about managing server infrastructure.
8. Green Computing :

Green Computing, as name suggests, is basically study of designing,

manufacturing, using and disposing computing devices in way that
reduces their hazardous impact on environment. It is mostly used to
promote energy efficiently in different applications such as washers,
dryers, laptops, and refrigerators.
 Cloud Computing Green Computing

It is all about delivery of computing

It is all about utilizing energy to
services including servers, storage,
perform operations in most efficient
databases, networking, etc., over
way possible.
internet.

It helps in using least amount of

It offers utility-oriented IT services to
computing resources for doing most
users worldwide.
amount of work.

Its main goal is to provide magnitude Its main goal is to attain economic
improvement in cost effective, viability and improve way of how
dynamic provisioning of IT services. computing devices are used.

It reduces use of hazardous

materials, increase energy efficiency
It reduces energy consumption,
during product’s lifetime, manage
waste, and carbon emissions, reduce
power and energy efficiency, create
carbon foot print, etc.
sustainable business processes, etc.
 Cloud Computing Green Computing

It increases revenue of business

It reduces carbon footprint of business
organizations and help them to achieve
and provide a reputation boost, help
business goals, provide faster
business responsibly use energy and
communication, secure network
keep business running on energy-lean
collaboration, promote efficient
diet.
utilization of existing resources, etc.

It allows company to diversity its network It allows companies to improve disposal

and server infrastructure. and recycling procedures.

It lowers energy bills, lower overall

It lowers IT costs, maintain business
power usage, cost-effective due to less
continuity, provide scalability, allows
energy usage and cooling requirements,
automatic software integrations, etc.
etc.

It is less cost effective as compared to It is more cost effective as compared to

green computing. cloud computing.