Documentation

Ph.D. 2019
Course: PENG-601 Research Methodology
WHAT IS DOCUMENTATION

 According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary To document is to “record

the details of something” or “to prove or support something with documents;
and ‘documentation means’ the documents that are required for something,
or that give evidence or proof of something.”
 Researches are build on previous research.
 Researchers commonly begin a project by studying past work in the area and
deriving relevant information and ideas from their Predecessors.
 In presenting their work researchers generally acknowledge their debts to
predecessors by carefully documenting each source.
 Every borrowing must be clearly documented.
 Through documentation the researcher provides the readers with a
description of key features of each source and in this way documentation
assist the readers in locating the source that is been used in the research.
WHY DOCUMENTATION IS
IMPORTANT?
 Citations protect you from a charge of plagiarism.
 Correct citations contribute to your ethos because readers don’t trust
sources they can’t find.
 Getting the details of citations right distinguishes reliable, experienced
researchers from careless beginners.
 Research helps you to learn how to integrate the research of others into
your own thinking and citation is a proof of your reading also.
 Readers use citations before, while, and after they read your paper. As
they read, readers use citations to decide how much they can trust the
reliability, currency, and completeness of your evidence.
 When you cite sources, you honor them by acknowledging your
intellectual debts.
GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT
THE SOURCE
 Who is the author of the source?
 What is the title of the source?
 How was the source published?
 Where did you find the source?
 When was the source published?
TYPES

 Documentation has two major types:

 Bibliography at the end of the thesis or paper. But it is not sufficient since
the exact page numbers etc. useful to locate the information are not
given in the end bibliography.
 The second type is the citation of the reference in full. It is either in the
‘foot-notes,’ or in the “Notes and References” given at the end of the
every chapter.
 Short parenthetical notes within the text are also used. The citation in the
References’ given at the end of every chapter ensures the exact place
from which the borrowed material is taken.
 The citation must be accurate and as precise as possible. If the book is in
more than one volume, the citation should indicate the Vol. no. along
with the page no.
MAJOR STYLES OF CITATION:
MLA STYLE 8TH EDITION
 Documentation styles differ according to disciplines because they
are shaped by the kind of research and scholarship undertaken.
 In Humanities, where most important scholarship remains relevant
for a substantial period, publication dates receive less attention.
 MLA Style of citation is use in Humanities basically.
 It is simpler and more concise that other formats of
documentation.
 It shares with most others its central feature: parenthetical
citations keyed to a work cited list.
MLA STYLE

 In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done

using parenthetical citations.
 This method involves providing relevant source information in
parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase.
 Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source
information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just
before the period).
 Example:
…where there is power, there is resistance (...) This resistance is never in a
position of exteriority in relation to power (...) These points of resistance are
present everywhere in the network of power (Foucault, HSI 101-102).
MLA STYLE

 The citation in above example tells the reader that the line was taken from
page 101-102 of the work written by Foucault.

 It also tells that the line has appeared in the first book of History of
Sexuality of which an abbreviated form has been used in the citation.

 For more information about the source the readers can see the work-cited
list where under the name of Foucault they will find the information:
 Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Vol. I. Penguin Books, 1978.
MLA STYLE

 The above example informs the reader about:

 Name of the writer: Michel Foucault

 Name of the book: The History of Sexuality

 Volume of the book: Volume I

 Publication house: Penguin

 Year of publication: 1978

APA STYLE

 The References section in an APA-style paper has a particular

purpose: It lists the work you have referred to in your writing.
 So if you mention a book, a book chapter, a journal article, or any
other source, you should include that source in your References
section.
 If you do not mention a source in your paper, do not include it
among the references.
 In other disciplines, a paper might have a Bibliography that
contains work not cited in the paper, but in APA style, we only
include in the References the sources we actually mention in the
paper.
APA STYLE

 The APA referencing style is an "author-date" style.

 So the citation in the text consists of the author(s) and the year of
publication given wholly or partly in round brackets.
 Use only the surname of the author(s) followed by a comma and
the year of publication.
 Include page, chapter or section numbers if you need to be
specific, for example
 …where there is power, there is resistance (...) This resistance is never
in a position of exteriority in relation to power (...) These points of
resistance are present everywhere in the network of power (Foucault,
1978, pp. 101-102).
APA STYLE

 The Reference section (i.e., the word References, centered in bold

type) will contain the following information for above reference:
 Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality (Vol. I). New York: Penguin
Books.
 In APA style, the date, in parentheses, appears immediately after
the name of the author.
 The first name of the author is written only in initials.
 Only the first word of the title is capitalized.
 Publishers full information is given.
 Example: Oxford University Press in place of OUP (which is acceptable
in MLA style)
CHICAGO STYLE MANUAL

 There are two systems of source citation in Chicago style manual

1. With footnotes or endnotes or both, usually together with a
bibliography. The notes allow space for unusual types of sources as well
as for commentary on the sources cited, making this system extremely
flexible.
 Because of this flexibility, the notes and bibliography system is
preferred by many writers in literature, history, and the arts.

2. Chicago's other system-which uses parenthetical author-date

references and a corresponding reference list is nearly identical in
content but differs in form.
 The author-date system is preferred for many publications in the
sciences and social sciences but may be adapted for any work,
sometimes with the addition of footnotes or endnotes.
FOOTNOTES STYLE OF CHICAGO
STYLE MANUAL
 bibliographic citations are provided in notes, preferably
supplemented by a bibliography.
 The notes, whether footnotes or endnotes, are usually numbered
and correspond to superscript note reference numbers in the text;
in electronic formats, notes and note numbers are usually linked.
 Notes are styled much like running text, with authors' names in
normal order and the elements separated by commas or
parentheses.
 Example: “…where there is power, there is resistance (...) This
resistance is never in a position of exteriority in relation to power
(...) These points of resistance are present everywhere in the
network of power”. 1
FOOTNOTES STYLE OF CHICAGO
STYLE MANUAL
 In notes:
Michel Foucault, The history of sexuality, Vol.1 (New York: Penguin Books,
1.

1978), 101-102.
 If the repetition of the same citation source occurs, the notes need not
duplicate the source information in full. The next time it may look like
this:
3.
Foucault, The History of Sexuality, 138.
 When looking for the source in the bibliographic entry, the format will
be slightly changed:
 Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Vol. I. New York: Penguin Books,
1978.
 Here the name of the author has been inverted and information related
to publication in not under parentheses.
PARENTHETICAL STYLE OF CHICAGO
STYLE MANUAL
 The author-date system is used by many in the physical, natural,
and social sciences.
 This style is an "author-date" style, so the citation in the
text consists of the author(s) name and year of publication given
wholly or partly in round brackets.
 Use only the surname of the author(s) and the year of publication.
Include page, chapter or section numbers, preceded by a
comma, if you need to be specific:
 …where there is power, there is resistance (...) This resistance is never
in a position of exteriority in relation to power (...) These points of
resistance are present everywhere in the network of power (Foucault
1978, 101-102).
 Foucault, Michel. 1978. The History of Sexuality. Vol. I. New York:
Penguin Books.
PARENTHETICAL STYLE OF CHICAGO
STYLE MANUAL
 In a reference list entry, the year of publication is the second
element, following the author's name.
 The first-listed author's name, according to which the entry is
alphabetized in the reference list, is usually inverted (last name
first) .
 Titles are capitalized headline-style unless they are in a language
other than English, titles of larger works such as books and
journals are italicized; and titles of smaller works such as journal
articles are presented in roman and enclosed in quotation marks.
 Noun forms such as editor, translator, volume, and edition are
abbreviated, but verb forms such as edited by and translated by
are spelled out.
SUMMARY
Style Format
MLA Style Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Vol. I. Penguin Books, 1978.
Author name (inverted). Title. Publisher, year of publication.
APA Style Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality (Vol. I). New York:
Penguin Books.
Author name (inverted). (Year of publication). Title. Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Chicago Style Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Vol.1 (New York: Penguin
I Books, 1978), 101-102.
(Footnotes) Author name , Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of
publication), Page no.
Chicago Style Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Vol. I. New York: Penguin
I Books, 1978.
(Reference Author name (inverted). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of
List) publication.
Chicago Style Foucault, Michel. 1978. The History of Sexuality. Vol. I. New York:
Thank
You!