PARTICLES OF

1. “All matter is made up of tiny

particles, with each pure
substance having its own
kind of particles.”
• These particles are either
individual atoms or groups of
atoms known as molecules.
• Atoms of the same particle
are the same.
2. Particles are held
together by attractive
forces.
• In some materials, these
interparticle forces of
attraction are very strong,
such as in diamonds.
• In other materials, the
3. Particles of matter have
spaces between them.
• In a solid, the particles are
tightly packed, so they can
only vibrate in place.
• In a liquid, they are more
loosely packed.
• In a gas, there are large
spaces between them.
 The three main
states of matter are
solid, liquid, and gas.
 Plasma and Bose-
Einstein condensate
are considered the
fourth and fifth
 Solids have definite
shape and volume.
 This is because the
particles that compose
solids are tightly
packed; thus, they
have restricted motion
 Since they contain
more matter per unit
volume, solids
generally have high
densities.
 Among the three
states, solid
 Liquid particles
have weaker
attractive forces
between them,
resulting in a
looser
 This allows the
particles to slide past
one another (liquids
ability to flow freely)
and arrange
themselves so that
they assume the
 Liquids have no
definite shape but do
have a definite
volume, and they
generally have
moderate density and
a higher kinetic
 Like liquids, gases
take the shape of
their container.
 Gas particles have
the highest kinetic
energy and the
weakest forces of
 Gas particles are
far apart and
readily spread out
to occupy all
available space.
 This accounts for
 Gases can be easily
compressed by
reducing the
volume they
occupy, thereby
forcing the particles
 The particles in
gases are far apart,
there is less mass
per unit volume;
thus, gases have
the lowest density
Changes in
Matter
 Natural substances may
also be purposely changed
into new products, such as
the conversion of clays into
pottery, limestone into
building materials, and
silver and gold into jewelry.
Physical Change
-A physical change occurs
when the composition of
the substance is not
altered in the process.
 In a physical change,
the material involved in
the change is structurally
the same before and
after the change.
Changes in the
state of matter
are caused by
the absorption or
release of heat.
When heat is added,
the particles of
matter move faster
and farther from one
another.
When heat is
removed, the kinetic
energy of the
particles is lessened,
and the particles
move closer
Absorption of Heat
-Melting
-Evaporation
-Sublimation
Melting
- take place
when heat is
applied to a
 During this process,
the particles move
faster and farther from
one another, causing a
physical change into a
liquid.
Evaporation
- takes place
when heat is
applied to a
 The particles move
even faster and farther
from one another,
causing a physical
change into a gas, as
when water
evaporates to form
 Sublimation
- takes place when
heat is applied to a
solid to change it
directly into a gas
without passing
 Release of Heat
- Freezing
- Condensation
- Deposition
 Freezing
- takes place when
heat is removed from
a liquid, decreasing
the kinetic energy of
the particles.
 Condensation
- takes place when heat
is removed from a gas,
allowing the particles
to slow down and move
closer together to form
a liquid.
 Deposition
-is when a gaseous substance
is cooled, changing from gas
into solid.
-the gaseous substance gets
deposited, bypassing the
intermediate liquid state.
Chemical Change
-accompanies a
chemical
reaction.
 It occurs when a
substance is changed
into another substance
that has a completely
different set of
physical and chemical
properties compared
 Chemical changes are
indicated by any of the
following:
• change in color
• odor
•Taste
•Temperature
Lesson 9.4 Particles
in Pure Substance
and Mixtures
Pure Substance
 Everything that exists
in the earth is a form of
a matter which is further
defined as any
substance that occupies
space and has mass.
What is Pure
Substance?
 Pure substances are
substances that are
made up of only one
kind of particle and have
a fixed or constant
structure.
 Pure substances are
further classified as
elements and
compounds.
 An element is a
substance that consists
of only one type or kind
of atom.
 An element is a pure
substance as it cannot be
broken down or
transformed into a new
substance even by using
some physical or chemical
means.
 Elements are
mostly metals, non-
metals or
metalloids.
 Compounds, on the
other hand, are also
pure substances when
two or more elements
are combined chemically
in a fixed ratio.
 However, these
substances can be
broken down into
separate elements by
chemical methods.
Characteristics and
Properties Of Pure
Substances
•Pure substances are mostly
homogeneous in nature
containing only one type of
atom or molecule.

•These substances mainly have

a constant or uniform
composition throughout.
•The substances have fixed
boiling and melting points.

•A pure substance usually

participates in a chemical
reaction to form predictable
products.
Mixtures
A mixture is a combination
of two or more substances
that are physically blended
but not chemically
combined.
Each substance in a
mixture retains its unique
properties and can be
separated using simple
methods.
Mixtures are ubiquitous
and can be found
everywhere—for instance,
in the air we breathe (a
mixture of gases) or a
salad (a mixture of
vegetables).
Types of Mixtures

Mixtures are broadly classified

into two types: homogeneous
and heterogeneous. Each type
has distinct characteristics and
examples, which are discussed
below.
Homogeneous Mixture
-A homogeneous mixture is one
in which the components are
evenly mixed so that every part
looks and feels the same.
-It appears as a single phase, with
no visible separation of the
components.
Characteristics
Uniform Composition: The
components of the mixture are spread
out evenly, so the mixture looks the
same throughout.
Consistent Properties: Every part of
the mixture has the same properties,
like taste, appearance, and texture.
Invisible Components: The
individual substances or particles
are fully dissolved or blended,
making them invisible to the
naked eye.
Single Phase: Homogeneous
mixtures exist as a single phase
(solid, liquid, or gas) because the
substances are mixed evenly.
•Salt dissolved in water.
•Sugar dissolved in tea.
•Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and other gases
combine to form air that we
breathe.
•Copper and zinc combine to
form brass, which is an
alloy.

These examples
demonstrate the uniformity
characteristic of
Heterogenous Mixture

A heterogeneous mixture is
one in which the
components are not evenly
mixed, allowing you to see
the different parts.
These mixtures do not
look the same
throughout, and the
composition can change
from one part to another.
The substances in a
heterogeneous mixture
do not blend into a single
phase and often stay
separate, making it easy
to separate the different
parts.
Characteristics
Distinguishable Components: The
different components of the mixture do
not blend completely and remain
easily visible.
Inconsistent Properties: Properties
vary throughout the mixture. Each part
may have its texture, color, or other
characteristics.
Separation by Physical
Means: Since the components
of a heterogeneous mixture do
not mix evenly, they can be
separated using simple physical
methods, such as filtration,
sieving, or decanting.
•Oil and water do not mix and
form layers, with oil floating on
top.
•Sand and iron filings do not
mix.
•Cereal and milk stay separate,
making it easy to see both.
•Salad is a mix of vegetables
These examples
highlight the non-
uniform nature of
heterogeneous
mixtures.