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Trends in Power and Energy in Integrated Circuits

The document discusses the challenges of power and energy management in integrated circuits, highlighting the need for effective power distribution and heat removal in modern microprocessors. It outlines key metrics such as maximum power requirements, sustained power consumption (Thermal Design Power), and energy efficiency, while also addressing techniques like Dynamic Voltage-Frequency Scaling and low power modes. Additionally, it notes the increasing importance of static power due to leakage currents in smaller transistors.

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Kavitha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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18 views21 pages

Trends in Power and Energy in Integrated Circuits

The document discusses the challenges of power and energy management in integrated circuits, highlighting the need for effective power distribution and heat removal in modern microprocessors. It outlines key metrics such as maximum power requirements, sustained power consumption (Thermal Design Power), and energy efficiency, while also addressing techniques like Dynamic Voltage-Frequency Scaling and low power modes. Additionally, it notes the increasing importance of static power due to leakage currents in smaller transistors.

Uploaded by

Kavitha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.2.

1 TRENDS IN POWER AND ENERGY IN


INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

• Power is the biggest challenge facing the


computer designer for nearly every class
of computer.
First 
 Power must be brought in and distributed
around the chip and modern
microprocessors use hundreds of pins and
multiple interconnect layers just for power
and ground.
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Second

 Power is disrupted as heat and must be


removed.

Power and Energy : A systems perspective

• The viewpoint of a system designer there


are three primary concerns.

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First : What is the maximum power a
processor ever requires?
• Meeting this demand can be important to
ensuring correct operation.

For Ex:
• If a processor attempts to draw more
power than a power supply system can
provide the result is typically a voltage drop
which can cause the device to malfunction.
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• Modern processors can vary widely in


power consumption with high peak
currents.

• They provide voltage indexing methods


that allow the processor to slow down and
regulate voltage within a wider margin.

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Second : what is the sustained power
consumption?
• This metric is widely called the Thermal
Design power(TDP) since determined
the cooling requirement.
• TDP is neither peak power which is often
1.5 times higher not is it the actual
average power that will be consumed
during a given consumption which is
likely lower still.
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• A typical power supply for a system is usually


sized to exceed the TDP and a cooling system
is usually designed to match or exceed TDP.

• Modern processors provide two features to


assist in managing the long term average
specified by the TDP.

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Modern processors provide two features

• As the thermal temperature


approaches the junction temperature
limit, circuitry reduces the clock rate
i) thereby reducing power this
technique not be successful.

• Second thermal overload trip is


activated to power down the chip.
ii)

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Third: Designers and users need to consider


is energy and energy efficiency.

 The power is simply energy per unit time :


1 watt = 1 joule per second

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Energy and Power within a


Microprocessor
• For CMOS chips the traditional primary
energy consumption has been in switching
transistors also called Dynamic Energy.

• The energy required per transistor is


proportional to the product of the capacitive
load driven by the transistor and the square
of the voltage:
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1.2.1
DIFFICULT CHALLENGES
• Distributing the power
• Removing the heat
• Preventing hot spots

• Modern microprocessors offer many


techniques to try to improve energy
efficiency despite that clock rates and

constant supply voltages.


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i)Do nothing well :-

• Most microprocessors today turn off the


clock of inactive modules to save energy and
dynamic power.

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ii) Dynamic Voltage-Frequency Scaling (DVFS) :-


• Have periods of low activity
Personal mobile where there is no need to
devices, Laptops
& servers
operate at the highest clock
frequency and voltages.

• Offer a dew clock frequencies


Modern and voltages in which to
microprocessors
operate that use lower
power and energy.

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iii) Design for typical case:

• Given that PMDs and Laptops are often idle,


memory and storage offer low power modes
to save energy.

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iv) Overclocking:

• Intel started offering Turbo mode in 2008


where the chip decides that it is safe to run
at a higher clock rate for a short time possibly
on just a few cores until temperature starts
to rise.

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• Dynamic power is traditionally thought of as


the primary source of power dissipation in
CMOS.

• Static power is becoming an important issue


because leakage current flows even when a
transistor is off.

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• Thus

Increasing the number of transistors


increases power even if they are idle.

And

Leakage current increases in processors


with smaller transistor sizes.

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