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Instrumentation Instrument System

The document outlines the components and principles of an instrumentation system used for process control, emphasizing the importance of measuring and controlling variables to optimize operations. It discusses key concepts such as measurands, sensors, and control loops, as well as the laws of process control and the justification for implementing such systems. Additionally, it highlights the role of human-machine interfaces and maintenance practices to ensure effective operation.

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7 views19 pages

Instrumentation Instrument System

The document outlines the components and principles of an instrumentation system used for process control, emphasizing the importance of measuring and controlling variables to optimize operations. It discusses key concepts such as measurands, sensors, and control loops, as well as the laws of process control and the justification for implementing such systems. Additionally, it highlights the role of human-machine interfaces and maintenance practices to ensure effective operation.

Uploaded by

blacksonsilungwe2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instrumentation System

 A Measuring system is required to compare a quantity


with a standard or to provide an output that can be
related to the quantity being measured

 The quantity to be measured is detected by an input


transducer or sensor.

 The detected quantity may be converted to a mechanical


or electrical form of energy
Input Output

Display
Sensor Signal
conditioner
Measurand Recorder
BASICS OF PROCESS CONTROL
BASICS OF PROCESS CONTROL
Instrumentation System
Control
and
feedback

Power
Sensor source
Perceptible
Primary Variable output
Measurand Signal Output
sensing conversion
processing display
element element

Calibration
signal Data Data
storage transmission

Radiation,
electric current,
or other applied
energy

Dashed lines are optional for some applications


PROCESS CONTROL LAWS
• First Law: The best control system is the
simplest one that will do the job.

• Second Law: You must understand the


process before you can control it.

• Third Law: The control is never possible


if the mathematical model can not be
developed.
Justification Of Process Control
• Increased product throughput
• Increased yield of higher valued products
• Decreased energy consumption
• Decreased pollution
• Decreased off-spec product
• Increased Safety
• Extended life of equipment
• Improved Operability
• Decreased production labor
Definitions
 Measurand (Physical quantities):
 Position, displacement
 Temperature
 Force
 Pressure,…
 Concentrations, chemicals,…,
 Sensor:
 is a device that detects a change in a physical
stimulus and turns it into a signal which can be
measured or recorded
 Signal conditioning:
 Amplifying, wave shaping, filtering, rectifying,…
 Transducer:( 1st definition)
 is a device that transfers power from one system to
another in the same or in a different form.
Variables in a Control Loop
PROCESS VARIABLE
A process variable is a condition of the process fluid (a liquid or gas) that can
change the manufacturing process in some way.
SETPOINT
The setpoint is a value for a process variable that is desired to be maintained. For
example, if a process temperature needs to kept within 5 °C of 100 °C, then the
setpoint is 100 °C
MEASURED VARIABLE, MEASURAND Or PROCESS
The measured variable is the condition of the process fluid that must be kept at the
designated setpoint. Measured Variable = a process variable that is measured
MANIPULATED VARIABLE
The factor that is changed to keep the measured variable at setpoint is called the
manipulated variable. The final control element (e.g. control valve)is manipulated
by the corrective response of the controller output so that the process variable is
maintained at the appropriate set point value
ERROR (E) = MV- SP
MAGNITUDE
The magnitude of the error is simply the deviation between the values of the setpoint and
the process variable.
Controlled Variable: A process variable that is sensed to initiate the control
signal.
Variables in a Control Loop
 Measurement: This is essentially an estimate or
evaluation of the process being controlled by the
system.
 Comparison: This is an examination of the

likeness of the measured values and the desired


values.
 Computation: This is a calculated judgment that

indicates how much the measured value and the


desired values differ and what action and how
much should be taken.
 Correction/Adjustment: This is ultimately the

materialization of the order for the adjustment


Components in a Control Loop
Practical Example
Practical Example
HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE (HMIs)
HMI hardware may include any of, but are not limited
to the following:
- Touch screen monitor
- Mouse , keyboard
- Annunciator panel
- speakers
- CPU
- PLC
- sensors
HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE (HMIs)
To Summarize it all
Where is Control Implemented?
• Control items such as sensors and final control
elements are in the process, and displays and
control calculations might be both in the process
and in the centralized control facility.
Generally the plant never operates on “automatic
pilot” and a person is always present.
• to perform tasks not automated
• to optimize operations
• to interfere with situations when an unusual or
dangerous situation occurs.
Final Control Elements

• Final control elements provide the


necessary changes in manipulated
variables which are determined by
control calculations.
• The selection of best final control
element and selection of their location
are important considerations.
Maintenance
• Make regular inspections of the equipment.
• Keep equipment clean and free from debris
• Wash down to prevent chemical attack
• Check calibration
• Inspect cables and junction boxes
• Every instrument has specific needs and it is
best to refer to the manufacturer’s manual for
details.
• Working in liaison (cooperation) with other
departmental technicians.
End of Presentation
ANY QUESTIONS?

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