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Probability of Event

The document explains the concepts of random experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, and events, including simple and compound events. It also covers the union and intersection of events, as well as the complement of an event, providing examples and exercises for better understanding. Key terms and operations are defined to illustrate how to analyze and combine events in probability.

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13 views33 pages

Probability of Event

The document explains the concepts of random experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, and events, including simple and compound events. It also covers the union and intersection of events, as well as the complement of an event, providing examples and exercises for better understanding. Key terms and operations are defined to illustrate how to analyze and combine events in probability.

Uploaded by

orcvoid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Illustrating Events, and Union

and Intersection of Events


e r i m e nt
do m Ex p
R an
o m e
Outc
l e S pa ce
Sa m p

Eve nt
Random Experiment

It is an action that produces a specific


outcome which cannot be predicted with
certainty
Drawing a card from an ordinary deck of cards
Answering a true-false question
Rolling two dice
Predicting the gender of a child in a family
Randomly choosing balls in a box
Outcome

It is the possible result of a single trial of a


random experiment.

Sample Space

It is the set of all possible outcomes in any


experiment.
Event

It consists of a set of outcomes which is a


subset of the sample space.
Simple Event
When an event involves a single element of
the sample space.
Compound Event
A combination of simple events
Simple Events
EXPERIMENT SAMPLE SPACE (S) EVENTS (E)

Rolling a Die S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} The event that 2


appears.
Simple Events
EXPERIMENT SAMPLE SPACE (S) EVENTS (E)

Tossing a coin Head (H) Tail (T) The event that a


S = {H, T} head will occur.
Compound Events
EXPERIMENT SAMPLE SPACE (S) EVENTS (E)

Rolling a die and S = {1H, 2H, 3H, The event that an


tossing a coin 4H, 5H, 6H, 1T, 2T, even number will
3T, 4T, 5T, 6T} come out.

The event that an


odd number and a
tail will come out.
Write the sample space (S) for each
experiment.
1. Tossing of two coins
2. Rolling a pair of dice
3. Drawing a ball randomly from a box
containing 3 red balls, 4 white balls and
2 blue balls
4. Tossing of three coins
5. Tossing of two coins and rolling a die
For each of the given experiment, write
the outcomes of the events corresponding
to each description.
1. Three coins are tossed
a. Event A: all come up heads
b. Event B: all come up tails
c. Event C: two heads and one tail
d. Event D: at least one head
2. Tossing a coin and rolling a die
a. Event A: a head and a prime number
b. Event B: a head and an even number
c. Event C: a tail and a number divisible by
5
d. Event D: no heads
3. Two dice are rolled
a. Event A: double (same no. of dots)
b. Event B: not a double
c. Event C: the sum of numbers is even
d. Event D: the sum of the numbers is 6.
e. Event E: the sum of the number is greater
than 8
Union of Events

The union of two events (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) is one


of the most-commonly performed
operations on events.
As the name suggests the word "union"
means to join two things irrespective of
how they behave individually.
The union of two events (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) refers to
the set of outcomes which belong to either
Union of Events

There are two ways to represent the

use of either ‘∪’ or a “u-shaped symbol”


union of two or more events: we make

events (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) and another way is


representing union of two or more

logical “OR”. The OR is written in


between the events (A OR B).
Suppose that you roll a die once. Consider two events
that may happen. It may turn up a face less than 4 or it
may turn up an even number.
Be reminded that:
1. The universal set U is the sample space S = {1, 2, 3,

2. The shaded region is the union of A and B (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)


4, 5, 6}. 2.
INTERSECTION OF EVENTS
Intersection of Events

The intersection of two events (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)


is the event whose outcomes belong to
both events A and B.
This means that the two events are
occurring together.
Intersection of Events

We represent the intersection with


symbol ‘∩’ or at times by writing logical
‘AND’ in between the events.
If A and B are two events then we
represent A intersection B as A ∩ B or A
AND B
COMPLEMENT OF AN EVENT
Complement of an Event

The complement of an event is an important


concept. There will be times when you need to
consider the outcomes not found in a particular
event. This is when you need the complement
of an event. The complement of an event (A’) is
read as “A complement” meaning event A does
not occur. So the event A’ is the set consisting
all the outcomes in the sample space S that are
not in A.
Suppose that you roll a die once. Consider two
events :that it may turn up a face less than 4 AND it may
turn up a face which is an even number
Be reminded that:
1. 1. The universal set U is the sample space S = {1, 2, 3,

2. 2. The shaded region is the intersection of A and B (𝐀


4, 5, 6}.

∩ 𝑩).
The following events were listed, find the
following.
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
𝑨∪𝑩
1. B’

𝑨∩𝑩
2.

𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩
3.
4.
5. 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪)
6. 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)

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