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Unit 3

The document outlines various diseases affecting oilseed crops, particularly focusing on sunflower and mustard. It details fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases, their causal organisms, symptoms, survival and spread mechanisms, favorable conditions for disease development, and management strategies. Key diseases include charcoal rot, head rot, white rust, and bacterial blight, with specific management practices recommended for each disease.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
30 views48 pages

Unit 3

The document outlines various diseases affecting oilseed crops, particularly focusing on sunflower and mustard. It details fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases, their causal organisms, symptoms, survival and spread mechanisms, favorable conditions for disease development, and management strategies. Key diseases include charcoal rot, head rot, white rust, and bacterial blight, with specific management practices recommended for each disease.

Uploaded by

Anindya Sau
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 2

Diseases of Oilseed Crops


Diseases of Sunflower
(Helianthus annuus)
Diseases of Sunflower
Fungal diseases
1. Root rot or charcoal rot: Macrophomina phaseolina
2. Head rot: Rhizopus sp.
3. Basal rot: Sclerotium rolfsii
4. Alternaria leaf blight: Alternaria helianthi
5. Septoria leaf blight: Septoria helianthi
6. Rust: Puccinia helianthi
7. Powdery mildew: Erysiphe cichoracearum
8. Downy mildew: Plasmopara halstedii
Viral diseases
1. Necrosis: Tobacco Streak Virus (TSV)
2. Mosaic: Sunflower Mosaic Virus (SMV)
1. Charcoal rot
Causal organism: Macrophomina phaseolina
(Syn.: Rhizoctonia bataticola)

Symptoms
• The stalk of the infected plants can be recognized by
greyish streak.
• The pith becomes shredded and greyish black
minute sclerotia develop on the vascular bundles.
• The crown region of the infected plant becomes dark
in colour.
• Shredding of root bark and disintegration of root
system are the common features.
Symptoms
Pathogen
The fungus produces large number of sclerotia which are
round and black in colour. Sometimes, it
produces pycnidia on the stems or stalks.

Favourable Conditions
High temperature and low soil moisture (drought)

Disease cycle
The primary source of infection is through soil-borne
sclerotia. The fungus over winters as a sclerotia in the soil
and infects the host at susceptible crop stage through roots
and proceeds towards stem.
Pathogen
Management

• Follow crop rotation.


• Soil application of Pseudomonas fluorescens/
Trichoderma viride @ 2.5 kg / ha + 50 kg FYM or
sand @30 days after sowing.
• Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride formulation at
4 g/kg seed.
• Spot drenching with Carbendazim @ 1 g/l.
2. Head rot
Causal organism: Rhizopus sp.
Symptoms
• Initial symptom appears as brown irregular water
soaked spots on the back of ripening head usually
adjacent to flower stalk.
• Spots gradually enlarge and become soft and pulpy
and get covered with superficial white mycelium
which later becomes black.
• Some seeds of the rotted heads shed and those which
remain in the head taste bitter.
Survival and spread
• The fungus survives as a saprophyte in host debris and
other crop residues.
• The disease is spread by wind blown spores.
Favourable Conditions
• Rainy weather at flowering.
• Damages caused by insects and caterpillars.

Pathogen
• Pathogen produces dark brown or black
coloured, non-septate hyphae.
• It produces many aerial stolons and rhizoids.
• Sproangia are globose and black in colour with
a central columella.
• The sporangiospores are dark coloured and
ovoid.
Pathogen
Management
• Seed treatment with Thiram or Carbendazim @ 2
g/kg.
• Control the caterpillars feeding on the heads.
• Spray the head with Mancozeb at 2 kg/ha during
intermittent rainy season and repeat after 10 days.
3. Basal rot
Causal organism: Sclerotium rolfsii

Symptoms
• Initial symptoms of the disease appear in 40 DAS.
• Plants dry up due to the disease infestation.
• The lower portion of stem is covered with white or
brownish white fungal colonies.
• Dark brown lesions appear on the base of the stem
near ground level, leading to withering.
• In extreme cases the plants wilts and dies and large
numbers of sclerotia are seen.
Survival and spread
Infection occurs in the crop in the month of July and
August and it survives through sclerotia in soil and
plant debris.
Management
• Collection and destruction of plant debris.
• Seed treatment with Captan or Carboxin 3g/kg.
• Drenching the base of the plant with Carbendazim
1g/lit.
Alternaria leaf blight
Alternaria helianthi
Septoria leaf blight
Septoria helianthi
Rust
Puccinia helianthi
Powdery mildew
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Downy mildew
Plasmopara halstedii
Diseases of Mustard
(Brassica sp.)
Diseases of Mustard
Fungal diseases
1. White rust: Albugo candida
2. Alternaria blight: Alternaria brassicae
3. Downy mildew: Peronospora parasitica
4. Powdery mildew: Erysiphe polygoni
5. Club root: Plasmodiophora brassicae
6. Sclerotinia stem rot: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Bacterial diseases
1. Bacterial blight: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Viral diseases
1. Mosaic: Cauliflower /Rai /Turnip mosaic virus
1. White rust
Causal organism: Albugo candida

Symptoms
• Both local and systemic infections are observed.

• In case of local infection, white creamy yellow raised


pustules appear on the leaves which later coalesce to
form patches.

• In systemic infection and during humid weather,


mixed infection of white rust and downy mildew
cause swelling and distortion of the stem and floral
parts due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia and
develop “stag head” structure.
Survival and spread
• The pathogen survives through oospores in affected
host tissues and soil.
• Secondary infection is carried out by sporangia
and zoospores which produce new infection.

Favourable conditions
Moist relative humidity (˃70%) coupled with warm
weather (12-25 °C) and intermittent rains favours
disease development.
Management

• Use of resistant varieties.


• Use at least a three year crop rotation.
• Removal of weeds and plant debris.
• Seed treatment with Metalaxyl @ 6 g/ kg.
• Spraying with Bordeaux mixture (8%) or Dithane
M-45 (0.2%) or Ridomil MZ 72 WP @2 kg/ha.
2. Alternaria blight/ Alternaria leaf spot
Causal organism: Alternaria brassicae or A. brassicicola
Symptoms
•The disease attacks on the lower leaves as small,
circular and brown necrotic spots which slowly increase
in size.
•Many concentric spots coalesce to cover large
patches showing blightening and defoliation in severe
cases.
•Circular to linear, dark brown lesions also develop on
stems and pods, which are elongated at later stage.
•Infected pods produce small, discolored and
shriveled seeds.
Survival and spread
The pathogen survives through spores (conidia) or
mycelium in diseased plant debris or weed.

Favourable conditions
Moist relative humidity (˃70%) coupled with warm
weather (12-25 °C) and intermittent rains favours disease
development.
Management
• Crop rotation.
• Removal of infected plants and plant parts.
• Use of healthy seeds.
• Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @10 g/kg
seed
• Spray of Mancozeb 75 WP @2 kg/ha or Ridomil MZ 72
WP @ 2 g/ l of water.
3. Downy mildew
Causal organism: Peronospora parasitica
Symptoms
•Grayish white irregular necrotic patches develop on
the lower surface of leaves.
•Later under favourable conditions, brownish white
fungal growth may also be seen on the spots.

Survival and spread


The pathogen survives as oospores on the affected plant
tissues in soil and on weed hosts.

Favourable conditions
Temperature range of 10-20°C and relative humidity (>90%).
Life cycle
Management
• Crop rotation.
• Removal of infected plants and plant parts.
• Avoid overirrigation.
• Spray of Mancozeb or chlorothalonil or oxathiapiprolin
@ 2 g/ l of water.
4. Powdery mildew
Causal organism: Erysiphe polygoni
5. Club root
Causal organism: Plasmodiophora brassicae
Finger and Toe

Symptoms
• Affected plants remain stunted.
• Tiny nodules to large club shaped outgrowths
develop in root system.
• Leaves turn pale green or yellow followed by wilting
and under severe conditions, the plants die.

Survival and spread


• The pathogen survives in the soil as resting spores and
these spores act as primary source of inoculum.
Favourable conditions
Humid weather and high soil moisture favour
disease development.

Management
• Removal of plant debris.
• Soil solarisation.
• Use of resistant varieties.
• Use of susceptible plants— mustard, radish, turnip
etc.
6. Sclerotinia stem rot
Causal organism: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Symptoms
• Elongated water soaked lesions appear on stem near
to the crown region, covered with cottony mycelial
growth later on.
• Plant looks like whitish from distance at internodes
or base.
• Premature ripening and shredding of stem, wilting
and drying.
• Brown to black sclerotial bodies may also be seen in
the later stage on the infected plant parts.
Survival and spread
The pathogen survives as mycelium in dead or live
plants and as sclerotia in infected plant parts or on the
soil surface or with seed as contaminant.

Favourable conditions
High humidity (90-95%) and average temperature (18-
25oC) along with wind favours the disease development.

Management
• Use crop rotation.
• Avoid planting next to a field that had
severe Sclerotinia in the past four or five years.
• Plant thoroughly cleaned seed.
• Avoid dense stands of canola.
7. Bacterial blight or Bacterial black rot
Causal organism: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Symptoms
• The leaf tissue turns yellow and chlorosis reach
towards the centre of the leaf and form V shaped area
with base of V towards the midrib.
• The veins show brown to black discoloration.
• Midrib cracking of lower leaves, browning of veins
and withering is observed.
• Dark coloured streaks are formed on the stem which
enlarges and girdle the stem.
• Stem become hollow due to internal rotting.
• In severe cases, the vesicular bundles of the stem
also turn brown and the plant collapses.
Survival and spread
• The pathogen survives in infected plant residue in soil
and seed.
• The pathogen spreads by soil and irrigation water.

Favourable conditions
Warm and humid climate favours the disease
development

Management
• Seed treatment with mercuric chloride for 30 min.
• Hot water treatment of seed @50°C for 30 min.
• A three year rotation of the crop is desirable.
• Strict sanitary precautions should be maintained.

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