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Chapter 5 - Classical Conditioning

Learning is a systematic change in behavior through experience, with classical and operant conditioning as two primary types. Classical conditioning involves associating two stimuli to anticipate events, while operant conditioning links behavior with consequences. Key concepts include unconditioned and conditioned stimuli/responses, acquisition, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and applications in areas like phobias and addiction.

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18 views25 pages

Chapter 5 - Classical Conditioning

Learning is a systematic change in behavior through experience, with classical and operant conditioning as two primary types. Classical conditioning involves associating two stimuli to anticipate events, while operant conditioning links behavior with consequences. Key concepts include unconditioned and conditioned stimuli/responses, acquisition, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and applications in areas like phobias and addiction.

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esraalhashemi893
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Learning – Classical

Conditioning
Dr. Ghada Shahrour
What is Learning?
 - A systematic, relatively permanent change
in an organism’s behavior that occurs through
experience

 One of the most important, universal, and


distinctive characteristics of human beings is
our ability to learn. Our habits, skills,
attitudes, knowledge, and interests are largely
the result of learning.
What is Learning?
 The capacity to learn progresses throughout
life until death

 The knowledge, understanding, and skills


obtained from the process of learning help
humans to control and change their
environment for their own benefit
How do we learn?
 There are two types of learning:

 Associative Learning/Conditioning.
 Observational Learning
Associative Learning/Conditioning
 Associative learning occurs when we make a
connection, or an association, between two
events.
 - Conditioning is the process of learning these
associations.
 There are two basic types of conditioning:
 1. Classical conditioning:
 - Organisms learn the association between
two stimuli.
 - Explains how certain stimuli can trigger an
autonomic response.
Associative Learning/Conditioning
 2. Operant conditioning :
 - Organisms learn the association between a
behavior and consequence.
 - Explains how we acquire new, voluntary actions.
Associative Learning/Conditioning
 In classical conditioning, we learn to associate
two stimuli and thus to anticipate events.
 We learn that a flash of lightning signals an
impending crack of thunder, so when lightning
flashes nearby, we start to brace ourselves
Associative Learning/Conditioning
 In operant conditioning, we learn to associate
a response (our behavior) and its
consequence and thus to repeat acts followed
by good results and avoid acts followed by
bad results.
Classical Conditioning: Terminology

 Unconditioned stimulus (UCS).


 Unconditioned response (UCR).
 Neutral stimulus (NS).
 Conditioned stimulus (CS).
 Conditioned response (CR).
Classical Conditioning: Terminology

 Classical conditioning is a type of learning in


which an organism responds to a neutral
stimulus that normally does not bring about
that response.

 Neutral stimulus is a stimulus prior to


conditioning, has no effect on the desired
response.
Classical Conditioning: Terminology

 Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus


that unconditionally—naturally and
automatically—triggers a response.

 Unconditioned Response (UCR) - The


unlearned, naturally occurring response to the
unconditioned stimulus (US), such as
salivation when food is in the mouth.
Classical Conditioning: Terminology

 Conditioned Stimulus (CS) : An originally


irrelevant stimulus that, after association with
an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to
trigger a conditioned response.

 Conditioned Response (CR)- The learned


response to a previously neutral (but now
conditioned) stimulus (CS).
Classical Conditioning: Procedure

 Acquisition
 UCS produces a UCR (reflex).
 Neutral stimulus (NS) paired with a UCS.
 After pairings, NS produces a CR.
 The NS has become a CS.
 Contiguity – time between CS and UCS.
 Contingency – is CS regularly followed by the
UCS?
Classical Conditioning: Procedure

 Classical Conditioning: Pavlov


 Unlearned/Reflexive
 UCS – meat powder
 UCR – dog salivates
 NS – sound of Pavlov’s bell (prior to pairings
with meat powder)
 Learned
 CS – sound of Pavlov’s bell
 CR – dog salivates
Classical Conditioning

 Acquisition –
 The initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus
and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral
stimulus begins triggering the conditioned
response.

 How much time should elapse between


presenting the neutral stimulus (the tone, the
light, the touch) and the unconditioned stimulus?
In most cases, not much—half a second usually
works well.
Classical Conditioning

 Stimulus Generalization –the act or process


of responding to a stimulus that is similar but
distinct from the conditioned stimulus
Example:
- CS= Black large dog
- CR = Fear
- Stimulus generalization = fear of small black
dogs, or large spotted dogs, or medium size
brown dogs
Classical Conditioning

 Stimulus Discrimination – with more varied


experiences individuals learn to differentiate
among similar stimuli.
 Example: if two different tones were sounded
but food was presented with only one of them,
the dog will learn to salivate discriminately.
 -Discrimination generally learned by presenting
other CSs without the UCS.
 -Organism learns o differentiate among stimuli.
Classical Conditioning

 Extinction -A previously conditioned


response decreases in frequency and
eventually disappears by presenting the CS
without the UCS.

 -Pavlov rang the bell but did not present food,


and the dog stopped salivating
Classical Conditioning

 Spontaneous Recovery -The reappearance


of a previously extinguished conditioned
response after time has elapsed without
exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
 -Conditioned response recurs after a time
delay and without additional learning.
 -When Pavlov rang the bell the next day, the
dog salivated.
Classical Conditioning

 The rising curve shows that the CR rapidly


grows stronger as the CS and US are
repeatedly paired (acquisition), then weakens
as the CS is presented alone (extinction). After
a pause, the CR reappears (spontaneous
recovery).
Classical Conditioning: Applications
 Former drug users often feel a craving when
they are again in the drug-using context—with
people or in places they associate with
previous highs. Thus, drug counselors advise
addicts to steer clear of people and settings
that may trigger these cravings.

 Classical conditioning even works on the


body’s disease-fighting immune system.
When a particular taste accompanies a drug
that influences immune responses, the taste
by itself may come to produce an immune
response
Classical Conditioning: Applications
 Phobias
 Working with an 11-month-old named Albert, Watson
and Rayner showed how specific fears might be
conditioned. Like most infants, “Little Albert” feared
loud noises but not white rats. Watson and Rayner
presented a white rat and, as Little Albert reached to
touch it, struck a hammer against a steel bar just behind
his head. After seven repeats of seeing the rat and
hearing the frightening noise, Albert burst into tears at
the mere sight of the rat (an ethically troublesome study
by today’s standards). What is more, five days later
Albert showed generalization of his conditioned
response by reacting with fear to a rabbit, a dog, and a
sealskin coat, but not to dissimilar objects such as toys.
Classical Conditioning: Applications
 Systematic Desensitization for Phobia
 1. First, the therapist trains the person to
relax.
 2. An anxiety hierarchy is constructed, listing
in order stimuli that gradually decrease in
their ability to elicit anxiety.
 3. The person relaxes, thinks about the least
anxious stimulus on the list, and continues to
proceed to the next highest, etc

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