ICE 3161

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(Session 2020-21)

DR. ASIF ZAMAN

Official Starting Date: April, 2024

• LESSON PLAN
• TEXT BOOK
• RESOURCES
• SLIDES

Data Communication and Networking,

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https://sites.google.com/site/asifzaman3180/lecture-slides

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ICE3161: COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Lab: ???

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THE INTERNET

https://www.submarinecablemap.com/ 9 of 30
South East Asia–Middle East–Western Europe 4/5
(SEA-ME-WE 4/5)

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Your PC/📱 Wi-Fi Router Local ISP

National
IPX
SEA-ME-WE 4/5 Wide
Gateway
Network
Internetwork
Packet
Exchange (IPX)

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 DATA COMMUNICATION

• What is Data???
• data is a collection of discrete or continuous
values that:
• convey information
• describing the quantity, quality, fact,
statistics, other basic units of meaning,
or
• simply sequences of symbols that may be
further interpreted formally.
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• Data communications are
• .. exchange of data between two devices
• .. some form of transmission medium e.g. a wire
cable.
• For …., the communicating devices must
• be part of a communication system :
• a combination of
• hardware (physical equipment) and
• software (programs).
• The effectiveness of a data communications system
depends on four fundamental characteristics:
1. DELIVERY,
2. ACCURACY,
3. TIMELINESS, AND
4. JITTER. 14 of 30
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS

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Transmission medium. The transmission medium is
COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
the physical path by which a message travels from sender
to receiver.
Some examples of transmission media Receiver. The receiver is the device
include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable,that
fiber-optic
receivescable,
the message. It can be
and radio waves. a computer,
workstation, telephone handset,
Protocol. A protocol is a television, and so on.
set of rules that govern
data communications.
It represents an agreement
between the
communicating devices. Sender. The sender is the device
Without a protocol, two Message.
that sends theThe message
data is the
message. It can
devices may be connected information
be a computer, (data) to be
1. Message.
but not communicating, communicated.
workstation, Popular
telephone handset,
2. Sender formscamera,
video of information include text,
and so on.
numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
3. Receiver
4. Transmission medium
5. Protocol
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 DATA REPRESENTATION
• …text is represented as a bit pattern, a
1. TEXT sequence of bits (0s or 1s).
2. NUMBERS • Different sets of bit patterns have been
3. IMAGES designed to represent text symbols. -
4. AUDIO called a code,
5. VIDEO. • and the process of representing symbols ̶
coding.
• Unicode, which uses 32 bits to represent a
symbol or character used in any language
in the world.
• The American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII),
developed some decades ago in the
United States, 17 of 30
 DATA REPRESENTATION
1. TEXT • Numbers are also represented by bit
2. NUMBERS patterns.
3. IMAGES
• … a code such as ASCII is not used
4. AUDIO
5. VIDEO. • To represent numbers; the number
is directly converted to a binary
number to simplify
• …mathematical operations.

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 DATA REPRESENTATION
• Images are also represented by bit patterns.
1. TEXT • …an image is composed of a matrix of pixels
2. NUMBERS (picture elements), where each pixel is a
3. IMAGES small dot. …
4. AUDIO • There are several methods to represent color
5. VIDEO. images. One method is called RGB, so called
because each color is made of a combination
of three primary colors: red, green, and blue.
• The intensity of each color is measured, and
a bit pattern is assigned to it. Another
method is called YCM, in which a color is
made of a combination of three other
primary colors: yellow, cyan, and magenta.
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 DATA REPRESENTATION
• Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting
1. TEXT of sound or music.
2. NUMBERS • Audio is by nature different from text,
3. IMAGES numbers, or images. It is continuous, not
4. AUDIO discrete.
5. VIDEO. • Even when we use a microphone to change
voice or music to an electric signal, we create
a continuous signal.

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 DATA REPRESENTATION
• Video refers to the recording or broadcasting
1. TEXT of a picture or movie.
2. NUMBERS • Video can either be produced as a
3. IMAGES continuous entity (e.g., by a TV camera), or it
4. AUDIO can be a combination of images, each a
5. VIDEO. discrete entity, arranged to convey the idea
of motion.

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DATA FLOW

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 NETWORK
• NETWORKS: ??

• A network is the interconnection of a set of devices

• a device can be a host: end system

• A device ….connecting device such as a router/ switch

• …wired or wireless transmission media such

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 NETWORK CRITERIA
• A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria.
• The most important of these are:
1. Performance,
2. Reliability,
3. and Security.

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NETWORK CRITERIA: Performance
• Performance …transit time and response time.
– Transit time is the amount of time required for a message
to travel from one device to another.
– Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and
a response.
• …factors:
– the number of users,
– the type of transmission medium,
– the capabilities of the connected hardware,
– and the efficiency of the software

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NETWORK CRITERIA: Performance
• Performance is often evaluated by two networking metrics:
1. THROUGHPUT AND
2. DELAY.
• We often need more throughput and less delay.

• If we try to send more data to the network, we may increase

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 NETWORK CRITERIA: RELIABILITY
• Reliability
– accuracy of delivery +
– frequency of failure,
– the time it takes a link to recover from a failure
– the network’s robustness (শক্তি) in a catastrophe
(disaster).

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 NETWORK CRITERIA: SECURITY
• Network security issues include:
– Protecting data from unauthorized access
– Protecting data from damage and
– Development & implementing policies and procedures for
recovery from breaches and data losses.

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 NETWORK PHYSICAL STRUCTURES
• Physical Structures - attributes
– Type of Connection
– Physical Topology

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• Physical Topology: … refers to the way in which a network is
laid out physically.

Mesh Topology Star Topology

Bus Topology

Ring Topology 30 of 30