OSI MODEL &

TCP/IP
CONTENT

• Introduction OSI
• OSI History
• OSI Layers
• Introduction TCP/IP
• TCP/IP Layers
• Layering Considered Harmful?

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INTRODUCTION OSI

• The Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI

Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description
for layered communications and computer network
protocol design.
• It divides network architecture into seven layers which,
from top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation,
Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical
Layers. It is therefore often referred to as the OSI Seven
Layer Model.
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OSI HISTORY

• In 1978, the International Standars Organization (ISO) began to

develop its OSI framework architecture.

• OSI has two major components: an abstract model of networking,

called the Basic Reference Model or seven-layer model, and a set of

specific protocols.

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OSI HISTORY

• The concept of a 7 layer model was provided by the work of

Charles Bachman, then of Honeywell.

• Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences

with the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

(ARPANET) and the fledgling Internet.

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OSI LAYERS OSI Model
Data
Layer Function
unit
Network process to
7. Application
application
Data Data representation,
Host 6. Presentation
encryption and decryption
layers
5. Session Interhost communication
Segme End-to-end connections
4. Transport
nts and reliability, Flow control
Path determination and
Packet 3. Network
logical addressing
Media
Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing
layers
Going from Media,
Not signal and binary
Bit layer 1
1.to 7: Please Do
Physical Throw Sausage
Pizza Away transmission 6

Going from layer 7 to 1: All People Seem To Need Data

Processing
LAYER1: PHYSICAL LAYER

• The Physical Layer defines the electrical and physical

specifications for devices. In particular, it defines the relationship

between a device and a physical medium.

• This includes the layout of pin, voltages, cable specification, hubs,

repeaters, network adapters, host bus adapters, and more.

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LAYER1: PHYSICAL LAYER
• The major functions and services performed by the Physical Layer are:

• Establishment and termination of a connection to a communication medium.

• Participation in the process whereby the communication resources are effectively

shared among multiple users. For example, flow control.

• Modulation, or conversion between the representation of digital data in user

equipment and the corresponding signals transmitted over a communications

channel. These are signals operating over the physical cabling (such as copper

and optical fiber) or over a radio link.

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LAYER1: PHYSICAL LAYER CON.

• The same applies to local-area networks, such

as Ethernet, token ring ,
FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface),
ITU-T( International Telecommunication Union
Telecommunication Standardization Sector) G.hn
and IEEE802.1I.
• Personal area networks such as Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15.4.

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LAYER 2: DATA LINK LAYER
• The Data Link Layer provides the functional and procedural
means to transfer data between network entities and to detect
and possibly correct errors that may occur in the Physical Layer.

• Originally, this layer was intended for point-to-point and point-

to-multipoint media, characteristic of wide area media in the
telephone system.

• The data link layer is divided into two sub-layers by IEEE.

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LAYER 2: DATA LINK LAYER

• One is Media Access Control (MAC) and another is Logical Link Control
(LLC).
• Mac is lower sub-layer, and it defines the way about the media access
transfer, such as CSMA/CD/CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Detection/Collision Avoidance)
• LLC provides data transmission method in different network. It will re-
package date and add a new header.

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LAYER 3: NETWORK LAYER

• The Network Layer provides the functional and procedural

means of transferring variable length data sequences from

a source to a destination via one or more networks, while

maintaining the quality of service requested by the

Transport Layer.
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LAYER 3: NETWORK LAYER

• The Network Layer performs

• network routing functions,

• perform fragmentation and reassembly,

• report delivery errors.

• Routers operate at this layer—sending data throughout the extended

network and making the Internet possible.

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LAYER 4: TRANSPORT LAYER

• The Transport Layer provides transparent transfer of data

between end users, providing reliable data transfer
services to the upper layers.

• The Transport Layer controls the reliability of a given link

through flow control, segmentation/desegmentation, and
error control.
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LAYER 4: TRANSPORT LAYER
Feature Name TP0 TP1 TP2 TP3 TP4
Connection oriented network Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Connectionless network No No No No Yes
Concatenation and separation No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Segmentation and reassembly Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Error Recovery No Yes No Yes Yes
Reinitiate connection (if an
excessive number of PDUs are No Yes No Yes No
unacknowledged)
multiplexing and
demultiplexing over a single No No Yes Yes Yes
virtual circuit
Explicit flow control No No Yes Yes Yes
Retransmission on timeout No No No No 15
Yes
Reliable Transport Service No Yes No Yes Yes
LAYER 5: SESSION LAYER

• The Session Layer controls the dialogues (connections)

between computers.
• It establishes, manages and terminates the connections
between the local and remote application.
• It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex,
or simplex operation, and establishes checkpointing,
adjournment, termination, and restart procedures.

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LAYER 5: SESSION LAYER

• The OSI model made this layer responsible for graceful close

of sessions, which is a property of the Transmission Control

Protocol, and also for session check pointing and recovery,

which is not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite. The

Session Layer is commonly implemented explicitly in

application environments that use remote procedure calls.

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 LAYER 6: PRESENTATION LAYER

• The Presentation Layer establishes a context between Application Layer entities, in

which the higher-layer entities can use different syntax and semantics, as long as

the presentation service understands both and the mapping between them.

• This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g.,

encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa.

• This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing

freedom from compatibility problems.

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• It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
LAYER 7: APPLICATION LAYER

• The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means that
both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software
application.
• Application layer functions typically include:
• identifying communication partners,
• determining resource availability,
• synchronizing communication.

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LAYER 7: APPLICATION LAYER

• Identifying communication partners

• Determines the identity and availability of
communication partners for an application with data to
transmit.
• Determining resource availability
• Decide whether sufficient network or the requested
communication exist.
• Synchronizing communication
• All communication between applications requires
cooperation that is managed by the application layer.
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LAYER 7: APPLICATION LAYER

• Some examples of application layer implementations include

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

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OSI FEATURE

• Open system standards over the world

• Rigorously defined structured, hierarchical network model
• Complete description of the function
• Provide standard test procedures

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INTRODUCTION TCP/IP

• The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known

as TCP/IP) is the set of communications
protocols used for the Internet and other similar
networks.
• It is named from two of the most important
protocols in it:
• the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
• the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two
networking protocols defined in this standard.
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TCP/IP LAYERS
OSI TCP/IP
Application Layer Application Layer
TELNET, FTP, SMTP, POP3,
Presentation Layer
SNMP, NNTP, DNS,NIS, NFS,
Session Layer HTTP, ...

Transport Layer Transport Layer

TCP , UDP , ...

Network Layer Internet Layer

IP , ICMP, ARP, RARP, ...

Data Link Layer Link Layer

FDDI, Ethernet, ISDN, X.25,...
Physical Layer

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TCP/IP STACK

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TCP/IP ENCAPSULATION

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TCP/IP SOME PROTOCOL

Layer Protocol
DNS, TFTP, TLS/SSL, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, IMAP, IRC,
NNTP, POP3, SIP, SMTP, SMPP, SNMP, SSH, Telnet,
Echo, RTP, PNRP, rlogin, ENRP
Applicatio
n Routing protocols like BGP and RIP which run over
TCP/UDP, may also be considered part of the Internet
Layer.
Transport TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, RSVP
IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP, and ICMPv6

Internet OSPF for IPv4 was initially considered IP layer protocol

since it runs per IP-subnet, but has been placed on
the Link since RFC 2740.
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Link ARP, RARP, OSPF (IPv4/IPv6), IS-IS, NDP
WHY LAYERING CONSIDERED
HARMFUL?
• In the data networking context structured layering implies that the

functions of each layer are carried out completely before the protocol data

unit is passed to the next layer.

• This means that the optimization of each layer has to be done separately.

• Such ordering constraints are in conflict with efficient implementation of

data manipulation functions. 28

 WHY LAYERING CONSIDERED
HARMFUL?
• As a result of inter-layer dependencies, increased layering can quickly
lead to violation of the Simplicity Principle.

• Industry experience has taught us that increased layering frequently

increases complexity and hence leads to increases in OPEX(Operating
Expense), as is predicted by the Simplicity Principle.

• It is always possible to agglutinate multiple separate problems into a

single complex interdependent solution. In most cases this is a bad idea.
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