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Stones

Stones are hard natural substances used since the stone age, with applications in construction. They are classified into geological, physical, and chemical rocks, and good building stones possess qualities like strength and fire resistance. Quarrying involves extracting stones using various methods and tools, and stones undergo seasoning and treatment to enhance their durability.

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17 views10 pages

Stones

Stones are hard natural substances used since the stone age, with applications in construction. They are classified into geological, physical, and chemical rocks, and good building stones possess qualities like strength and fire resistance. Quarrying involves extracting stones using various methods and tools, and stones undergo seasoning and treatment to enhance their durability.

Uploaded by

robertrukahemura5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STONES.

• A stone is a hard naturally occurring substance formed from


earth material and rock minerals.
• Stones have been in used ever since the stone age and the
common examples used up to now are marble, basalt,
limestone and sandstone.
• Stones have found application for use in the construction
industry under the functions of foundation construction,
road construction, paving, wall decorating, manufacture of
aggregates and cement.
CLASSFICATION OF STONES.
Rocks are categorized into three major groups.
1. Geological rocks; These include;
Igneous rocks: These are formed from cooling and crystallization hot
molten material. These are divided into intrusive and extrusive rocks.
Sedimentary rocks: These are formed from the natural weathering of
the earth’s rock bed by agents like water and animals.
Metamorphic rocks: These are formed from the chemical transition
of sedimentary or igneous rocks below the earth’s surface.
CLASSFICATION OF STONES.
2. Physical rocks; These include;
Stratified rocks: These are formed when layers of sediments are laid
over each other and compacted.
Un-stratified rocks: These are also formed due to accumulation of
sediments except that layers are not formed by the rock
Foliated rocks: These are formed by accumulation of mineral grains
within individual parallel layers.
CLASSFICATION OF STONES.
3. Chemical rocks; These include;
Argillaceous rocks: These are rocks with aluminum oxide as the
main constituent.
Siliceous rocks: These are rocks with silicon dioxide as the main
constituent.
Calcareous rocks: These are rocks with calcium carbonate as the
main constituent.
QUALITIES OF GOOD BUILDING
STONES.
Factors to consider include:
1. Appearance of the stone.
2. Strength of the stone.
3. Weight of the stone.
4. Hardness of the stone.
5. Porosity and water absorption.
6. Fire resistance of the stone.
FACTORS DESTROYING ROCKS.
These affect both the physical and the chemical nature of the stone.
1. Exposure to moisture.
2. Frost action.
3. Chemical agents like acidic rains.
4. Vegetable growth.
5. Poor design and craftsmanship.
6. Crystallization of salts.
QUARRYING OF STONES
Quarry is part of a natural rock from which stones are obtained.
Factors to consider before setting out a quarrying site.
1. Presence of cheap labor.
2. Transportation costs and networks.
3. The water drainage system.
4. The vicinity of the permanent structures.
QUARRYING TOOLS.
These tools include;
1. Sledge hammer; Used to split stone blocks
2. Crow bar ; Used to lift and tilt large rocks
3. Chisel shaped block; Used to shape the rocks
4. Boring machine; Used to drill and channel holes for blasting or
wedging.
5. Pin; Used to split the large rocks by fitting them into the holes and
wedging further.
METHODS OF STONE
QUARRYING.
These methods depend on the location and nature of the rock.
1. Excavation; This method involves extracting rocks under the earth’s
surface.
2. Wedging; This method is suitable for stratified rocks and involves
forming a controlled fracture in the rock by using inserted wedges.
3. Blasting; This method involves using controlled explosions to split
rocks into smaller manageable pieces.
4. Heating; This method involves using temperature imbalances within
the rock to cause the rock to split up. Fuels are used.
Seasoning of stones.
• A freshly cut stone carries some natural moisture known as quarry
sap. The quarry sap is a mineral solution and reacts chemically with
the mineral constituents when the stone is exposed to the
atmosphere after quarrying. The stone becomes harder and compact.
• The process takes about 6 to 12 months for complete seasoning.
When the quarry sap evaporates, it leaves a crystalline film on the
faces of the stone and makes them weather resistant. Dressing before
seasoning improves the weather resistance of the stone.
Treatment of stones.
• Stones are treated to improve on their weather resistance and this is
done using coal tar, linseed oil, paint and paraffin.

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