CEPR 412: Chemical Engineering Practice II

Hankie Uluko (PhD)

Engineering Department

Email: huluko@must.ac.mw
Cell: 0999 362 465
 CEPR 412: Course
Overview
Aims of the module:
• To provide students with
an in-depth understanding of theoretical concepts
covered in the lectures through experimentation
and demonstrations.

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 CEPR 412: Syllabus
Prerequisites: Physics I & II

Lecture: Tuesday (10:00-12:00hrs)

Tutorial: Thursday (13:00- 15:00hrs)

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 CEPR 412: Syllabus

Learning Outcomes:
Students successfully completing this module should be able to:
 Use common measurement techniques in chemical
engineering
 Analyse quantitative experimental data
 Design experiments to generate scientific data
 Apply concepts learnt in class principles to solve chemical
engineering problems

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 CEPR 412: Syllabus

Course Outline:
1. Laboratory experiments
2. Exercises
 Heat and Mass Transfer
 Chemical Reaction Engineering
 Thermodynamics
 Fluid Mechanics
 Separation Processes

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 CEPR 412: Syllabus

Attendance: Required for all lectures

Tutorials: Practice and Q&A; Excel Programming,

Simulations

Experiments: Lab sessions

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 CEPR 412: Syllabus

Homework Policy: All students are required to

finish assignments and submit them on time. Late
homework will not be accepted for credit, except in
the case of excused absence.

Exams & Quizzes:

8 Assignments (40 marks)
Mid-semester exam (40 marks)
4 Practical reports (20 marks)
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 CEPR 412: Syllabus

Re-grades:
Re-grades can be done at the request of student within one week
of the return date of the graded assignments. A short explanation
why a re-grade is necessary must be attached to the front page
of the assignment. The score on the assignment may increase or
decrease after re-grade.

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 CEPR 412: Reference Text
Prescribed Text & Recommended Text
• Books on the topics
• Laboratory Manual

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 Lecture Notes

Review of concepts-Heat transfer

 Heat & Mass Transfer
• Textbook: Bennet CO and Myers JE,
“Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer" 7th
Edition, Mc-Graw Hill Inc, 2011
 Drug release from gel bead

Heat transfer Mass transfer

Important Laws Governing Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy

• What is heat transfer?

Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature

difference.

• What is thermal energy?

Thermal energy is associated with the translation, rotation,
vibration and electronic states of the atoms and molecules
that comprise matter. It represents the cumulative effect of
microscopic activities and is directly linked to the temperature
of matter.
 Thermal properties
Specific heat: the quantity of heat that is gained or lost by a unit mass of
product to accomplish a unit change in temperature without a change in state.

Thermal conductivity: amount of heat that will be conducted per unit time
through a unit thickness of the material if a unit temperature gradient exists
across the thickness.

Thermal diffusivity: a ratio involving thermal conductivity, density and specific

heat. The higher the value of thermal diffusivity, the faster heat will diffuse the
material.
Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy (cont.)

DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal Energy,

Temperature and Heat Transfer
Quantity Meaning Symbol Units
Thermal Energy+ Energy associated with microscopic
behavior of matter U or u J or J/kg

Temperature A means of indirectly assessing the

amount of thermal energy stored in T K or °C
matter

Heat Transfer Thermal energy transport due to

temperature gradients

Heat Amount of thermal energy transferred Q

over a time interval  t  0
J

Heat Rate Thermal energy transfer per unit time q W

Heat Flux Thermal energy transfer per unit time

and surface area
q W/m 2

+
U  Thermal energy of system
u Thermal energy per unit mass of system
Modes of Heat Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction: Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or liquid) due to

the random motion of its constituent atoms, molecules and /or
electrons.

Convection: Heat transfer due to the combined influence of bulk and

random motion for fluid flow over a surface.

Radiation: Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the electron

configurations of its atoms or molecules and is transported as
electromagnetic waves (or photons).

• Conduction and convection require the presence of temperature variations in a material

medium.
• Although radiation originates from matter, its transport does not require a material
medium and occurs most efficiently in a vacuum.
Analogy for Heat Transfer
Modes

1. Radiation
2. Conducti
on
3. Convectio
n
Heat Transfer Rates: Conduction

Heat Transfer Rates

Conduction:
General (vector) form of Fourier’s Law:

q  k T

Heat flux Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient

W/m 2
W/m K °C/m or K/m

Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction across a

plane wall of constant thermal conductivity:

dT T T
qx  k  k 2 1
dx L
T1  T2
qx k (1.2)
L

Heat rate (W): qx qx A

Heat Transfer Rates: Convection

Heat Transfer Rates

Convection
Relation of convection to flow over a surface and development
of velocity and thermal boundary layers:

Newton’s law of cooling:

q h Ts  T  (1.3a)

h : Convection heat transfer coeffici ent (W/m 2 K)

Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation

Heat Transfer Rates

Radiation Heat transfer at a gas/surface interface involves radiation
emission from the surface and may also involve the
absorption of radiation incident from the surroundings
(irradiation, G ), as well as convection if Ts T .
Energy outflow due to emission:
E  Eb  Ts4 (1.5)
E : Emissive power W/m 2 
 : Surface emissivity 0  1
Eb : Emissive power of a blackbody (the perfect emit ter)
 : Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.67×10-8 W/m 2 K 4 

Energy absorption due to irradiation:

Gabs  G (1.6)

Gabs :Absorbed incident radiation (W/m 2 )

 : Surface absorptivity 0  1
G : Irradiation W/m 2 
Heat Transfer Rates Radiation (cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates

Irradiation: Special case of surface exposed to large
surroundings of uniform temperature, Tsur

G Gsur  Tsur4

If   , the net radiation heat flux from the

surface due to exchange with the surroundings is:
  Eb Ts    G  Ts4  Tsur
qrad 4
 (1.7)
Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation (cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates

Alternatively,

 hr Ts  Tsur 

qrad (1.8)

hr : Radiation heat transfer coefficient W/m 2 K 

hr  Ts  Tsur Ts2  Tsur2  (1.9)

For combined convection and radiation,

q qconv  h Ts  T   hr Ts  Tsur 

  qrad (1.10)
 Summary of Heat Transfer
Processes
Mode Mechanisms Rate Equation Transport
Property or
Coefficient

Conduction Energy Diffusion due to

random molecular " 2
q (W / m )  k
x
dT k (W/m.K)
motion dx

Convection Diffusion + Bulk motion h

(advection)
q " (W / m 2 ) h(Ts  T )
(W/m2.K)
Radiation Electromagnetic waves q" (W / m 2 )  (Ts4  Tsur
4
) 
or q (W ) hr A(Ts  Tsur ) hr (W/m2.K)
 Example

The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from

0.15-m-thick fireclay brick having a thermal
conductivity of 1.7 W/mK. Measurements made during
steady-state operation reveal temperature of 1400 and
1150 K at the inner and outer surface, respectively.
What is the rate of heat loss through the wall that is
0.5m by 1.2m on a side?
 Example 1

Solution
Known: Steady-state conditions with prescribed wall
thickness, area, thermal conductivity, and temperatures

Find: Wall heat loss

Schematic:
 Example

Schematic:
 Example 1
Assumptions:
1. Steady-state conditions
2. 1-D conduction through the wall
3. Constant thermal conductivity

Analysis: Apply the Fourier’s Law to calculate the heat

flux.

qx” = k T/L = 1.7 (W/mK) x 250K/0.15m = 2833 W/m2

Heat loss qx = qx”* A = 2833 *(0.5m * 1.2m) = 1700 W

Comments: Note the direction of heat flow and the

distinction between heat flux and heat rate.
 Example 2
Example 2: Process identification for single-and double-pane windows
Process Identification

Example 2: Process identification for single-and double-pane windows

Schematic:

qconv,1 Convection from room air to inner surface of first pane

qrad,1 Net radiation exchange between room walls and inner surface of first pane
qcond,1 Conduction through first pane
qconv ,s Convection across airspace between panes
qrad,s Net radiation exchange between outer surface of first pane and inner surface of second pane (across airspace)
qcond,2 Conduction through a second pane
qconv,2 Convection from outer surface of single (or second) pane to ambient air
qrad,2 Net radiation exchange between outer surface of single (or second) pane and surroundings such as the ground
qs Incident solar radiation during day; fraction transmitted to room is smaller for double pane
Heat conduction-1D
Cylindrical and spherical coordinates
The thickness up to which heat flow increases and after which heat flow decreases is
termed as critical thickness (critical radius in cylinders and spheres)
 Role of insulation
To decrease the rate of heat transfer between the equipment and its
surroundings (reduce heat loss)

To prevent injury to people working with the equipment.

Summary-1D Heat Conduction

The critical radius of insulation , =k/h for cylinder, =2k/h for sphere
 Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat
between two fluids that are at different temperatures while
keeping them from mixing with each other.

Heat exchangers are commonly used in practice in a

wide range of applications, from heating and air
conditioning systems in a household, to chemical
processing and power
 Categories of Heat Exchangers
Contact type heat exchangers Non-contact heat exchangers can be
-also known as open type heat exchangers classified:
-there is direct contact between the 1. Based on the number of passes
product and the heating/cooling medium made by each fluid stream (Single
pass, double pass, triple pass and
Non-contact type heat exchangers multiple pass)
-also known as closed type exchangers or 2. Relative directions of the two
recuperators fluids (Parallel flow/co-current
-product and heating/cooling medium are flow, countercurrent flow/counter
separated flow and cross flow)
 Increasing heat transfer area

Increase the total path travelled by the fluids in the exchanger

Decreasing the diameter of the tubes and increasing the number of tubes
(leads to pressure drop)
Performance variables of heat exchangers
1. Mass flow rate of the fluid
2. Specific heat of the fluid
3. Inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids
4. Surface area available for heat exchange
5. Thermal conductivity of the tube material
6. Convective heat transfer coefficients inside and outside the tubes
7. Fouling factors
 Heat Exchanger Analysis
Determines:
1. The total amount of heat transferred, Q, from the hot to the cold fluid
2. The inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids
3. The required heat transfer area for a given application

Assumptions:
1. Steady state heat transfer
2. Constant overall heat transfer coefficient
3. No axial heat conduction
4. The heat echanger is well insulated
5. Negligible heat loss to surroundings
Heat Exchanger Design Consideration

1. Heat transfer requirements

2. Cost

3. Physical size

4. Pressure drop characteristics

 Convective Heat Transfer
• The process of heat transfer between a surface and a fluid flowing in contact
with it is called convection.

• If the flow is caused by an external device like a pump or blower, it is termed

as forced convection.

• If the flow is caused by the buoyant forces generated by heating or cooling of

the fluid the process is called as natural or free convection.
• Two boundary layers develop:
 Hydrodynamic/velocity boundary layer
 Thermal boundary layer
Prediction of convective heat transfer coefficient using dimensionless
numbers

1. Reynolds number

2. Nusselt Number

3. Prandtl Number
 Reynolds Number
=density of the fluid
µ=viscosity of the fluid
𝝆 𝑽𝑳 V=mean velocity
𝑹𝒆 𝑳= L=characteristic length/diameter
𝝁

Laminar flow, ReL<2300

Turbulent flow, ReL>4000
Transitional flow ReL 2300-4000
Critical ReL=2300 (ReL at which flow changes to
transitional
Heat Transfer Coefficients –Forced convection
Solving Heat Transfer Problems
• Discrete Equations
• Numerical Equations
Heat & Mass Transfer Notes

Part II: Transient Heat Conduction,

Thermal Radiation & Mass Transfer
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION
1. Lumped System Analysis
2. Transient heat conduction in large plane
walls, long cylinders, and spheres with spatial
effects
IMPORTANT CHARTS
THERMAL RADIATION
 Introduction
• The process by which heat is transferred from a
body by virtue of its temperature without the aid
of any intervening medium, is called thermal
radiation.
• The physical mechanism of radiation is only
partially understood.
• Sometimes radiant energy is taken to be
transported by electromagnetic waves; other times
it is supposed to be transported by particle like
photons.
 Black body
• This is a concept and no such body exists in
nature. Black body is an ideal radiator:
– which emits the maximum possible amount of
radiation at any given wavelength at any given
temperature.
– Such a body is also found to absorb all the
radiation incident upon it at any wavelength and
temperature.
 Black body radiation
• The radiant energy emission per unit area and
unit time from black body over all the
wavelengths is defined as its total emissive
power and is denoted as Eb.
• The radiant energy emission at any
wavelength λ is known as monochromatic
emissive power and denoted as Ebλ.
Planck’s law
Wien’s displacement law
Stefan-Boltzmann’s equation
 Gray surface
• A gray surface is one whose monochromatic
emissive power at all wavelengths is the
same fraction of the black body
monochromatic emissive power (see Figure
that follows)
• Such a surface does not exist
Radiation properties
Thermal radiation
Kirchoff’s Law
MASS TRANSFER
 Introduction
• Mass transfer is the flow of molecules from
one body to another when these bodies are in
contact or within a system consisting of two
components when the distribution of
materials is not uniform
• Mass transfer takes place from a location
where the particular component is
proportionately high to a location where the
component is proportionately low.
 Fick’s Law
• The basic law governing mass transfer at the
molecular diffusion level is known as Fick’s
law. This is similar to the Fourier heat
conduction law.

Heat
conduction

Mass transfer Compare

or
with
Unsteady diffusion
 Convective mass transfer
• Dimensionless numbers are also used as in
heat analogy
• Prandtl number is replaced by Schimdt
number
• Nusselt number is replaced by the Sherwood
Number
Schimdt, Sherwood and Lewis Numbers
Lewis number
 Group Work
A: Chemical Reaction Engineering
B: Thermodynamics
C: Fluid Mechanics
D: Separation Processes

Prepare a 20minute power point presentation

on the topic