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Basic Univariate Statistical Methods

The document provides an overview of basic univariate statistical methods, including definitions of constants and variables, types of variables, scales of measurement, and types of statistical analysis. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, explaining their roles in data analysis. Additionally, it outlines the different types of analysis: univariate, bivariate, and multivariate.

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19 views15 pages

Basic Univariate Statistical Methods

The document provides an overview of basic univariate statistical methods, including definitions of constants and variables, types of variables, scales of measurement, and types of statistical analysis. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, explaining their roles in data analysis. Additionally, it outlines the different types of analysis: univariate, bivariate, and multivariate.

Uploaded by

fahad khakan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Dr.

Soofia Iftikhar
BASIC UNIVARIATE
STATISTICAL METHODS
1

By
Dr. Soofia Iftikhar
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Variables

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


 Types of variables

 Scales of measurement

 Types of analysis

 Components of univariate analysis

 Advantages and limitations

2
INTRODUCTION
The word “statistics” has several meanings:
data or numbers, the process of analyzing the
data, and the description of a field of study.

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


 A branch of mathematics dealing with the

collection, analysis, interpretation, and


presentation of masses of numerical data. A
collection of quantitative data

 It is derived from the Latin word status,


meaning “manner of standing” or “position.”
 Statistics were first used by tax assessors to

collect information for determining assets and 3


assessing taxes.
CONSTANT AND VARIABLES

 Constant
A quantity which can assume only one value is called

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


a constant. It is usually denoted by the first letters of


the alphabet, a, b, c
For example: The value of π=22/7=3.14159 and the
value of e=2.71828

 Variable
 A quantity which can vary from one individual or
object to another is called a variable. It is usually
denoted by the last letters of the alphabet, x,y,z
 For example: Heights and weights of students, 4
income, temperature, number of children in a family,
etc.
TYPES OF VARIABLES

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


5
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

 Nominal

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


 Ordinal

 Interval

 Ratio

6
Dr. Soofia Iftikhar
7
 Nominal scale
A nominal scale is the 1st level of measurement scale in which
the numbers serve as “tags” or “labels” to classify or identify the
objects. A nominal scale usually deals with the non-numeric
variables or the numbers that do not have any value.
 Characteristics of Nominal Scale

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


• A nominal scale variable is classified into two or more
categories. In this measurement mechanism, the answer
should fall into either of the classes.
• It is qualitative. The numbers are used here to identify the
objects.
• The numbers don’t define the object characteristics. The only
permissible aspect of numbers in the nominal scale is
“counting.”
8

• e.g. Gender (Male, Female)


Ordinal scale
The ordinal scale is the 2nd level of measurement that reports
the ordering and ranking of data without establishing the
degree of variation between them. Ordinal represents the
“order.” Ordinal data is known as qualitative data or
categorical data. It can be grouped, named and also ranked.
Characteristics of the Ordinal Scale

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


• The ordinal scale shows the relative ranking of the variables

• It identifies and describes the magnitude of a variable

• Along with the information provided by the nominal scale,


ordinal scales give the rankings of those variables
Example:
1. Ranking of school students – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.
2. Ratings in restaurants
3. Assessing the degree of agreement
 Totally agree
 Agree
 9
Neutral
 Disagree
 Totally disagree
Interval Scale
 •An interval scale is one where there is order

and the difference between two values is


meaningful.
 Examples of interval variables include:

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


 temperature (Farenheit), temperature

(Celcius), pH, SAT score (200-800), credit


score (300-850).

10
 Ratio Scale
 •A ratio variable, has all the properties of an

interval variable, and also has a clear


definition of 0.0. When the variable equals
0.0, there is none of that variable.

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


 Examples of ratio variables include:

 pulse, weight, length,

11
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


12
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

 Descriptive statistics is the term given to the

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


analysis of data that helps describe, show or
summarize data in a meaningful way such
that patterns might emerge from the data.

 Does not allow us to make conclusions


beyond the data we have analyzed or reach
conclusions regarding any hypotheses we
might have made.
13
 Simply a way to describe the data.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

 Inferential statistics is concerned with

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


making predictions or inferences about a
population from observations and analysis of
a sample.

 We can take the results of an analysis using a


sample and can generalize it to the larger
population that the sample represents.

14
TYPES OF ANALYSIS
 Three types of analysis

Dr. Soofia Iftikhar


• Univariate analysis – the examination of the
distribution of cases on only one variable at a time
(e.g., height of BS Chemistry students)

• Bivariate analysis – the examination of two


variables simultaneously (e.g., the relation between
gender and weight of college students )

• Multivariate analysis – the examination of more


than two variables simultaneously (e.g., the
15
relationship between gender, race and weight of
college students)

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