MATTER and

MATERIALS
GRADE 10
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MATERIALS
All objects are made of materials. Materials is the name we give to
matter that we need to do things with or make things with.
Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass.
Properties of Materials
Matter is made up of particles whose properties determine the
observable characteristics of matter and its reactivity.
 Brittle: Hard but liable to break easy.
 Density: The mass per unit volume of a substance.
 Malleable: Ability to be hammered or pressed into shape
without breaking or cracking.
 Ductile: Ability to be stretched into a wire.
 Boiling point: The temperature of a liquid at which its vapour
pressure equals the external (atmospheric) pressure.
Properties of Materials
 Melting point: The temperature at which a solid, given sufficient
heat, becomes a liquid.
 Strength: The ability to withstand an applied force without failure
or plastic deformation.
 Magnetic: the ability to be attracted by a magnet.
 Electrical conductor: A material that allows the flow of charge.
 Electrical insulator: A material that prevents the flow of charge.
 Semiconductor: A substance that can conduct electricity under
some conditions, but not others, making it a good medium for the
control of electrical current.
Class Activity
Activity 1: Classifying Materials
Page 28
Physical Science Textbook
SUBSTANCE
A type of matter that has a constant
composition as well as distinct
properties.
 Substances differ from one another
in composition and can be
identified by their appearance,
smell, taste and other properties.
 Can be classified into: MIXTURES,
ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS
MIXTURES
A combination of two or more
substances in which the substances
retain their own properties.
Composition of a mixture is not
constant and the components of the
mixture can be separated by physical
means.
Can be separated according to their
physical properties, into their pure
components, such as:
Separating salt from water
Iron from sulfur using a magnet
Hand sorting,
HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES
A mixture of uniform composition and in which all components are
in the same phase e.g. a solution of salt and water.
Also called a solution.
SOLVENT: substance present in the large amount in a solution
SOLUTE: Substance that dissolves in the solvent
HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES
HETEROGENOUS MIXTURE: a mixture of non-uniform composition and of which the
components can be easily identified e.g. sand and water.
Combination of substances do not dissolve into each other.
CLASS ACTIVITY – 10/04/2025
ACTIVITY 2: Investigating mixtures
Page 31
Physical Science Textbook
PURE
SUBSTANCE
PURE SUBSTANCE : a substance that
cannot be separated into simpler
components by physical methods.

ELEMENT: as a pure substance

consisting of one type of atom.

COMPOUND: A pure substance

consisting of two or more different
elements.
KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY
Kinetic Theory states that the tiny particles in all forms of
matter are in constant motion.
◦ Kinetic refers to motion
◦ Helps you understand the behavior of solid, liquid, and gas
atoms/molecules as well as the physical properties
◦ Provides a model behavior based off three principals
PRINCIPLES OF KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
Matter consists of small particles

The particles are in constant motion

There are forces of attraction between the particles

Particles collide (with the sides of the container and each other) and exert pressure

The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles

A phase change may occur when the energy of particles changes

STATES OF MATTER
Solid
Liquid
Gas
SOLIDS
Particles are tightly packed and close together
Particles do move but not very much
Definite shape and definite volume (because particles are packed closely and do not move)
Most solids are crystals
Crystals are made of unit cells (repeating patterns)
The shape of a crystal reflects the arrangement of the particles within the solid
SOLIDS
Unit cells put together make a crystal lattice (skeleton for the crystal)
Crystals are classified into seven crystal systems: cubic, tetragonal,
orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic, hexagonal, rhombohedral
Unit cell  crystal lattice  solid
LIQUIDS
Particles are spread apart
Particles move slowly through a container
No definite shape but do have a definite volume
Flow from one container to another
Viscosity – resistance of a liquid to flowing
◦ Honey – high viscosity
◦ Water – low viscosity
GAS
Particles are very far apart
Particles move very fast
No definite shape and No definite volume
Phase Changes
A temperature change brings about a phase change.
When a substance changes phases, it’s composition remains
unchanged.
Intermolecular forces hold particles together in solid and liquid
phases.
If the kinetic energy of the particles is increased, they can
overcome the intermolecular forces and change from one phase to
another.
Phase Changes
Phase Changes
Melting: the process during which a solid changes to a liquid by the application of heat.
Freezing: the process during which a liquid changes to a solid by the removal of heat.
Sublimation: the process during which a solid changes directly into a gas without passing
through an intermediate liquid phase.
Condensation: the process during which a gas or vapour changes to a liquid, either by cooling or
by being subjected to increased pressure.
Evaporation: the change of a liquid into a vapour at any temperature below the boiling point.
(Note: evaporation takes place at the surface of a liquid, where molecules with the highest
kinetic energy are able to escape. When this happens, the average kinetic energy of the liquid is
lowered, and its temperature decreases.)
Phase Changes
The phase of a substance at a given temperature can be determined
as follows if the melting= and boiling points of the substance are
known.
If the temperature given is lower than the melting point, the
substance will be a solid.
If the temperature given is higher than the melting point but lower
than the boiling point, the substance will be a liquid.
If the temperature given is higher than the boiling point the
substance will be a gas.
Class Activity
Activity 1, page 51, Textbook
Energy Changes During a Phase
Change
When a substance is heated (i.e. when a substance absorbs heat from its surroundings), the
temperature of the substance increases while in the same phase.
This happens because the average kinetic energy of the particles increases during heating.
During a phase change, temperature remains constant because the average kinetic energy of
the particles remains constant.
During melting or boiling, the heat energy provided at the melting or boiling point is used to
overcome the intermolecular forces between the particles of the substance, which is why the
average kinetic energy of the particles does not change.
During condensation or freezing, the heat energy lost causes the intermolecular forces to be
stronger because the particles no longer have enough kinetic energy to over come the
intermolecular forces.
Using Kinetic molecular theory
to explain melting
When a solid is heated, the heat is absorbed by the particles of the solid.
The heat energy is converted into kinetic energy and the particles start to move more violently.
When the kinetic energy of the particles increases, the temperature of the solid also increases
until it reaches the melting point.
At the melting point, the particles vibrate strong enough to overcome the intermolecular forces
between them, allowing them to move away from each other, enough to now slide over each
other.
The temperature remains constant until all the solid is turned into a liquid because the heat –
energy added is used to overcome the intermolecular forces rather than increase the kinetic
energy of the particles.
In order for a solid to melt, the kinetic energy of the particles must be enough to overcome the
intermolecular forces.
Using Kinetic Molecular Theory
to explain freezing
When a liquid cools down, the particles lose kinetic energy and start to move slower and
slower.
At the freezing point, the particles no longer lose kinetic energy but do not have enough to
overcome the intermolecular forces, which limits their movement because the attraction
between the particles is stronger.
A solid is formed because the particles now only viobrate about their fixed position.
HEATING CURVE -
https://youtu.be/hJW4SFYTgGU?si=Aycs9_noHnIR-y4b

Shows the changes in temperature of the substance during a period while heating occurs.
Homework
Activity 2
Page 53
Physical Science Textbook
GAUTENG PAPER 2 JUNE 2023
KZN PAPER 2 JUNE
2024
KZN PAPER 2 JUNE 2024
KZN P2 NOVEMBER 2024
KZN P2 NOVEMBER 2024
KZN P2 NOVEMBER 2024
Particle nature of MATTER
BROWNIAN MOTION: The random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or
gas, caused by collisions between particles and the molecules of the liquid of gas.
DIFFUSION: The movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
GAUTENG PAPER 2 JUNE 2023
KZN P2 NOVEMBER 2024
GAUTENG P2 NOVEMBER 2023
Cooling Curve
THE ATOM
Development of Atomic Theory: An Introduction

https://youtu.be/Qesxa71vfkM
The Atomic Structure
 ATOM/Nuclide of an ELEMENT
Mass of the total
number of protons
and neutrons

The number of protons

in an atom of an
element.
ADDING and REMOVING
ELECTRONS
In a neutral atom: Number of p+ = Number of e-
By removing or adding electrons from an atom, the neutrality of the atom is changed, thus
forming an ion. Eg:
◦ Na
◦ Cl
◦ Mg
◦ O

CATIONS: POSITIVE ions

ANIONS: NEGATIVE ions
CLASS ACTIVITY – 14 April 2025
Activity 2: Applying Atomic Structure
Pg 61, Physical Science Textbook
ISOTOPE
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Definition: atoms of an element having the same number of protons, but different numbers of
neutrons.
Relative atomic mass: the mass of a particle on a scale where an atom of carbon-12 has a mass
of 12.
HOMEWORK
ACTIVITY 3: Applying knowledge of isotopes
PAGE 63
Physical Science Textbook
KZN P2 JUNE 2024
KZN P2 NOV 2024
ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
Arrangement of electrons around the nucleus
Electrons will occupy the lowest energy level, which is closer to the
nucleus.
Electrons with the lowest energy are found closer to the nucleus which is
where the force of attraction between the electrons and protons are the
greatest.
Electrons with increasing energy will be found further from the nucleus
where thy have been able to overcome the force of attraction.
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION -
ENERGY LEVELS
Energy levels (orbitals) have a S orbital and a P orbital
S orbitals are SPHERICAL.
P orbitals are pairs of dumb-bells aligned along the x, y and z axis at 90° to each other.
https://digital.curro.co.za/mod/h5pactivity/view.php?id=333047#h5pbookid=14366&section=top&chapter=h5
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SPECTROSCOPIC ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
NOTATION (sp notation):

ORBITAL BOX DIAGRAM:

AUFBAU DIAGRAM RULES
Hund’s rule: No pairing in p orbitals before there is not at least one electron in each of them.
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: Maximum of two electrons per orbital provided that they spin in
opposite directions.
Draw the Aufbau diagram of the
following:
• N
• C
• Mg
• H
• He
• Ne
Write the sp notation of the following:
• H
• He
• Li
• B
• F
• Ne
• Mg
• Al
• Ar
• K
• Ca
KZN P2 JUNE 2024
GAUTENG P2 NOV 2023
GAUTENG P2 JUNE
2023
HOMEWORK – 24
April 2025
• ACTIVITY 4: Applying concepts of
the atomic model
• PAGE 67
• Physical Science Textbook
PERIODIC TABLE

• The position of the elements in the periodic table related to their electronic arrangements
• •
• Describe the periodic table as displaying the elements in order of increasing atomic number and showing how periodicity of the physical and chemical
properties of the elements relates to atomic structure.
• •
• Define the group number and the period number of an element in the periodic table.
• Groups are the vertical columns in the periodic table. Some groups have names e.g. alkali metals (group 1), earth-alkaline metals (group 2), halogens (group 17
or 7) and noble gases (group18 or 8). Periods are the horizontal rows in the periodic table.
• •
• Relate the position of an element in the periodic table to its electronic structure and vice versa.
• •
• Describe periodicity from Li to Ar in terms of atomic radius, ionisation energy, electron-affinity and electronegativity. Periodicity is the repetition of similar
properties in chemical elements, as indicated by their positioning in the periodic table.
• •
• Define atomic radius, ionisation energy, electron-affinity and electronegativity
• Atomic radius: Radius of an atom i.e. the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outermost stable electron in an atom.
• Ionisation energy: Energy needed to remove an electron(s) from an atom in the gaseous phase.
• First ionisation energy: Energy needed to remove the first electron from an atom in the gaseous phase.
• Electron affinity: The energy released when an electron is attached to an atom or molecule to form a negative ion.
• Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons closer to itself.
HOLIDAY HOMEWORK:
KZN P2 NOV 2024
HOLIDAY HOMEWORK:
GAUTENG P2 NOV 2023
HOLIDAY HOMEWORK:
GAUTENG P2 NOV 2023