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Einstein Coefficients

The document explains the relationship between Einstein's A and B coefficients, which describe the probabilities of photon absorption and emission in atomic systems. It details the processes of stimulated absorption, stimulated emission, and spontaneous emission, highlighting their dependence on energy levels and radiation density. Additionally, it establishes that at thermal equilibrium, the ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated absorption coefficients is proportional to the cube of frequency, indicating a rapid increase in spontaneous emission probability with energy differences between states.

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Erick Maurice
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41 views15 pages

Einstein Coefficients

The document explains the relationship between Einstein's A and B coefficients, which describe the probabilities of photon absorption and emission in atomic systems. It details the processes of stimulated absorption, stimulated emission, and spontaneous emission, highlighting their dependence on energy levels and radiation density. Additionally, it establishes that at thermal equilibrium, the ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated absorption coefficients is proportional to the cube of frequency, indicating a rapid increase in spontaneous emission probability with energy differences between states.

Uploaded by

Erick Maurice
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GROUP 7

Question
Derive the relationship between Einstein’s A and
B coefficients.
Einstein coefficients
Einstein coefficients are quantities describing the probability of absorption or
emission of a photon by an atom or molecule.
There are two types of Einstein coefficients namely
1. Einstein A coefficients
2. Einstein B coefficients

The Einstein A coefficients are related to the rate of spontaneous emission of


light, and the Einstein B coefficients are related to the absorption and stimulated
emission of light.
consider two levels of an atomic system as shown in the figure below.
• let N1 and N2 be the number of atoms per unit volume present in the energy
levels E1 and E2, respectively.
• The atomic system can interact with electromagnetic radiation in three
different ways:
Stimulated absorption
Stimulated emission
Spontaneous emission
1.STIMULTED ABSORPTION
• Absorption is the process by which a photon is absorbed by the atom, causing an electron to jump
from a lower energy level to a higher one. The process is described by the Einstein coefficient B

• The frequency of absorption is given as


• From
…………………………. (i)
…………………………(ii)
……………………………. (iii)
Substitute equation (ii) and (iii) into equation (i)
,
Stimulated absorption cont……
• An atom in the lower energy level E1 can absorb the incident radiation at a
frequency and be excited to E2, this excitation process requires the
presence of radiation.
• The rate at which absorption takes place from level 1 to level 2 will be
proportional to the;
number of atoms present in the energy level E1 and
 energy density of the radiation at the frequency .

• Then, the number of atoms undergoing absorptions per unit time per unit
volume from level 1 to level 2 is given as;
Г12 = B12u(ω)N1…………………………………………………... (1)
Stimulated absorption cont……

• where B12 is a constant of proportionality and depends on the energy


levels E1 and E2 and u(ω) is the number of atoms undergoing absorptions
per unit time per unit volume and has the units of energy density per
frequency interval.
2. STIMULATED EMISSION
• Stimulated emission (also known as induced emission) is the process by
which an electron is induced to jump from a higher energy level to a lower
one by the presence of electromagnetic radiation at (or near) the frequency
of the transition.
• This process must be regarded as negative absorption. The process is
described by the Einstein coefficient B
Stimulated Emission cont,
• In stimulated emission, the radiation which is incident on the atom stimulates it
to emit radiation and the rate of transition to the lower energy level is
proportional to number of atoms present in the energy level E2 and the energy
density of radiation at the frequency ω.
• Thus, the number of stimulated emissions per unit time per unit volume will be;
• Г21 = B21u(ω)N2…………………………………………………………………. (2)
• where B21 is a constant of proportionality and depends on the energy levels E2
and E1 and u(ω) is the number of atoms undergoing absorptions per unit time
per unit volume and has the units of energy density per frequency interval.
3. Spontaneous emission
Spontaneous emission is the process by which an electron "spontaneously"
(without any outside influence) decays from a higher energy level to a lower
one. The process is described by the Einstein coefficient .

• An atom which is in the upper energy level E2 can also make a spontaneous
emission; this rate will be proportional to N2 only.
• Thus, the number of atoms making spontaneous emissions per unit time per
unit volume is given as;
……………………………………………………………………………….(3)
Cont….
• At thermal equilibrium between the atomic system and the radiation field,
the number of upward transitions must be equal to the number of
downward transitions. Hence, at thermal equilibrium;
• Using equation (1,2,3) we get

• Make u(ω) the subject from equation (4) above


u(ω) ………………………………………(5)

• Divide by and in both numerator and denominator of equation above


u(ω)
• But, Einstein prove thermodynamically probability of stimulated absorption is
equal to probability of stimulated emission.

Also, using Boltzmann's law, the ratio of the equilibrium populations of levels 1
and 2 at temperature T is;

Equation 6 above becomes

u(ω)
Now
• According to planks radiation law ,energy density of blackbody radiation of
frequency v at temperature T is given as
u(ω)
• Compare equation (7) and (8)

• This is relation is the relation between Einstein’s coefficient in laser


• This show that
The ratio of Einstein’s coefficient of spontaneous emission to Einstein’s coefficient
of stimulated absorption is directly proportional to the cube of frequency v
• It means that at thermal equilibrium the probability of spontaneous emission
increase rapidly with energy difference between two states.
REFERENCES
1. K. Thyagarajan · Ajoy Ghatak. Lasers Fundamentals and Applications
Second Edition
2. Peter W. Milonni & Joseph H. Eberly .Laser Physics(third edition)
GROUP 7 PARTCIPANTS
S/N NAME REG NUMB SEX PROGRAM

1 FARAJA N KAALY T22-03-08577 F BSC PHYSICS

2 FESTO F SHIRIMA T22-03-10746 M BSC PHYSICS

3 MWITA M MUSSA T22-03-04984 M BSC PHYSICS

4 LOVENESS B MLOKA T22-03-13224 F BSC PHYSICS

5 NICHOLAUS J FRANCIS T22-03-13219 M BSC PHYSICS

6 JASTINE M REVELIAN T22-03-09411 M BSC PHYSICS

7 ONESMO MACHENDE T22-03-09522 M BSC PHYSICS


END

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