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7.9 Infrared Spectroscopy

The document outlines a lesson plan on infrared spectroscopy, including resources needed and tasks for students to identify organic compounds using infrared spectra. It explains how to interpret absorption peaks to identify functional groups and discusses the application of infrared spectroscopy in monitoring gases and breathalyzers. Additionally, it includes exercises and tasks for students to practice their understanding of the topic.

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GUNJOT SAHNI
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9 views55 pages

7.9 Infrared Spectroscopy

The document outlines a lesson plan on infrared spectroscopy, including resources needed and tasks for students to identify organic compounds using infrared spectra. It explains how to interpret absorption peaks to identify functional groups and discusses the application of infrared spectroscopy in monitoring gases and breathalyzers. Additionally, it includes exercises and tasks for students to practice their understanding of the topic.

Uploaded by

GUNJOT SAHNI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7.

9 Infrared spectroscopy

Resources needed:
OUP OCA A textbook
Lesson plan
Starter: Students answer a mass spectroscopy problem to find the formula of a
hydrocarbon
Main: Students listen to an explanation of infrared spectroscopy, the then work
through problems in the workbook.

Dr Alex Johnston, Southampton, Richard Taunton 6 th Form College


A chemist makes an organic compound containing
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. C2H4O2
They know the formula is C2HxOy
Task: What are the values of x and y?
HxOy = 60 – (2 x 12) = 36
HxOy = 36 = H4O2

M+ = 60
OCR-A Chemistry Autumn term

Introduction to organic
Introduction to chemistry Enthalpy changes
chemistry

OCR-A Chemistry Spring-Summer term

Acids & bases The halogens and Rates of reaction and Organic synthesis
halogenoalkanes equilibrium
Alcohols, acids & ketones Alkenes Hydrogen bonding

Polymers Global warming Atom economy &


7. Organic synthesis percentage yield

Synthetic routes Spectroscopy


2 June 2025

Infrared spectroscopy

Today you will be learning about how compounds are


identified using infrared spectroscopy
2 June 2025

Infrared spectroscopy

• CO17v-Use an infrared spectrum of an organic compound to identify an aldehyde


or ketone from an absorption peak of the C=O bond

• CO17vi-Use an infrared spectrum of an organic compound to identify a carboxylic


acid from an absorption peak of the C=O bond and a broad absorption peak of
the O–H bond

• CO17vii-Interpret and predict an infrared spectrum of familiar or unfamiliar


substances using supplied data

• CO17viii-Describe the use of infrared spectroscopy to monitor gases causing air


pollution and in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath
Ethanol is oxidised to ethanal

[O] [O]

Aldehyde Carboxylic acid


Ethanol
Primary Ethanal Ethanoic acid

Ethanal is a colourless liquid


Ethanol is also a colourless liquid
As is ethanoic acid

So how can you tell what has been made?


Spectroscopy

Infrared Nuclear magnetic


Mass
spectroscopy (NMR) spectroscopy
spectroscopy
Gives Mr or Ar Identifies functional Determines
groups molecular structure

There are several ways chemists use to identify what


they have made. Several techniques are used together.
+

Ionisation

Ethanol This isn’t stable. Many molecules fragment before


reaching the detector

Mr = 46

+ + +

Mr = 15 Mr = 29 Mr = 31

46
The peak furthest right
is the molecular ion
peak
Task: Calculate the Relative formula mass (Mr) of these common
fragment ions:
CH3+ C2 H5 + C3 H7 + OH+ C4 H9 +
Mr 15 29 43 17 57
Task: This is hexane. Predict the molecular ion peak and
the peaks of the fragmentation ions
Mass spectra can be used to determine the formula

A chemist makes a compound containing boron and


fluorine. She knows the formula is BFn
But doesn’t know the value of n. She uses the mass
spectra to work it out.
Ar of Boron = 11 Ar of fluorine = 19

Mr of BFn = 68

Mr of Fn = 68 – 11 = 57

n = 57/19 = 3
M+ = 68
BF3
A chemist makes an organic compound containing
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. C2H4O2
They know the formula is C2HxOy
Task: What are the values of x and y?
HxOy = 60 – (2 x 12) = 36
HxOy = 36 = H4O2

M+ = 60
Spectroscopy

Infrared Nuclear magnetic


Mass
spectroscopy (NMR) spectroscopy
spectroscopy
Gives Mr or Ar Identifies functional Determines
groups molecular structure

There are several ways chemists use to identify what


they have made. Several techniques are used together.
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique used
to identify the structure of a compound
It tells you what functional groups are
present
Ultraviolet light, visible light and infrared light are examples of electromagnetic
radiation.
This is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum where they are found.
Infrared spectroscopy usually involves the mid-infrared region between
1.2 x 1014 Hz and 1.2 x 1013 Hz.
As these frequency numbers are very large, they are converted into wavenumbers.
The wavenumber is the number of waves found in 1 cm. Its unit is cm −1.
An infrared spectrometer measures how much infrared radiation passes through
a sample.
If the transmittance is 100% all the radiation at that wavenumber has passed
through the sample without being absorbed.
If a bond absorbs some infrared radiation at a particular wavenumber as it passes
through the sample, the transmittance drops and forms a trough.
A trough at around 2900 cm−1 is typical of a carbon–hydrogen bond stretching.
A broad trough at around 3350 cm−1 is typical of an oxygen–hydrogen bond stretching.
The region between 1500 cm−1 and 400 cm−1 is called the fingerprint region.
It is possible to identify an unknown substance by comparing its fingerprint region
with the fingerprint regions of known substances.
A complete infrared spectrum may contain many troughs. Real spectra will contain
background 'noise', too.
Turn to page 88 of the workbook
This is the information on the datasheet
Use the data sheet. Try to pick out peaks above 1500 cm-1
Below 1500 cm-1 is the fingerprint region
What functional groups are there?
You are not expected to know all the wavenumbers and bonds, but you must be able
to interpret simple spectra given the information.
Is this an infrared spectrum of:
A) ethanol B) ethane C) ethanoic acid?
It is from ethanol (it is not from ethanoic acid because there are no troughs
representing C=O bonds).
Is this an infrared spectrum of:
A) butanol B) butane C) butanal?
It is from butane (there are no troughs representing functional groups).
Is this an infrared spectrum of:
A) propanol B) propanone C) methylpropane?
It is from propanone.
Look at your data table. Where are the peaks?
What are the functional groups present?
Look at your data table. Where are the peaks?
What are the functional groups present?
Look at your data table. Where are the peaks?
What are the functional groups present?
Infrared spectroscopy is
used in breathalysers
to detect ethanol.

It is also used in gas


detectors to analyse air
pollution.

They can detect carbon


dioxide, carbon
monoxide and
hydrocarbon molecules
Turn to page 72 of the workbook.
The questions get harder as you go through.
Rules
1. Identify the functional groups in the compound
2. Identify the main peaks above 1500 cm-1
3. Use the data sheet to match the peaks to the functional groups.
Task 1 (page 71) E-Grade: Match the compound to the spectra
Task 3 (pages 72) D Grade: Answer the exam question
Task 4 (Page 73 & 74) C Grade : Answer exam questions 1, 2 & 3
Task 5 (Page 75) B-Grade: Answer exam questions
Task 6 (Page 76) A-Grade: Combine mass spectroscopy and infrared to
identify a compound.
Task 7: Read and make notes on page 256-260 of the OCR A textbook.
Answer the questions on page 261

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