BBA 2 Years

Fundamentals of IT & Computer Applications

Lecture # 09 Output Devices- Display Devices

Instructor: Dr. Aftab Akram (PhD CS)

Assistant Professor
Computer Output
• Output is what ever we get from computer after
processing
• In human-computer interaction, output is
information produced by the computer
program and perceived by the user
• Types of Output:
o Softcopy Output---electronic form
o Hardcopy Output---physical form
Difference between
Softcopy and Hardcopy
•Output
Softcopy is • Hardcopy is
electronic form of physical form of
output output
• Softcopy is • Hardcopy is
NOT Touchable
touchable
• Hardcopy output
• Softcopy exits exits physically on
electronically inside some medium like
the computer paper
• Softcopy output • Hardcopy is
is temporary permanent form of
form of output Output
• Softcopy output • Hardcopy output is
is editable not Editable
Softcopy Output Devices
• The devices which are used to VIEW electronic or
softcopy output are called Display Devices,
Displays or Monitors
• Some commonly used Displays/ Monitors
o CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Displays
o LCD (Liquid Crystal Displays)
o LED Displays
Features of Displays
• Size
• Size of monitor is measure diagonally
• Different displays are available in different sizes
• Color
• The displays can be monochrome or color
• Color displays work in RGB Color Model
• Different displays have different color depth. Most modern displays
have color depth of 32bits
• Resolution
• Displays with greater resolution can present good quality of images
• Refresh Rate
• The number of times in one second that the electron gun redraws
the entire image is called the refresh rate and is measured
in hertz (cycles per second)
• It is quality of CRT Displays only
Features of Displays
• Dot Pitch
• The distance between pixels on a computer monitor
screen is called its dot pitch and is measured
in millimeters
• Most monitors have a dot pitch of .28 mm or less
Video Graphics Array
• Video Graphics Array (VGA) is a video display controller which
is used for converting digitized output from computer into
visuals on the displays
• VGA standard was introduced by IBM in 1987, later adopted
for IBM PC
• Today almost all computers, mainly following IBM PC line are
using VGA standards
• VGA standard include the hardware known as Video Graphics
Card or Graphics Card that actually renders digital output to
the displays
• Video Card or Graphics Card is not GPU (or Graphics
Processing Unit), in fact a GPU is included in every video card
• A Graphics Card determines following thing:
• Resolution
• Number of Colors
• Speed with which images appear on screen
VGA- New Technologies
• VGA
• Video Graphics Array
• Supports 16-256 Colors
• 15 Colors at 320X200
• 256 colors at 640X840
• SVGA
• Super Video Graphics Array
• Two graphics mode: 800X600 and
1024X768
• Supports 256 colors
• XGA
• Extended Graphics Array
• Supports up to 16.8 M colors at 1024X768
• Used with 17 and 19 inch monitors
• UXGA
• Ultra Extended Graphics Array
• Newest and highest standard
• Supports up to 32 bit color depth
• Resolution: 1600X1200
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Displays
• CRT are the most
commonly used
monitors
• These monitors are
based upon Cathode Ray
Tube Technology which
was developed to proof
the existence of electrons
• CRT monitors are made
by introducing a slight
modification in original
Cathode Ray Tube
CRT Components &
Working
• Picture Tube
• CRT or cathode ray tube, is the picture tube of a monitor
• Electron Gun:
• The back of the tube has a negatively charged cathode also known as
Electron Gun
• A Color Monitor has three Electron Guns, one for each color Red, Green
and Blue
• Phosphorus Coating:
• The electron gun shoots electrons down the tube and onto a charged
screen
coated with Phosphorus
• The screen is coated with a pattern of dots that glow when struck by
the electron stream
• Each cluster of three dots, one of each color RGB, creates one pixel
• The image on the monitor screen is usually made up from at least tens
of
thousands of such tiny dots glowing on command from the computer
• The closer together the pixels are, the sharper the image on screen
• Deflection Coils:
• There are two electromagnets around the collar of the tube which deflect
the electron beam
Creating image on CRT
• Interlacing
• The beam scans across the top of the monitor from left to right
• The beam then blanked and moved back to the left-hand side
slightly below the previous trace (on the next scan line)
• scans across the second line and so on until the bottom right of
the screen is reached
• The beam is again blanked, and moved back to the top left to
start again
• In this process either even or odd numbered rows are drawn first
• This process draws a complete picture, typically 50 to 100 times
a second
• Progressive Scan
• Complete screen is drawn by electron beam
• Less flicker than interlacing
Creating image on CRT
CRT
Monitors
• Advantages
• CRT Monitors are quite inexpensive
• You can get a 17” CRT Monitor for Rs. 6000 to Rs.
7000
• Now obsolete, because companies have stopped
production, so you won’t get a new one
• Disadvantage
• Very large in size
• Consume lot of power
• Create lot of heat
• Not portable
Liquid Crystal Displays
(LCDs)
• LCDs are Thin, Flat, Light Weight Displays
• They have better image quality than CRT Monitors
• LCDs are available in variety of sizes from 1” to 108”
• LCDs are portable, i.e., used in portable computers
• LCDs consume less power, i.e, can be operated on
battery power
• Also LCDs generate less heat
• Expensive than CRT Displays, e.g., a 32” HD LED
costs around Rs. 32000/-. LCDs are normally
cheaper than LEDs.
LCD working
• To understand the working of LCD, we need to learn a
little about light and its properties
• What is Light?
• Light is Wave consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields,
also known as Electromagnetic Wave
• Electric and Magnetic field vibrate at right angle to each other
and also to the direction of propagation of wave
• Light vibrate and radiate in all directions
• Polarization:
• Light can be polarized, it can be made to oscillate in one
direction only. Such light is known as Polarized Light
• Light is either polarized in horizontal or vertical direction
• Polarization Filters:
• If polarization filters are applied, light can be blocked or allowed
to pass through
LCD working
LCD working
• A cooking recipe of LCDs consists of following
four things:
• Light can be polarized
• Liquid Crystals can transmit and change polarized light
• Structure of liquid crystals can be changed by
electric current (they can be twisted or
untwisted)
• There are transparent substrate which can
conduct electricity (ITO-Indium Tin Oxide)
LCD working
Types of LCD
• Active Matrix Display • Passive Matrix Display
• Each pixel on the • Two transistors control
screen is controlled by whole row or
its own columns of
transistor pixels
• Brighter and sharper • Not too brighter and
• Complicated and sharp
expensive • Less complicated and
• Consumes more power less expensive
• Consumes less
power
LED
Displays
• A LED display is a flat panel display that uses an
array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for a
video display.
• Their brightness allows them to be used outdoors
where they are visible in the sun for store signs
and billboards.
• The first practical LED display was developed at
Hewlett-Packard (HP) and introduced in 1968.
A close-up of LED Display
Pixel Pitch or Dot Pitch
Advantages of LED
Displays
• Slim Design
• Brighter and sharper Images
• Better Color
• Flicker-Free Images
• Better Picture Quality(true black picture)
• No motion delay and lags
• Longer lifespan and less environmental impact
• Lower Power Consumption
• Wider Viewing angle(typically 175 degree)
Evaluating Display Quality
• Display Type
• Type of display technology used
• Screen Size
• HD Picture Quality
• A HD display resolution is around 2 Mega
Pixel
• Normally represented by 1080i or 1080p
• 3D Performance
• Viewing Angle
• Sound Quality
• Versatility
• Energy Cost