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Session-2 - Introduction To Research

The document outlines various types of research methodologies, including descriptive, analytical, fundamental, and applied research, each serving distinct purposes and employing different techniques. It also differentiates between qualitative and quantitative research, as well as conceptual and empirical research, highlighting their significance in understanding phenomena and solving problems. Additionally, the importance of research in promoting logical thinking, developing technologies, and informing government policies is emphasized.

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Ananta Charan Ojha
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8 views11 pages

Session-2 - Introduction To Research

The document outlines various types of research methodologies, including descriptive, analytical, fundamental, and applied research, each serving distinct purposes and employing different techniques. It also differentiates between qualitative and quantitative research, as well as conceptual and empirical research, highlighting their significance in understanding phenomena and solving problems. Additionally, the importance of research in promoting logical thinking, developing technologies, and informing government policies is emphasized.

Uploaded by

Ananta Charan Ojha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction to Research
1 Dr. Ananta Ojha, Professor
Session -2
2

 Types of Research
 Significance of Research
 Research Process
Types of Research
3 The Basic Types:
Descriptive Research - the description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. The
researcher reports what has happened or what is happening.
 It focuses on providing an accurate and detailed portrayal of a phenomenon, situation, or
subject under investigation.
 It aims to answer the “what,” “who,” “where,” and “how” questions by collecting and
summarizing data without manipulating variables. It does to answer the “why” question of
the research subject.
 Researchers use this method in social sciences, marketing, and other fields to gain insights
into existing conditions, characteristics, or behaviours.
 It involves methods such as questionnaire, interview, observations, content analysis, and
case studies to gather and analyze information systematically.
 Example: A business wants to analyze customer satisfaction in its stores. Descriptive
research involves conducting customer surveys to gather feedback and summarizing the
responses to understand satisfaction levels and helps the business make informed decisions
to enhance satisfaction.
Analytical research - the researcher uses facts or information already available, and analyzes
4 these to make a critical evaluation on a subject.
 Analytical research is a systematic and organized investigation or study that seeks to understand,
explain, and dissect complex phenomena by examining their components and relationships.
 It involves critically analyzing data, facts, or information to draw meaningful conclusions,
identify patterns, and gain insights.
 This often employs various techniques, such as statistical analysis, data modelling, and
experimentation, to uncover underlying principles and make informed decisions.
 It is commonly used in scientific, academic, business, and policy contexts to solve problems,
improve processes, and enhance understanding through rigorous examination and interpretation
of data and evidence.
Examples:
 Analyzing clinical trial data to determine the effectiveness of a new drug in treating a specific
condition.
 Studying patient health records to identify risk factors for a particular disease.
 Examining historical stock market data to predict future trends.
 Analyzing the impact of government policies on a country’s GDP growth.
 Assessing the impact of teaching methods on student performance through test score analysis.
 Analyzing educational data to identify factors affecting student dropout rates.
5 Fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalizations and with the
formulation of a theory; Search of new knowledge.
 Basic research, or fundamental research, is a type of investigation focused on
improving the understanding of a particular phenomenon, study or law of nature.
 This type of research examines data to find the unknown and fulfill a sense of
curiosity. Usually, these involve "how," "what" and "why" questions to explain
occurrences, phenomena.
 Basic research looks at how processes or concepts work. Information obtained from
basic research often creates a foundation for applied studies.
Examples:
 A study to discover the components making up human DNA
 A study searching for the causative factors of cancer
 Automatic evaluation of descriptive answers in an examination
6
Applied research aims at finding a solution for a specific problem facing a
society or an industrial/business organization.
 It takes the available scientific techniques, tools and puts them into practice to
find answers / solutions to problems you encounter.

Examples:
 Studying techniques to boost patient retention at a Hospital
 Study to find new ways to treat depression
7  Qualitative vs Quantitative
 Qualitative research - Qualitative research observes and describes a
phenomenon to gain a deeper understanding of a subject.
 It is to disseminate knowledge and understand concepts, thoughts, and
experiences. Focuses on creating ideas, hypothesis.
 Example: Study of employees' experiences and perspectives in a company

 Quantitative research - used for testing hypotheses and measuring


relationships between variables, testing causal relationships between
variables and providing generalized results. These results determine if the
hypothesis proposed for the research study could be accepted or rejected.
 Uses extensive statistical/mathematical/quantitative approaches to measure,
quantify variables /factors on phenomena under study.
 Example: Customer satisfaction survey on brand quality, pricing, experience etc.
8  Conceptual vs. Empirical
 Conceptual research - related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is
generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to
reinterpret existing ones.
 Example: Conceptualizing the Internet of Things (IoT)

 Empirical research - Empirical research is based on observed and


established phenomena and determines information from real involvement,
instead of hypothesis.
 The phenomena under study is measured through variables.
 It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being
verified by observation or experiment.
 Also called as experimental type of research.
 Example: Study to determine if listening to happy music improves the mood of individuals.
 COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model) provides a mathematical formula to estimate cost of a
software
9
Significance of Research /
Importance
 Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes
the development of logical habits of thinking and organisation.
 Research is required to develop technologies to solve societal problems
and make human life easier.
 Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our
economic system.
 Research has its special significance in solving various operational and
planning problems of business and industry.
 Research is equally important for social scientists in studying social
relationships and in seeking answers to various social problems.
Research Process
10
11

THANK YOU

Any questions…?

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