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CH 4 - The Properties of Matter

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186 views21 pages

CH 4 - The Properties of Matter

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Properties of Matter

Chapter 4

Ch. 4 The Properties of Matter


Objectives: Distinguish between chemical and physical properties Compare and contrast the three states of matter Use the particle model to describe phase changes and their relationship to thermal energy Use the Celsius and Kelvin scales to describe the temperature of matter.

Physical Properties
One that can be observed and measured without a change in the kinds of matter being studied. Ex) density, color, shape, electrical conductivity, hardness, texture.

Chemical Change
A change that alters the identity of the material Ex) Iron rusting, wood burning

States of Matter

Plasma

Gas Liquid
Solid
Bose-Einstein Condensate

Gas
Has neither definite shape or definite volume. The particles move VERY fast. If the gas is compressed it is then said to posses a gas pressure.

Gas pressure: the pressure given off from fast gas particles moving.

States of Matter
Gases
Particles are far apart and move at high speeds (490 m/s) Particles move rapidly in straight lines until they collide with other things Fluid a material that can flow (gas/liquid) Highly compressible Grows hot when compressed (diesel), cold when decompressed (AC)

Liquids
Have definite volume, but no definite shape. They will take the shape of whatever container you place them in.

Viscosity: The ease at which a liquid will flow. A liquid with a high viscosity doesnt flow very easily.

States of Matter
Liquids comprise most of the worlds matter
Moderate particle movement Particles are close together but free to move about Fairly low compressibility (squeezability) Indefinite shape Definite volume Viscosity ability to flow (flowability)

Solid
The particles are in constant motion. Have definite shape and definite volume. Solids have the least movement. Since atoms cannot be packed much closer together, solids are said to have a low compressibility.

States of Matter
Solids comprise most of the worlds matter
Limited range of particle movement Particles retain fixed positions in solids Very low compressibility (squeezability) Crystalline solid orderly particle structure Amorphous solid glass/wax: no structure

PART II

Two Types of Solids


Crystalline Solid: the individual vibrating particles are held in a fixed, repeating pattern. Amorphous solid: particles are held in a random placement with no apparent pattern.

Phase Changes
Energy is related to temperature. As temperature increases, particle speed and energy increases, and vice versa. There are 6 Phase Changes

Melting
Solid changes to a liquid The temperature at which this transformation occurs is the melting point. Water: 0C

Freezing
Change from liquid to solid. Temperature at which this occurs is Freezing point. Freezing point for water is 0C Not always cold

Condensation
Change from gas to liquid (lowering temp.) Ex) Dew

Evaporation Change from Liquid to Gas

Boiling
Change from liquid to gas. The temperature at which this occurs is called boiling point. Boiling pt of water: 100C

Measuring Energy In A Phase Change


Energy is related to Temperature Temperature: average kinetic energy, measured with thermometer

Absolute zero: is the point at which there is the least possible kinetic energy: 0 K

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