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12 Physics Notes Ch07 Alternating Current

1) Alternating current is a current whose magnitude and direction change periodically over time. It can be defined by E=E0sinωt, where E0 is the peak voltage and ω is the angular frequency. (2) The root mean square (RMS) value of an AC current or voltage is 0.707 times the peak value and represents its effective or heating value. (3) In an AC circuit, the phase difference between the current and voltage depends on whether the circuit has resistance, inductance, or capacitance.

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348 views4 pages

12 Physics Notes Ch07 Alternating Current

1) Alternating current is a current whose magnitude and direction change periodically over time. It can be defined by E=E0sinωt, where E0 is the peak voltage and ω is the angular frequency. (2) The root mean square (RMS) value of an AC current or voltage is 0.707 times the peak value and represents its effective or heating value. (3) In an AC circuit, the phase difference between the current and voltage depends on whether the circuit has resistance, inductance, or capacitance.

Uploaded by

Mayank Saini
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CBSE Class-12 Physics Quick Revision Notes

Chapter-07: Alternating Current

Alternating Current:
The current whose magnitude changes with time and direction reverses periodically is
called alternating current. a) Alternating emf E and current I at any time am given by:
E = E0 sin t
Where

E0 = NBA
I = I 0 sin(t )

Where I 0 =

NBA
R

2
T
Where T is the time period.
Values of Alternating Current and Voltage
a) Instantaneous value:
It is the value of alternating current and voltage at an instant t.
b) Peak value:
Maximum values of voltage E0 and current I0 in a cycle are called peak values.
c) Mean value:
For complete cycle,

= 2 n =

< E >=

1
Edt = 0
T 0
T

1
< I >= Idt = 0
T 0

Mean value for half cycle: Emean =

2 E0

d) Root mean- square (rms) value:


E
Erms = (< E 2 >)1/2 = 0 = 0.707 E0 = 70.7% E0
2
I
I rms = (< I 2 >)1/2 = 0 = 0.707 I 0 = 70.7% I 0
2
RMS values are also called apparent or effective values.
Phase difference Between the EMF (Voltage) and the Current in an AC Circuit
a) For pure resistance:
The voltage and the current are in same phase i.e. phase difference = 0
b) For pure inductance:

Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in


Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks

The voltage is ahead of current by

i.e. phase difference = +

c) For pure capacitance:


The voltage lags behind the current by

i.e. phase difference =

Reactance:
Reactance
a)
E
E E
X = = 0 = rms / 2
I
I0
I rms
b)

Inductive reactance

X L = L=2 nL
Capacitive reactance
c)
1
1
=
XC =
C 2 nC
Impedance:
Impedance is defined as,
Z=

E E0 Erms
=
=

I
I0
I rms

Where is the phase difference of the voltage E relative to the current I.


a) For L R series circuit:

Z RL = R 2 + X L2 = R 2 + L2
L
1 L
tan =
or = tan

R
R
b) For R C series circuit:

1
Z RC = R 2 + X C2 = R 2 +

C
tan =

1
1
Or = tan 1

CR
CR

c) For L C series circuit:

Z LCR = R 2 + ( X L X C ) 2
1

= R2 + L
C

L
L

C
C
tan =
Or = tan 1
R
R

Conductance:
Reciprocal of resistance is called conductance.

Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in


Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks

1
mho
R
Power in and AC Circuit:
a) Electric power = (current in circuit) x (voltage in circuit)
P = IE
b) Instantaneous power:
Pinst = Einst x Iinst
c) Average power:
1
Pav = E0 I 0 cos = Erms I rms cos
2
d) Virtual power (apparent power):
1
= E0 I 0 = Erms I rms
2
Power Factor:
a) Power factor
P
R
cos = av =
Pv Z
G=

b) For pure inductance


Power factor, cos =1
c) For pure capacitance
Power factor, cos =0
d) For LCR circuit
Power factor, cos =

R
1

R + L
C

X = L
C

Wattless Current:

The component of current differing in phase by

relative to the voltage, is called

wattles current.
The rms value of wattless current:
I
= 0 sin
2

= I rms sin =

I0 X

2Z

Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in


Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks

Choke Coil:
a) An inductive coil used for controlling alternating current whose self- inductance is
high and resistance in negligible, is called choke coil.
b) The power factor of this coil is approximately zero.
Series Resonant Circuit
a) When the inductive reactance (XL) becomes equal to the capacitive reactance (XC) in
the circuit, the total impedance becomes purely resistive (Z=R).
b) In this state, the voltage and current are in same phase ( = 0), the current and
power are maximum and impedance is minimum. This state is called resonance.
c) At resonance,
1
r L =
r C

Hence, resonance frequency is,


1
fr =
2 LC
d) In resonance, the power factor of the circuit is one.
Half Power Frequencies:
Those frequencies f1 and f2 at which the power is half of the maximum power (power at
resonance), i.e., f1 and f2 are called half power frequencies.
1
Pmax
2
I
I = max
2
P
P = max
2
Band Width:
a) The frequency interval between half power frequencies is called band width.
Bandwidth f = f 2 f1
P=

b) For a series LCR resonant circuit,


1 R
f =
2 L
Quality Factor (Q):
Maximum energy stored
Q = 2
Energy dissipated per cycle
2 Maximum energy stored
=

T
Mean power dissipated
Or
fr
f
L
1
Q= r =
=
= r
r CR ( f 2 f1 ) f
R
Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in
Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks

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