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Integration Techniques PDF

The document provides information about integration techniques including: 1) Basic integration formulas and properties of integrals that students need to memorize as a foundation for integration techniques. 2) The techniques of algebraic manipulation, u-substitution, integration by parts, trigonometric integrals, trigonometric substitution, and partial fractions which are used to evaluate definite integrals. 3) Examples of applying each technique along with guidance on recognizing when each technique should be used.

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Asad Hassan
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201 views7 pages

Integration Techniques PDF

The document provides information about integration techniques including: 1) Basic integration formulas and properties of integrals that students need to memorize as a foundation for integration techniques. 2) The techniques of algebraic manipulation, u-substitution, integration by parts, trigonometric integrals, trigonometric substitution, and partial fractions which are used to evaluate definite integrals. 3) Examples of applying each technique along with guidance on recognizing when each technique should be used.

Uploaded by

Asad Hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MSLCWorkshopSeries

CalculusII
IntegrationTechniques

Youhaveseenseveralbasicintegrationformulas.Youwillneedtohavealloftheseformsmemorized,
sincetheywillformabasisforworkingwithalltheotherintegrationtechniques.

PropertiesofIntegrals:
kf (u )du k f (u )du

f (u ) g (u )du f (u )du g (u )du

f ( x) dx 0

f ave

f ( x)dx 2 f ( x) dx if f(x) is even


0

f (b )

f (a)

g ( f ( x)) f ( x)dx

n 1

u
u du n 1 C
du
u ln u C
u
u
e du e C
n

a du ln a a

1
f ( x) dx
b a a

f ( x) dx 0 if f(x) is odd

udv uv vdu

g (u )du

IntegrationRules:
du u C

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx


a

f ( x) dx f ( x) dx

sin u du cos u C
cos u du sin u C
sec u du tan u C
csc u cot u C
csc u cot u du csc u C
sec u tan u du sec u C
2

du
1
u
arctan C
2
u
a
a
du
u
a 2 u 2 arcsin a C
u
1
du
u u 2 a 2 a arc sec a C

Trig Formulas:
tan x

sin x
cos x

sec x

1
cos x

cos( x ) cos( x )

sin 2 ( x) cos 2 ( x) 1

cos 2 ( x) 12 1 cos(2 x) cot x

cos x
sin x

csc x

1
sin x

sin( x ) sin( x )

tan 2 ( x) 1 sec 2 ( x)

sin 2 ( x) 12 1 cos(2 x)

Formorehelp,visithttp://mslc.osu.edu

Secondtechnique:USubstitution
Firsttechnique:AlgebraicManipulation
Letu=f(x)
MultiplybytheConjugate
du=f(x)dx
Factor
Changeeverythingintheintegralfrom
Rationalize
xstous,eventhedx
Other

AlgebraandUSub:Sohowdoyourecognizewhentodoeachofthesetechniques?Practice,Practice,
Practice!!Evaluatethefollowingintegrals.Allofthemcanbedonebyusingalgebraicmanipulations
andusubstitutions.

1.

4
x 2 9 dx

4.

x3
x 2 3 dx

2.

4x
x 2 9 dx

5.

1
dx
e x

3.

6.

4 x2
x 2 9 dx

x
dx
x3

Formorehelp,visithttp://mslc.osu.edu

IntegrationbyParts:Thisistheanalogoftheproductruleforderivatives.Integrationbypartsisavery
powerfulmethod,andisusedextensivelyinmanyapplications.

FormulaforIBP:

udv uv vdu

Knowingwhichfunctiontocalluandwhichtocalldvtakessomepractice.Hereisageneralguide:

InverseTrigFunction ( sin 1 x, arccos x, etc )

LogarithmicFunctions ( log 3x, ln( x 1), etc )

AlgebraicFunctions
TrigFunctions

( x 3 , x 5,1/ x, etc )
( sin(5 x), tan( x), etc )

dv

ExponentialFunctions ( e3 x ,53 x , etc )

Functionsthatappearatthetopofthelistaremoreliketobeu,functionsatthebottomofthelistare
moreliketobedv.

1. ln xdx

2. 3 xe 2 x dx

3. tan 1 ( x)dx

4. x 3 ln x 4 dx

5. x 2 cos xdx

Formorehelp,visithttp://mslc.osu.edu

TrigIntegrals:

Integralsinvolvingsin(x)andcos(x):

1.

2.

3.

Ifthepowerofthesineisoddandpositive:
Goal: u cos x
i. Savea du sin( x ) dx
ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto cos( x ) (using sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x .)

Ifthepowerofthecosineisoddandpositive:
Goal: u sin x
i. Savea du cos( x ) dx
ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto sin( x ) (using cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x .)

Ifboth sin( x ) and cos( x ) haveevenpowers:


Usethehalfangleidentities:
sin ( x )
2

i.

1
2

1 cos(2 x ) ii. cos

( x)

1
2

1 cos(2 x )

Integralsinvolvingsec(x)andtan(x):

1.

Ifthepowerof sec( x ) isevenandpositive:


Goal: u tan x
i. Savea du sec ( x ) dx
2

ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto tan( x ) (using sec x 1 tan x .)

Ifthepowerof tan( x ) isoddandpositive:


Goal: u sec( x )
i. Savea du sec( x ) tan( x ) dx
2

2.

3.

ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto sec( x ) (using sec x 1 tan x .)

Ifthereareno sec( x ) factorsandthepoweron tan( x ) isevenandpositive:

4.

Use sec x 1 tan x toconvertone tan ( x ) toa sec ( x ) .Repeatifnecessary.

Ifnothingelseworks,tryconvertingeverythingto sin( x ) and cos( x )

Rulesforsec(x)andtan(x)alsoworkforcsc(x)andcot(x)withappropriatenegativesigns.

Formorehelp,visithttp://mslc.osu.edu

Integratethefollowingtrigintegrals:
1.

sin cos d

3.

3
sec 5 x tan 5x dx

5.

2.

4.

tan x sec x dx
2

sin 3 x
dx
cos x

cot( x)

csc( x) dx

Formorehelp,visithttp://mslc.osu.edu

TrigonometricSubstitutionWelovetrigsomuchthatweputitintointegralsthatdidntevenhavetrig
tobeginwith!!

Weoftenusethiswhenwehavesquarerootsthatwecantworkwithusinganyothermethod.What
wesubstitutedependsontheformoftheintegrand:

Expression

Substitution

Simplification

a 2 u 2 a cos

a 2 u 2 a sec

u 2 a 2 a tan

a 2 u 2

u a sin ,

a 2 u 2

u a tan ,

u 2 a 2

u a sec , 0 ,

Afteryoumakethesubstitution,simplifyandintegrateusingtherulesfortrigintegrals.Besureto
substitutebackwhenyouarefinished(drawingatrianglemayhelp.)

1.

16 9 x 2 dx

w2 3
dw
w

2.

9 x2

dx

3.

4.

x3

4 x2

dx

Formorehelp,visithttp://mslc.osu.edu

PartialFractionsWeareallfamiliarwiththeprocessofaddingfractions.Wemustfindacommon
denominatorandthenwejustaddthenumerators.Sometimes,whenweareintegrating,itwouldbe
helpfultobeabletounaddfractions.Thisiswherepartialfractionscomesin.Wewanttodetermine
which(simpler)fractionscouldbeaddedtogethertogetouroriginalfraction.

For a proper rational function in reduced form, suppose the repeated


linear factor ( x r )n appears in the denominator. Then, the partial
fraction decomposition contains the sum
A3
An
A2
A1

...
2
3
(x r) (x r) (x r)
( x r )n
where A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An are constants to be determined. (These constants
are often labeled A, B, C , D, etc.)
For a proper rational function in reduced form, suppose the repeated
irreducible quadratic factor (ax 2 bx c)n appears in the denominator.
Then, the partial fraction decomposition contains the sum
A3 x B3
An x Bn
A1 x B1
A2 x B2

...
2
2
2
2
3
(ax bx c) (ax bx c) (ax bx c)
(ax 2 bx c) n
where A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An and B1 , B2 , B3 ,..., Bn are constants to be determined.
(These constants are often labeled A, B, C , D, etc.)

Examples:

1. Findthegeneralformofthepartialfractiondecomposition.(Donotsolveforanycoefficients).

2. Evaluatetheintegral

x18 3 x 2 1

( x 2 3 x) 2 ( x 2 x 6)3 ( x 2 x 1) 2

x3 5 x 2 x 3
x 4 1 dx

Formorehelp,visithttp://mslc.osu.edu

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