ESc201A: Introduction to

Electronics

Circuit Fundamentals

1
Resistance

v (t ) R i (t )
Ohm’s law

The constant, R, is called the resistance of the component and

is measured in units of Ohm (Ω)

2
Resistance

v (t ) R i (t )
Ohm’s law

The constant, R, is called the resistance of the component and

is measured in units of Ohm (Ω)

R
Resistor Symbol:
3
Conductance

v (t ) R i (t )

4
Conductance

v (t ) R i (t )
v(t )
i (t )  G v (t )
R
Ernst Werner von Siemens
G = 1/R is called conductance and its unit 1816-1892
is Siemens (S)
5
 v
R
i
i
G
v

6
Resistance Related to Physical Parameters

L
R  
A

Resistance is affected by the dimensions and geometry of

the resistor as well as the particular material used

7
Resistance Related to Physical Parameters

L
R  
A

Resistance is affected by the dimensions and geometry of

the resistor as well as the particular material used

ρ is the resistivity of the material in ohm meters [Ω-m]

– Conductors (Aluminum, Carbon, Copper, Gold)
– Insulators (Glass, Teflon)
– Semiconductors (Silicon)
8
Any electrical element which obeys ohms law can be modeled
as a resistor

9
Any electrical element which obeys ohms law can be modeled
as a resistor

Can we model an electric bulb as a resistor?

10
Electrical Bulb

Even though characteristics are non-linear, over a certain

range, the bulb can be thought of as a resistor
11
Power and Energy

12V
Q

How much energy does the

0V charge Q transfer as it travels through the
element ?

12
Power and Energy

12V
Q

How much energy does the

0V charge Q transfer as it travels through the
element ?
Ans: Q x 12 Joules

This energy is taken from the voltage source and delivered

to the circuit element
13
12V Q
I
I Q I t
t
X

In 1 second, how much charge flows through

0V the element X?
Ans: Q = I
 12V Q
I
I Q I t
t
X

In 1 second, how much charge flows through

0V the element X?
Ans: Q = I
Every time a charge Q goes from 12V to 0V it transfers energy
Qx12 J to the element X

Total Energy transferred in 1 second = I x 12 J

Power = Energy/time P = I x 12 Watts

Joules/second = watts P=IxV

15
 A charge of 1 coulomb receives or delivers an energy of 1 joule in moving
through a voltage of 1 volt.

dw
Let w represent energy v
dq

dq
i
dt

16
 A charge of 1 coulomb receives or delivers an energy of 1 joule in moving
through a voltage of 1 volt.

dw
Let w represent energy v
dq dq
i
dt
dw dw dq
P(t )   v(t ) i (t )
dt dq dt
t2
dw
P (t )   w p (t )dt
dt t1

17
Power
V1
I
P (V1  V2 ) I
X

V2

18
Power
V1
I
P (V1  V2 ) I
X

V2

If V1 > V2 then P is positive and it means that power is being

delivered to the electrical element X

19
Power
V1
I
P (V1  V2 ) I
X

V2

If V1 > V2 then P is positive and it means that power is being

delivered to the electrical element X
If V1 < V2 then P is negative and it means that power is being
extracted from the electrical element X.
X is a source of power !
20
Note on direction of current

2A X -2A
X

21
Examples
12V
1A P= ?

6V

22
Examples
12V
1A P= ?

X
P (V1  V2 ) I
 (12  6) 1 6W
6V

23
Examples
12V
1A P= ?

X
P (V1  V2 ) I
 (12  6) 1 6W
6V

12V P= ?
1A

6V
24
Examples
12V
1A P= ?

X
P (V1  V2 ) I
 (12  6) 1 6W
6V

12V P= ?
1A
P (V1  V2 ) I
X
 (12  6)  1  6W
Power is supplied by element
6V
X instead of dissipation 25
 6V P= ?
1A

12V

26
 6V P= ?
1A

X P (V1  V2 ) I
 (6  12)  1 6W
12V
power is being delivered to the
electrical element X

27
There is only one battery in the circuit. Can you find which
element is a battery?

28
 There is only one battery in the circuit. Can you find which
element is a battery?

A battery is a source of power, so Power dissipated is negative

29
 There is only one battery in the circuit. Can you find which
element is a battery?

A battery is a source of power, so Power dissipated is negative

Answer is C

30
Power dissipated in a Resistor

+ i
v i R v
i
v R R
- P v i
2
v
P i R2 P
R

31
Circuit Analysis

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

What is current in R2 ?

32
Circuit Analysis

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

What is current in R2 ?
Procedure:

Use Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current law

(KCL) to transform the circuit into a set of equations whose
solution gives the required voltage or current value
33
Nodes and loops

Node: A point where 2 or more circuit elements are connected.

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

34
A loop is formed by tracing a closed path through circuit
elements without passing through any intermediate node more
than once

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

35
A loop is formed by tracing a closed path through circuit
elements without passing through any intermediate node more
than once

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

36
A loop is formed by tracing a closed path through circuit
elements without passing through any intermediate node more
than once

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

This is not a valid loop !

37
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Sum of currents entering a node is equal to sum of currents

leaving a node

i1  i2 i3
Conservaton of charge!
38
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
N
Net current entering a node is zero i
1
j 0

Current entering a node is considered positive and current

leaving a node is considered as negative

i1  i2  i3 0

39
Examples:

i3 i4

1  3  ia 0 1  3  ib  2 0

ia 4 A ib  2 A 40
Examples:

1  3  ic  4 0

ic  8 A
41
KCL: More general formulation

The sum of currents entering/leaving a closed surface is zero.

i4 i2

R1 R3
VS R2 R4 IX

i3 i1

i1  i2  i3  i4 0
1
Series Circuit

Two elements are connected in series if there is no other

element connected to the node joining them

A, B and C are in series

The elements have the same current going through them

ia ib ic 43
44
A and B are in series E, F and G are in series

45
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of the voltages equals zero for any

closed path (loop) in an electrical circuit

Conservaton of energy!
46
Example

Loop3:  ve  vd  vb  va 0
47
Parallel Circuits
Two elements are connected in parallel if both ends of one
element are connected directly to corresponding ends of
the other

A and B are connected in parallel

D, E and F are connected in parallel

48
The voltage across parallel elements are equal (both
magnitude and polarity)

va vb  vc
49
Example

50
Example

 3  5  vc 0  vc 8V

51
Example

 3  5  vc 0  vc 8V

 vc  ( 10)  ve 0  ve  2V
52
Use KVL , KCL and Ohm’s law to solve the given problem

53
Use KVL , KCL and Ohm’s law to solve the given problem

+ v1 -

V2

Step 1  vx  v1  v2 0  vx v1  v2 KVL

54
Use KVL , KCL and Ohm’s law to solve the given problem

+ v1 -

i1 +

V2

i2
-

Step 1  vx  v1  v2 0  vx v1  v2 KVL

Step 2 v1 i1 5 v2 i2 10 Ohm’s Law

55
Step 3: Find currents i1 and i2

i1 vx v1  v2

v1 i1 5
i2
v2 i2 10

vx (i1  2 i2 ) 5

56
 Use ohm’s law : v = I x R

I1 = ?

+ + +
0.5A 1A
5V 5V 5V

- - -

Apply KCL at the indicated node

i1  0.5  1  1 0  i1 2.5 A v1 i1 5 12.5V

vx v1  v2 12.5  5 17.5V

57