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Hydraulic Machines - ME 311 by Dr. Muhammad Usman

The document provides an overview of Class Learning Outcome 1 (CLO 1) for the course Hydraulic Machines. It defines hydraulic machines as any machine that uses fluid movement to generate or use power. It then classifies fluid machines based on the direction of energy conversion (turbines vs pumps/compressors) and principle of operation (positive displacement vs rotodynamic). The key equations for turbo machines, including the Euler, Bernoulli, and energy equations, are also introduced.

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Muhammad Farhan Waqar Butt
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113 views

Hydraulic Machines - ME 311 by Dr. Muhammad Usman

The document provides an overview of Class Learning Outcome 1 (CLO 1) for the course Hydraulic Machines. It defines hydraulic machines as any machine that uses fluid movement to generate or use power. It then classifies fluid machines based on the direction of energy conversion (turbines vs pumps/compressors) and principle of operation (positive displacement vs rotodynamic). The key equations for turbo machines, including the Euler, Bernoulli, and energy equations, are also introduced.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Farhan Waqar Butt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLO 1

Hydraulic Machines - ME 311

by
Dr. Muhammad Usman
Class Learning Outcome # 1 (CLO 1)

The students shall be able to describe the


classification of fluid machines, recognize & apply the
basic equations related to turbo machines including
Euler, Bernoulli and energy equation relative to
rotating frame of reference
What is a Hydraulic Machine ?
• Hydraulics: Related to liquid moving in
confined space under pressure
(but definition is not limited to statement only)

• Hydraulic Machines: Any machines which utilize fluid


movement to generate power or use power to create fluid
movement.
• E.g., Pumps, Turbines, Fans
CLASSIFICAITONS OF FLUID MACHINES

Classification Based on Direction of Classification Based on Principle of


Energy Conversion Operation

The device in which the kinetic, The machines whose functioning


potential or intermolecular energy depend essentially on the
held by the fluid is converted in the change of volume of a certain
form of mechanical energy of a amount of fluid within the
rotating member is known as machine are known as positive
a turbine. displacement machines.

The machines, on the other hand, The machine producing


where the mechanical energy from mechanical energy is known as
moving parts is transferred to a fluid reciprocating engine while the
to increase its stored energy by machine developing energy of
increasing either its pressure or the fluid from the mechanical
velocity are known as pumps, energy is known as reciprocating
compressors, fans or blowers . pump or reciprocating
compressor.
Classification Based on Principle of Operation

• The machines, functioning of which depend on the principle


of fluid dynamics, are known as rotodynamic machines.

• They are distinguished from positive displacement machines


in requiring relative motion between the fluid and the
moving part of the machine.

• The rotating element of the machine usually consisting of a


number of vanes or blades, is known as rotor or impeller
while the fixed part is known as stator.

• Impeller is the heart of rotodynamic machines, within which


a change of angular momentum of fluid occurs imparting
torque to the rotating member.
Classification Based on Principle of Operation

For turbines, the work is done by the fluid on the rotor,


while, in case of pump, compressor, fan or blower, the
work is done by the rotor on the fluid element.

TURBO MACHINES
The word turbo or turbinis is of Latin origin and implies
that which spins or whirls around. Essentially, a rotating
blade row, a rotor or an impeller changes the stagnation
enthalpy of the fluid moving through it by doing either
positive or negative work, depending upon the effect
required of the machine
Classification of Turbomachines
• Turbomachines are further categorized according to
the nature of the flow path through the passages of
the rotor. When the path of the through-flow is
wholly or mainly parallel to the axis of rotation, the
device is termed an axial flow turbomachine.
Classification of Turbomachines
• When the path of the through-flow is wholly or
mainly in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis,
the device is termed a radial flow turbomachine
Classification of Turbomachines
• The term mixed flow in this context refers to the
direction of the through-flow at the rotor outlet
when both radial and axial velocity components are
present in significant amounts.
Principle of operation of turbines
Impulse & Reaction Turbine
Principle of operation of turbines
Impulse & Reaction Turbine
Concept of Relative & Absolute Velocities (1D)

Where V is absolute velocity of wind, U is frame velocity & W is Relative velocity


Concept of Relative & Absolute Velocities (2D)
Fundamental Laws
• Continuity Equation
First Law of thermodynamics
• Euler work equation is valid for adiabatic flow.
• Applicable for both viscous & inviscid flow as work
interaction on blades may be due to pressure or
friction forces
• Strictly valid for steady flow but can also be applied
to time-averaged unsteady flows with interval
being a large time.

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