Introduction: Basic Principles Take your choice of those that can best aid your action. ‘Shakespeare, Coriolanus 1.1 Definition of a turbomachine We classify as turbomachines all those devices in which energy is transferred either to, or from, a.con- tinuously flowing fluid by the dynamic action of one or more moving blade rows. The word turbo or turbinis is of Latin origin and implies that which spins or whirls around, Essentially, a rotating blade row, a rotor of an impeller changes the stagnation enthalpy of the fluid moving through it by doing either positive or negative work, depending upon the effect required of the machine. These enthalpy changes are intimately linked with the pressure changes occurring simultaneously in the fluid. Two main categories of turbomachine are identified: first, those that absorb power to increase the fluid pressure or head (ducted and unducted fans, compressors, and pumps); second, those that ‘produce power by expanding fluid to a lower pressure or head (wind, hydraulic, steam, and gas tur- ‘ines). Figure 1-1 shows, in a simple diagrammatic form, a selection of the many varieties of turbo- machines encountered in practice, The reason that so many different types of either pump (compressor) or turbine are in use is because of the almost infinite range of service requirements. Generally speaking, for a given set of operating requirements one type of pump or turbine is best suited to provide optimum conditions of operation, Turbomachines are further categorized according to the nature of the flow path through the pas- sages of the rotor. When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly parallel to the axis of rotation, the device is termed an axial flow turbomachine (e.g., Figures 1.1(a) and (e)). When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis, the device is termed a radial flow turbomachine (e.g., Figure 1.1(c)). More detailéd sketches of radial flow machines are given in Figures 7.3, 7.4, 8.2. and 8.3, Mixed flow turbomachines are widely used. The term mixed flow in this context refers to the direction of the through-flow at the rotor outlet when both radial and axial velocity components are present in significant amounts. Figure 1.Ivby shows a mixed flow pump and Figure 1.1(d) a mixed flow hydraulic turbine. One further category should be mentioned. All turbomachines can be classified as either impulse or reaction machines according to whether pressure changes are absent or present, respectively, in the flow through the rotor, In an impulse machine all the pressure change takes place in one or more nozzles, the fluid being directed onto the rotor. The Pelton wheel, of an impulse turbine. ‘igure 1.1(, is an example lid Mechanics and Thermodynamic of Turbomchiner. DOL snus. 1BLAHITA- 1241849 0001-2 1 Copyright ©2014 SL. Dito an CA. Hal Pabshed by Ever nc. Al ih reseed, Scanned with CamScanner2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Basic Principles Rotor blades Rotor blades ‘Outlet vanes Otiet vanes Flow —= Flow (b) (@) (o) Guide vanes Runner blades Flow drecion outa aitusor Vanelss afer Vote Imeter () Guide vanes vow Flow Nozzle ‘ka Inlet pipe S| Flow ' t Draught woo crater 4 wa (e) 0 FIGURE 1.1 Bramples of turbomachines. (a) Single stage axial flow compressor or pump, (b) mixed flow pump, (c) centrifugal compressor or pump, (d) Francis turbine (mixed flow type), (e) Kaplan turbine, and (1) Pelton wheel. ‘The main purpose of this book is to examine, through the laws of fluid mechanics and thermo- dynamics, the means by which the energy transfer is achieved in the chief types of turbomachines, together with the differing behavior of individual types in operation. Methods of analyzing the flow processes differ depending upon the geometrical configuration of the machine, whether the fluid ‘can be regarded as incompressible or not, and whether the machine absorbs or produces work. As far as possible, a unified treatment is adopted so that machines having similar configurations and function are considered together. 1.2 Coordinate system ‘Turbomachines consist of rotating and stationary blades arranged around a common axis, which ‘means that they tend to have some form of cylindrical shape. It is therefore natural to use a Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Turbomachines 3 (iv) According to the direction of movement of machines (a) Rotadynamic machines where the main parts rotate, (b) Reciprocating machines wh piston Or plunger moves forward and backward, (vi) According to the principl (a) Positive displacement machines. Examples: Plunger, rotary, vane and pneumatic pumps. (b) Centrifugal and propeller action. Examples: Radial, axial, mixed flow pumps and turbines. (©) Density difference. Examples: Air lifts, thermosiphon pumps and coolers. (d) Momentum transfer. Examples: Water jet pumps and ejectors. (©) Wave transmission of energy. Examples: Hydraulic ram, air or hydraulic brakes. (Viscosity difference pumps. (g) Gravity type pumps. Example: Persain pumps. (h) Mechanical advantage machifies. Example: Screw pump. (i) Elasticity principle. Example: Diaphragam pumps. (j) Miscellaneous machines. Example: Heat pumps. which they are designed 1.4 TURBOMACHINES Generaily in turbomachines the transfer of mechanical energy occurs into or out of machine in 2 steady flow process. Turbo means spinning or whirling around. Turbomachines include those types of machines which produce head or pressure such as centrifugal pumps and compressors and those which produce power such as turbines. In turbomachines, the fluid is not positively contained but steadily flows through the machine undergoing changes in pressure by means of dynamic effects. Hence, the other name for turbomachines is ‘dynamic’ machines. General definition A turbomachine is a device in which energy transfer occurs between a flowing fluid and a rotating element due to dynamic action and results in a change in pressure and momentum of the fluid. 1.5 PARTS OF A TURBOMACHINE A turbomachine is comprised of the following parts: (@ Rotor or impeller or runner )) Guide blade or’ stationary or fixed element or nozzle ii) Shaft Scanned with CamScanner4 Fundamentals of Turbomachinery (iv) Housing or casing (v) Diffuser (vi) Draft tube Kotor or impeller or runner Rotor is the rotating element of a turbomachine. It is fixed with blades or vanes and also called the impeller or runner depending upon the particular machine. For example, the rotating member of centrifugal pumps and centrifugal compressors is called the impeller. The rotating member of radial flow hydraulic turbines and pumps is called the runner. In contrast, the rotating member of axial flow gas and steam turbines is called the rotor. Energy transfer occurs between the fluid and the rotating member due to exchange of momentum between the two. Guide blade or stationary or fixed element or nozzle The stationary element or guide blade is arranged depending upon the kind of flow required. The stationary element is not a compulsory part of every turbomachine. The ceiling fan is a turbomachine and there is no stationary element. Shaft Either input shaft or output shaft or both may be necessary depending upon the type of turbomachines. For example: (a) Power absorbing turbomachine: only input shaft (b) Power generating turbomachine: only output shaft (©) Power transmitting turbomachine: both input and output shaft Housing or casing The housing is not a compulsory part of every turbomachine, When the housing is present, it restricts the fluid so that it flows in a given space and does not escape in directions other than those required for energy transfer. A turbomachine having housing is called enclosed machine and the one having no housing is called extended machine. Volute: It is a type of casing where a spiral passage is used for the collection of the diffused fluid of a compressor or pump. The volute casing is used in hydraulic turbines to increase the velocity of the fluid before it enters the runner. Diffuser A passage with increase in cross-sectional area in the direction of fluid flow, and which converts kinetic energy into static pressure head. It is usually situated at the outlet of a compressor, for example, axial flow compressor. Draft tube It is a diffuser placed at the outlet of a hydraulic turbine. For example, Francis and Kaplan turbines. a Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Turbomachines__ 5 1.6 COMPARISON BETWEEN POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES AND TURBOMACHINES In a positive displacement machine, the interaction between the moving part and the fluid involves a change in volume or translation of the fluid or both. Fluid expansion or compression occurs without an appreciable change in the mass centre of gravity of the contained fluid. Hence, in these machines the macroscopic kinetic energy change and momentum change can be neglected. Because of the positive containment, the moving surface changes the fluid volume, i.e. the fluid cannot escape from the boundary except by leakage. Turbomachine Positive displacement machine (a). Nearly static (b) Volume of the fluid changes. (b) Pressure and momentum of the fi changes. 2. Operation (a) Pure rotary motion of the mechanical (a) Usually it is the reciprocating motion of element. the mechanical element but some rotary positive displacement machines are also built. Examples: Gear pump, vane pump. (b) Steady flow of fluid. (b). Unsteady flow of fluid. (©) The fluid state will be the same as that of (©). Entrapped fluid state is different from the the surroundings when the machine is surroundings when the machine is stopped. stopped and if heat transfers and leakage are avoided 3. Mechanical features (a) Rotating masses can be completely (a) Because of the reciprocating masses, balanced and vibrations _climinated. vibrations are more. Hence low speeds are Hence high speeds can be adopted. adopted. (b) Light foundations suffice. (b) Heavy foundations are required. (©) Design is simple. (©) Mechanical design is complex because of valves. (@ Weight per unit output is less. (@ Weight per unit output is more. 4. Efficiency of conversion process (@) Efficiency is low because of dynamic (a) High efficiency because of static energy energy transfer. transfer. (b) The efficiency of the compression process (b) The efficiencies of the compression and is low. expansion processes are almost the same. (Contd.) Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Turbomachines__9 or dh = dul + pdv + vdp ee By using Eqs. (1.5) and (1.0), we have Tas = dh ~ vdp Tydsy = dig - YodPo an vat + Tats = ~5° 1.8 TYPES OF TURBOMACHINES ‘The turbomachines shown in Figure 1.2 are classifi 1. According to energy consideration (@) Turbomachines transferring rotor energy to fluid en energy to the fluid as in pumps and compressors. ied as follows: ergy, ive. machines supply Cy 0 Figure 1.2 Types of turbomachines: (a) if e : (a) Centrifugal pump. (b) Axial flow pumy ‘Ste turbine. (a) Pelton wheel. (e) Francis turbine. (f) Kaplan aon ee Scanned with CamScanner10 __ Fundamentals of Turbomachinory fluid energy to a rotor energy, ie. machines that extract (b) Machines transferring as in turbines (steam, gas, water). energy from the tl According to the direction of flow (a) Radial flow as in centrifugal pumps, fans, turbines and compressors (b) Axial Mow as in axial flow pumps, compressors, fans, and turbines (© Mixed flow as in Francis turbine. (d) Tangential flow as in Pelton wheel 3. According to the action of fluid on the moving blade (a) Impulse machines Fd energy is converted into impulsive force by changing the direction of fluid team turbine (De-Laval) and Pelton wheel. (b) Reaction machines The pressure energy of fluid continuously drops as it flows over the blades and the velocity increases. The fluid leaving the blades will exert a reactive force in the backward direction of its flow. This reactive force sets the blades in motion as in a steam turbine (Parson’s reaction turbine), Francis turbine, Kaplan tur! and Propeller turbine. 4. (a) Open or extended machines such as propeller, wind mill, fan. (b) Enclosed machines such as turbines, pumps and compressors. 5. According to the type of fluid handled (a) Water: Examples: Pumps, hydraulic turbines: (b) Steam Example: Steam turbines (c) Air or gas : Examples: Fans, compressors, blowers, turbines. 1.9 TURBINES The power generating turbomachines decrease the head or energy level of the working fluid passing through them. These machines are called turbines. 1.10 PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS ‘The power absorbing turbomachines increase the head or energy level of the working fluid passing through them. These machines are called pumps and compressors. 1.11 FANS AND BLOWERS The power absorbing turbomachines which continuously move mass of air, gas or vapour at the desired velocity by the action of the rotor. Also, there may be a slight rise in pressure across the rotor. 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