A

Project Report
On

TITLE OF PROJECT WORK

Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
by
NAMES OF STUDENTS
(Roll No.)

Under the Supervision of

NAME OF SUPERVISOR

to the

P G Department of Electronics & Communication

Engineering
R B S ENGINEERING TECHNICAL CAMPUS,
BICHPURI, AGRA

Month, Year
 1. ARRANGEMENT OF THE CONTENTS OF THESIS
The sequence in which the thesis contents should be arranged and bound should be as
Follows:

1. Cover Page and Title Page

2. Declaration Certificate by the candidate
3. Certificate
4. Abstract
5. Acknowledgements
6. Table of Contents
7. List of Tables
8. List of Figures
9. List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature
10. Chapters 1, 2 , …….ending with conclusion & discussion of major results.
11. References
12. Appendices (For such as Datasheets or descriptions of commercial hardware
/shoftware, and s/w code shall be placed in separate appendices)
13. List of Publications (out of the candidate’s present work)
The tables and figures shall be introduced at the appropriate places.

2. MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

The project team shall prepare, jointly with collaborators, a printed hardbound project report,
the colour of front of the report should be light gray with black colour letters.

2.1 Page Dimensions, Margins and Quality

• The page dimensions of the final copies of the thesis should be 290mm x 205mm.
Standard A4 size (297mm x 210mm) paper may be used for preparing the copies. It
should have the following page margins:
Top edge : 30 to 35 mm
Bottom edge : 25 to 30mm
Left side : 35 to 40mm
Right side : 20 to 25 mm
• The thesis should be prepared on good quality white paper preferably not lower than
80 gsm.
• Tables and figures should be prepared on good quality paper preferably not lower
than 80 gsm. Tables and figures should conform to the margin specifications. Large
size figures should be photographically or otherwise reduced to the appropriate size
before insertion but not to the point that they cannot be read or deciphered.
2.2 Certificate of Supervisor
The Certificate of Supervision of the thesis by the supervisor(s) shall be in
double line spacing using Times New Roman font size 12, as per the format shown in
Annexure I. The heading CERTIFICATE Times New Roman font size 14 bold in
the center should start about 50 mm - 60 mm from the top of the page. The main content of
the Certificate must start 5 to 6 single line spacing from the title CERTIFICATE.
The certificate shall carry the supervisor’s signature in original and shall be followed by
the supervisor’s name, academic designation (not any other responsibilities of
administrative nature), department and full address of the institution where the supervisor
has guided research scholar. The place and date of signature (left justified) common for all
the supervisors will appear below the signature(s) of the supervisor(s).
 2.3 Abstract
Abstract should be an essay type of narration not exceeding four pages outlining the
research problem, the methodology used, a summary of the findings, possible applications
of the research, and suggestions/directions for future research. The abstract should not
contain cross citations. It should be typed 1.5 line spacing, in Times New Roman with
font size 12 within the specified margin of the page. The heading ABSTRACT
should be Times New Roman font size 14 bold in the center should start about 50 mm
-60 mm from the top of the page. The main text of abstract should begin thereafter 5 to 6
single line spacing from the title ABSTRACT.
2.4 Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements shall be brief and should not exceed one page when typed in 1.5
line spacing Times New Roman with font size 12 within the specified margin of the page.
It should begin with title ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Times New Roman with font
size 14 bold as heading placed in centre should start about 50 mm -60 mm from the top
of the page. The main text of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS should begin thereafter
5 to 6 single line spacing from the title ABSTRACT.The signature of the candidate shall
be made at the bottom right end above his./her name typed in title case.
2.5 Table of Contents
The table of contents should list all the contents following this section. The preceding
section like the Title Page, Certificate and Acknowledgements will not find a place
amongst the items listed in the Table of Contents, but the page numbers in lower case
Roman letters shall be accounted for them. The title TABLE OF CONTENTS in
Times New Roman with size 14 bold as heading be placed in centre should start about 50
mm -60 mm from the top of the page.. One and a half spacing should be adopted for
typing the contents in a manner shown in specimen copy of the Table Contents as given
in Annexure IV. The main text of TABLE OF CONTENTS should begin thereafter 5 to
6 single line spacing from the title TABLE OF CONTENTS.
2.6 List of Tables
The list of tables should use exactly the same numbers and captions as they appear above
the tables in the text. See sections 3.14 and 5.3 for the style of titling, numbering and
placing of tables. The title LIST OF TABLE should start about 50 mm -60 mm from the
top of the page & the main text of title should begin thereafter 5 to 6 single line spacing
from the title LIST OF TABLE. Single spacing in Time New Roman with size 12 should
be used for the main content.
2.7 List of Figures
The list of figures should use exactly the same numbers and captions as they appear
below the figures in the text. See section 3.14 and 5.3 for the style of titling, numbering
and placing of figures. The title LIST OF FIGURE should start about 50 mm -60 mm
from the top of the page & the main text of title should begin thereafter 5 to 6 single line
spacing from the title LIST OF FIGURE. Single line spacing in Time New Roman with
size 12 should be used for the main content.
2.8 List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature
As far as possible, standard and popularly used symbols, abbreviations etc. should be
adopted. The title LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND
NOMENCLATURE should start about 50 mm -60 mm from the top of the page & the
main text of title should begin thereafter 5 to 6 single line spacing from the title. Single
line spacing in Time New Roman with size 12 should be used typing the matter under
this heading.
2.9 Chapters
Chapters of a thesis may be broadly divided into 3 parts (i) introduction, literature survey
and identification of problem and issues (ii) statement, formulation and presentation of
the problem, solution approach (iii) findings, results, discussion, implementation and
conclusions, and directions for future research.
 • Each part may be suitably divided into several chapters, and a chapter may be further
divided into several sections and sub-sections, sub-sub-sections. Every Chapter and its
sections or sub section etc should have appropriate numbering.
• Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.
• Tables and figures in a chapter should be typed in title mode in single space in Time
New Roman with font size 12. The titles of tables should be placed directly above the
table whereas the titles of figures should be placed directly underneath the figure in
the very same page which refers to the contents they annotate.
• Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed
directly underneath in the very same page which refers to the material they annotate in
case of the material requiring more space the same may be allotted on the same page by
increasing the footnote margin and it should not spill over to the next page.
2.10 Tables and figures:
By the word Table is meant the representation of tabulated numerical as well as non-
numerical data in the body of the thesis and also in the appendices. All other non-textual
material used in the body of the thesis and appendices such as charts, graphs, maps,
photographs and diagrams may be designated as figures. A proper representation of a
table or a figure and its placement immensely adds to the ability to comprehend the work.
Here are few suggestive guide lines in this regard which, of course, in no way substitute
the ingenuity and creativity of an author.
 A table or figure including its caption should be accommodated within the prescribed
margin limits and should appear on the page where its reference is made or on the
page following the page in case it is not possible to place it on the same page.
 Table and figures on half or less in length should necessarily appear on the same page
along with the text. However, they should be separated from the text both above and
below by double spacing.
 All tables and figures should be prepared on the same paper or material used for the
preparation of the rest of the thesis.
 Captions of table/figures may use characters, numerals or symbols in the title mode.
 Two or more small tables or figures may be grouped if necessary on a single page.
 Wherever possible, the entire colour photographs(s) may be reproduced on a full sheet
of photographic paper. More than one photograph can be included on a page.
 Samples of fabric, leather, etc., if absolutely necessary may be attached evenly in a
page and fixed/ pasted suitably and should be treated as figures.
2.11 Citation of References in the Thesis
Any work of other person or researchers if used either directly or indirectly in the
research must be appropriately acknowledged and indicated at appropriate places in the
thesis. It could be a journal paper, a paper in conference proceedings, a monograph, a
personal communication, or a book; in physical or electronic form.
The REFERENCES must be divided in three parts sequentially as given below
(a) The reference paper used in thesis
(b) The Name of books
(c) The URL name from which the content is taken
There are several standards for referencing. A candidate may chose one of his/her choice
with the consent of the thesis supervisor(s) but it should be consistent throughout in
style and syntax. A simple and commonly approach is suggested here.
A reference (other than a book or monograph) should be mentioned at the appropriate
places in the text of the thesis by the last name of the first author followed by the year of
publication placed inside a pair of parentheses.
(i) An improved algorithm has been adopted in literature by Jha and
Shanker (2009)
(ii) The issue of FMS scheduling along with balancing has been discussed by
Kumar and Shanker (2000a) while the interaction amongst the
objectives has been extensively investigated by Kumar and Shanker
(200b) and Stecke et al (1984).
 In case of a book or a monograph, however, the name/s of author should be followed by
the year within the pair of parentheses. For example,
Chopra and Meindl (2003) have dealt at length the analysis and design of
supply chain.
For the references having two authors, the last names of the two authors in the order of
appearance can be used while for more than two authors, generally the last name of the
first author followed by et al and then the year within parentheses is used.
2.12 Listing of References in the REFERENCE section
The listing of references should be typed in alphabetical order of the first author’s name
in single spacing starting 4 spaces below the heading REFERENCES in Times New
Roman with font size 14 bold. The name/s of the authors/authors should be immediately
followed by the year and other details. The references should be serially numbered,
separated by single space. The papers (in journal or proceedings) should be in sentence
mode followed by the name of journal (in italics), vol. issue, page (from-to) while the
book titles should be in title mode in italics followed by the place and publishers. E-
resources should have their proper URL. A typical illustrative list given relates to the
citation examples quoted above. For typing the references, Times New Roman with font
size 11 is recommended.
Jha, J.K. and Shanker, K., 2009. A single-vendor single-buyer production-inventory model with
controllable lead time and service level constraint for decaying items. International Journal of
Production Research, Vol. 47, Issue 24, pp. 6875–6898.

Chopra, S. and Meindl, P., 2003. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation.
New Jersey, Prentice Hall.

Kumar Neeraj and Shanker Kripa, 2000a, A theory of balancing mechanism for comparing the
effectiveness of imbalance measures in FMS loading, Proceedings of the Special International
Conference on Production Research (ICPR) 2000, Bangkok, August 2-4, 2000, pp 133-139.

Kumar Neeraj and Shanker Kripa, 2000b, Interaction among FMS loading objectives: a parabolic
relationship between workload balance and machine utilization, Proceedings of the Special
International Conference on Production Research (ICPR) 2000, Bangkok, August 2-4, 2000,
pp, 234-239.

Snyder, L.V., 2004. Lehigh University. [Online] (1.3) Available at:

http://www.lehigh.edu/~lvs2/download/vrpsolver.html [accessed 17 December 2008].

The Font size of the title Appendices, List of Publications of the Candidate,
Curriculum Vitae must be 14 & their margin from the top is 50 mm to 60 mm from the
top. Also the spacing of main content form the title should be 5 to 6 single line spacing
from the title.
2.13 List of Publications of the Candidate
The list of publications made by research scholar during the period of research
andpertaining to the thesis submitted for the degree should be listed in chronological
order in the order of international refereed journals, national refereed journals,
proceedings of the conferences, in the same style as followed in providing the list of
references (section3.13). These publications, wherever relevant should be referred to in
the main body of the thesis.
3. TYPING INSTRUCTIONS
3.1 General
• This section includes additional information for final typing of the thesis. Some
information given earlier under ‘Manuscript Preparation’ should also be referred to.
• The impression on the typed/ duplicated/ printed copies should be black in colour.
• Certain symbols characters or markings not found in a standard word processor may
be hand written using Indian ink or a stylus pen (in case stencil sheets are used).
 Corrections, interlineations and crossing out of letters or words is not permitted in
any of the copies of the thesis intended for submission. Erasures, if made, should be
neatly carried out in all copies.
• A sub-heading at the bottom of a page must have at least two full lines below it or else
it should be carried over to the next page.

• The last word of any page should not be split using a hyphen.
• 1.5 line spacing should be used for typing the general text. The general text shall
be typed in font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 12.
 single line spacing should also be used for typing:
 Long Tables
 Long quotations
 Foot notes
 Multiline captions
 References
• All quotations exceeding one line should be typed in an indented space - the
indentation being 15mm from either margin.
3.2 Chapters, Sections, Sub-sections, and Paragraphs
The format for typing Chapter headings, Section headings and sub-section headings are
explained through the following illustrative examples.
Chapter headings : CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Section : 1.1 OUTLINE OF THESIS
Sub-section heading : 1.1.2 Literature Review.
The word CHAPTER (no.) without punctuation should be centered 50mm down from
the top of the page. Two spaces below, the title of the chapter should be typed centrally in
upper case (capital letters) TITLE OF THE CHAPTER. The text should
commence 4 spaces below this title, the first letter of the text starting 20mm, inside from
the left hand margin.
The section or sub-section headings preceded by their numberings should be left-justified.
The typed material directly below section or sub-section headings should commence 2
spaces below it and should be offset 20mm from the left hand margin. The text can be
divided over paragraphs within a section or sub-section. Each paragraph should
commerce 2 spaces below the last line of the preceding paragraph, the first letter in the
paragraph being indented from the left hand margin by 20mm.
4. NUMBERING INSTRUCTIONS
4.1 Page Numbering
The preliminary pages of the thesis (such as Title page, Acknowledgement, Table of
Contents etc.) should be numbered in lower case Roman numerals e.g. (i), (ii), (iii), …. .
The Title page, however, will be treated numbered as (i) but this will not be typed. The
page immediately following the title page shall be numbered (ii) and it should appear at
the bottom center of the page, and so on. Pages of the main text, starting with Chapter 1
should be consecutively numbered using Arabic numerals e.g. 1, 2, … . All page numbers
(whether Roman or Arabic) should be typed without punctuation in the center of the page
20mm above from the bottom.
4.2 Numbering of Chapters, Sections and Sub-sections
The numbering of Chapters, sections and sub-sections should be done using Arabic
numerals only and further decimal notation should be used for numbering the sections
and sub-sections within a chapter. For examples sub-section 4 under section 3 of chapter 2
should be numbered as 2.3.4. The heading for a section or a sub-section should
immediately follow in the same line after the number with a single space in between.
Appendices and their sections and sub-sections should be numbered in an identical
manner using upper case Roman e.g. I, II, starting with Appendix I.
4.3 Numbering of Tables and Figures
 Tables and figures appearing anywhere in the thesis should, bear appropriate numbers.
The rule for assigning such numbers is illustrated through an example. If a figure in
Chapter 3, happens to be the fourth then Fig. 3.4 is assigned to that figure. Identical rules
apply for tables except that the word figure is replaced by the word Table. If figures (or

tables) appear in appendices, for example the third figure in Appendix II will be
designated as Fig. II.3. If a table is to be continued into the next page, then a line should
be drawn underneath an unfinished table and the phrase continued on page no… placed
on the right side and underlined should be typed just below the line. The top line of the
table continued on the next page should, for example read Table 2.1 (continued) placed
centrally and underlined.
While referring to a figure or table in the body of the thesis it should be referred to as
Fig. 3.4, Table 2.1, Table II.6, and so on.
4.4 Numbering of Equations
Equations appearing in each Chapter or Appendix should be numbered serially, the
numbering commencing a fresh for each Chapter or Appendix. For example, the eighth
equation in Chapter 2, should be numbered as (2.8) thus:
While referring to this equation in the body of the thesis it should be referred to as Eqn.
(2.8).
2
Vc
fc = k
Vc + Vw +Va
(2.8)
 ANNEXURE I

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Name of students (Roll no…..) has carried out the
research work presented in this thesis entitled “Title of
Thesis…………….” for the award of Bachelor of Technology from
Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam Technical Technical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
under my/our (print only that is applicable) supervision. The thesis embodies
results of original work, and studies as are carried out by the students
themself and the contents of the thesis do not form the basis for the award of
any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other
University/Institution.

Signature

(Name of Supervisor)

(Designation)

(Address)

Place :

Date:
 Annexure – II

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another
person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any
other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except
where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

S.No. Student Name Roll No. Signature

4
 (Example)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.

Declaration ii
Certificate i ii
Abstract iv
Acknowledgements v
Dedication (optional) vi
List of Tables vii
List of Figures xv
List of Symbols and Abbreviations xxiii

CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM,

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM etc.).............................................................. 1
1.1. ................................................................................................................. 5
1.2. ................................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER 2 (OTHER MAIN HEADING) ......................................................... 13
3.1. .................................................................................................................. 15
3.2. .................................................................................................................. 17
3.2.1. ......................................................................................................... 19
3.2.2. ......................................................................................................... 20
3.2.2.1. ................................................................................................ 21
3.2.2.2. .......................................................................................... 22
3.3. ................................................................................................................. 23
CHAPTER 4 (OTHER MAIN HEADING) ......................................................... 30
4.1. ................................................................................................................ 36
4.2. ................................................................................................................ 39
CHAPTER 5 (CONCLUSIONS) ......................................................................... 40
APPENDIX A ......................................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX B ......................................................................................................... 47
REFERENCES... .................................................................................................... 49
 (Example)

LIST OF SYMBOLS

[x] Integer value of x.

≠ Not Equal

 Belongs to

€ Euro- A Currency

_ Optical distance

_o Optical thickness or optical half thickness

 (Example)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AAM Active Appearance Model

ICA Independent Component Analysis

ISC Increment Sign Correlation

PCA Principal Component Analysis

ROC Receiver Operating Characteristics

 (Example of References)

REFERNCES
Examples of Journal Article referencing:

1. Drucker, D. C., "Photoelastic Separation of Principal Stresses by Oblique Incidence", Journal

of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 65, pp. 156-160, 1943.

2. Maiers, J., and Sherif, Y. S. , "Application of Fuzzy Set Theory," IEEE Transactions on
Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. SMC-15, No.1, pp. 41-48, 1985.

Example of Book referencing:

3. Doe, N., Control System Principles, New York: John Wiley, 1999.

Example of Referencing of an Article in a Book:

4. Hwang, C. J., "Rule-based Process Control," in E. Kumarmangalam and L. A. Zadeh (Eds.),

Approximate Reasoning in Intelligent Systems, Decision and Control, pp. 145-158,
Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987.

Example of referencing of a B. Tech. Report:

5. Nayak, T., "Application of Neural Networks to Nuclear Reactors," M.Sc. Report, U.P.
Technical University, 2005.

Example of referencing of a Ph. D. Dissertation:

6. Muskìn, H. L., "Development of A Knowledge-Based System for a Nuclear Power Plant," Ph.D.
Dissertation, U. P. Technical University, 2003.

Example of referencing of a Conference Paper :

7. Lokhande, R., Arya, K. V., and Gupta, P., "Identification of Parameters and Restoration of Motion
Blurred Images", Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2006), pp.
89-95, Dijon, France, April 2- 7, 2006.

Example of referencing of a Paper presented at Conference but not Published :

8. Lokhande, R., and Gupta, P., "Identification of Parameters of Motion Images", presented at 5th
International Conference on Cyber Systems, New Delhi, India, April 12- 17, 2004

Example of referencing of a Report [Technical, Internal, or Memoranda]: :

9. Das, A. R., Murthy D., and Badrinath J., A Comparison of Different Biometrics Traits, RSRE
Memorandum No. 4157, RSRE Malvern, 2001.

Example of referencing of a Manual

10. Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, Transmission System for Communications, Bell
Telephone Laboratories, 1995.

Example of referencing of a Class Note

11. "Signal integrity and interconnects for high-speed applications," class notes for ECE 497- JS,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign,
Winter 1997.

Example of referencing of a Private Communication

12. Banerjee, T., (Private Communication), 1998

Example of referencing of an Article from Internet

13. Biometrics Group, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, "Multimodal Biometrics System,"
December 2006, http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/biometrics.html

14. Gupta, P. (pg@iitk.ac.in), "Biometrics System," Usenet post to sci.electronics.design, July 4, 2007.

Example of referencing of an Article from Catalog

15. Catalog No. MWM-1, Microwave Components, M. W. Microwave Corp., Brooklyn, NY

Example of referencing of an Article from Application Note

16. Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp. 25-29.

Example of referencing of an Article from Application Note

17. Kar, K. and Majumder, D., "Fuzzy Controller Component," U. S. Patent 23,160,040, December 21,
2006.