Level 2.

z1
Problem CO2_1. Find (a) z1 + z 2 ; (b) z1 − z 2 ; (c) z1 z 2 ; (d) , when z1 = 4 + i , z 2 = 2 + 3i .
z2

11 10
Answer: (a) 6 + 4i ; (b) 2 − 2i ; (c) 5 + 14i ; (d) − i.
13 13

Explanation: (a) z1 + z2 = (4 + i) + (2 + 3i) = 6 + 4i

(b) z1 − z2 = (4 + i) − (2 + 3i) = 2 − 2i
(c) z1z2 = (4 + i) ⋅ (2 + 3i) = 8 + 3i2 + 12i + 2i = 5 + 14i

(d)
z1
=
4+i
=
(4 + i)(2 − 3i) = (8 + 3) + (2 − 12)i = 11 − 10 i .
z2 2 + 3i (2 + 3i)(2 − 3i) 4+9 13 13

Problem CO2_2. Prove the following results above complex conjugates (a) z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 ; (b)

2; (c) z
2 1 2 1 2
(z ) 2 1 2

z1 = x1 + iy1, z2 = x2 + iy2 , x1, y1, x2 , y2 ∈R. Then

(a) z1 + z2 = ( x1 + x2 ) + i( y1 + y2 ) = ( x1 + x2 ) − i( y1 + y2 ) = z1 + z2
(b) z1 − z2 = ( x1 − x2 ) + i( y1 − y2 ) = ( x1 − x2 ) − i( y1 − y2 ) = z1 − z2
(c) z1z2 = ( x1x2 − y1 y2 ) + i( x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) =
= ( x1x2 − y1 y2 ) − i( x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) =
= z1z2
 ( x + iy1 )( x2 − iy2 )   x1 y1   x2 y2 
(e) z1 ÷ z2 =  1  =  + i   − i =
 x22 + y22   x22 + y22 x22 + y22   x22 + y22 x22 + y22 
 x y  x y 
=  2 1 2 − i 2 1 2  2 2 2 + i 2 2 2  =
 x2 + y2 x2 + y2   x2 + y2 x2 + y2 

=
( x1 − iy1)( x2 + iy2 ) = x1 − iy1
= z1 ÷ z2
x22 + y22 x2 − iy2
 1 1
(d) Identity   = follows from (e) with z 1 = 1 and z2 = z .
 z  (z )
(f) Identity 5z = 5 z follows from (c) with z 1 = 5 and z2 = z .

Problem CO2_3. (a) a (α ) + b α + c = 0 , where a , b, c ∈ R and α ∈ C . Show that

2

a(α ) + bα + c = 0 .
2

(b) Deduce that if α is a non-real root of ax 2 + bx 2 + c = 0 , where a , b , c are real, then α is the
other root of this quadratic equation.

Explanation: (a) Using the results in problem CO2_2 gives

 2
(
a (α ) + b α + c = a α
2
) + bα + c = aα
+ bα + c = 0 = 0 .
2

(b) If α is a non-real number, then Im α ≠ 0 . Hence α ≠ α , since Im (α ) = −Im α . Thus if α is a

non-real root of ax 2 + bx 2 + c = 0 , where a, b, c are real, then α is the other root of this
quadratic equation (see (a)).

Problem CO2_4. z ∈ C such that Re z = 2Im z , and z 2 − 4i is real. Find z .

Answer: 2 + i; − 2 − i .

( ) (
Explanation: Re z = 2Im z ⇒ z = 2 y + iy and z 2 − 4i = 4 y 2 − y 2 + i 4 y 2 − 4 , y ∈R )
z 2 − 4i real ⇒ 4 y 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ y = ±1,
∴ z = 2 + i or z = −2 − i .

Problem CO2_5. Find real x and y such that ( x + iy ) = 3 + 4i .

2

Answer: ∴ x = 2, y = 1 or x = −2, y = −1 .

Explanation: ( x + iy )2 = 3 + 4i ⇒ ( x 2 − y 2 ) + (2 xy )i = 3 + 4i
Equating real and imaginary parts: x 2 − y 2 = 3 and 2 xy = 4
∴ x 4 − x 2 y 2 = 3x 2 and x 2 y 2 = 4
( )( )
Then x 4 − 3x 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 4 x 2 + 1 = 0 , x real,
∴ x = 2, y = 1 or x = −2, y = −1 .

Problem CO2_6. Find the square root of z = −6i .

Answer: 3 − i 3, − 3 + i 3 .

Explanation: Let ( a + ib)2 = −6i, ( )

a, b ∈R. Then a2 − b2 + i(2ab) = −6i. Equating real and

imaginary parts, a 2 − b2 = 0 and 2ab = −6 .

9
a 2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ a4 − 9 = 0
a
(a − 3)(a + 3) = 0, a real ⇒ a =
2 2
3, b = − 3 or a = − 3, b = 3. Hence −6i has square

roots 3 −i 3; − 3 +i 3 .

Problem CO2_7. Find the square root of z = −5 − 12i .

Answer: 2 − 3i ; − 2 + 3i .

( )
Explanation: Let ( a + ib) = −5 − 12i, a, b ∈R. Then a2 − b2 + i(2ab) = −5 − 12i. Equating
2

real and imaginary parts, a 2 − b 2 = −5 and 2 ab = −12 .

 36
a − = −5 ⇒ a 4 + 5 a 2 − 36 = 0
2
2
a
( )( )
a − 4 a + 9 = 0 , a real ⇒ a = 2 , b = −3 or a = −2 , b = 3 . Hence − 5 − 12 i has square roots
2 2

2 − 3i ; − 2 + 3i .

Problem CO2_8. Solve the following quadratic equation 2x 2 − 4x + 3 = 0 .

1
Answer: 1 ± i .
2

4 ±i 8 1
Explanation: ∆ = −8 = 8 i 2 , ∴ x = =1±i .
4 2

Problem CO2_9. Solve the following quadratic equation ix 2 − 2(i + 1) x + 10 = 0 .

Answer: − 1 − 3i or 3 + i .

Explanation: Find ∆ : 4(1 + i) − 40i = −32i.

2

( )
Find square roots of ∆ : Let ( a + ib) = −32i, a, b ∈R. Then a2 − b2 + i(2ab) = −32i.
2

162
Equating real and imaginary parts, a − b = 0 and ab = −16. a −
2 2 2
2
= 0 ⇒ a4 − 162 = 0
a
(a 2
)( )
− 16 a 2 + 16 = 0, a real ⇒ a = 4, b = −4 or a = −4, b = 4. Hence ∆ has square roots
±(4 − 4i) .
2(1 + i) ± 4(1 − i)
Use the quadratic formula: ix 2 − 2 (i + 1)x + 10 = 0 has solutions x = ,
2i
∴ x = −1 − 3i or x = 3 + i .

Problem CO2_10. x 2 + 6 x + k = 0 has one root α where Im α = 2 . If k is real, find both roots of
the equation and the value of k.

Answer: − 3 ± 2 i ; k = 13 .

Explanation: Im α = 2 ⇒ α = x + 2 i , x ∈ R. k real ⇒ α = x − 2 i is the other root of

x 2 + 6 x + k = 0. Hence k = ( x + 2i)( x − 2i) and −6 = ( x + 2i) + ( x − 2i) .
∴ k = x 2 + 4 and − 6 = 2 x . Thus x = −3 and k = 13 . Hence both roots of the equation are
− 3 ± 2i .

Problem CO2_11. 1 − 2i is one root of x 2 − (3 + i) x + k = 0 . Find k and the other root of the
equation.

Answer: 2 + 3i ; k = 8 − i .
Explanation: Let z be the other root of x 2 − (3 + i) x + k = 0 . Then 3 + i = (1 − 2i) + z .
∴ z = (3 + i ) − (1 − 2i ) = 2 + 3i . Hence k = (1 − 2i) z = (1 − 2i)(2 + 3i) = (2 + 6) + i(−4 + 3) =
=8−i .

Problem CO2_12. Express (3 + 2i )(5 + 4i ) and (3 − 2i )(5 − 4i ) in the form a + ib . Hence find the
prime factors of 7 2 + 22 2 .

( )(
Answer: 7 + 22i ; 7 − 22i ; 32 + 2 2 52 + 4 2 . )
Explanation: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 5 + 4i . Then
z1z 2 = (3 + 2i)(5 + 4i) = (15 − 8) + i(12 + 10) = 7 + 22i ,
z1z 2 = (3 − 2i)(5 − 4i) = (15 − 8) − i(12 + 10) = 7 − 22i .
Hence z 1 z 2
2 2 2 2
( )( )
= 7 2 + 22 2 . But z1z2 = z1 ⋅ z2 = 32 + 22 52 + 42 . Therefore

( )(
72 + 222 = 32 + 22 52 + 42 . )
Problem CO2_13. If z = 3 − 2i , plot on an Argand diagram the points representing respectivly
z , z , iz .

Explanation:

Problem CO2_14. If z = 1 + i , mark on an Argand diagram the points representing z + 1 , z − 2i .

Explanation:
 Y
z z +1
1

-1 O 1 2 X

-1 z − 2i

(a) z + 1 = 2 + i
(b) z − 2 i = 1 − i

Problem CO2_15. Find z and arg z when (a) z = 2i ; (b) z = − 3 − i .

π 5π
Answer: (a) z = 2 ,arg z = ; (b) z = 2 ,arg z = − .
2 6

Explanation:
( )
(a) z = 2i = 2 cos π2 + i sin π2 ⇒ z = 2, arg z = π
2

(b) z = − 3 − i = 2 − ( 2
3
) ( ( ) ( ))
− 12 i = 2 cos − 56π + i sin − 56π ⇒ z = 2, arg z = − 56π .

Problem CO2_16. Find the modulus and principal argument of (a) 5 ; (b) − 5 ; (c) 2 − i ; (d)
− 1 − 3i .

2π
Answer: (a) 5, 0 ; (b) 5, π ; (c) 5 , − tan −1 (1 / 2 ) ; (d) 2 , − .
3

Explanation: In each case P( a, b) represents the complex number z = a + ib and θ is the

principal argument of z

(a)
z=5
Y
z =5
P(5,0) θ = 0 ⇒ arg z = 0
O
5 X

(b)
 z = −5
Y z =5
θ
P(-5,0) arg z = π

-5 O X

(c)

Y z = 2−i
z = 4 +1 = 5
O 2
θ arg z = − tan −1(1 / 2)
X
-1
P( 2,−1)
(d)
Y
-1 O z = −1 − 3i
X
θ z = 1+ 3 = 2
π 2π
θ = −π + ⇒ arg z = −
3 3
− 3
P(− 1,− 3)

Problem CO2_17. Express 1 − i in modulus/argument form.

Answer: ( 4)
2cis − π .

Explanation: z = 1 − i = 2 ( 1
2
− 1
2 ) ( )
i = 2cis − π4 .

Problem CO2_18. Express − 2 3 + 2i in modulus/argument form.

5π
Answer: 4 cis .
6

Explanation:
Let z = −2 3 + 2i
P( −2 3, 2 ) Y
z = 12 + 4 = 4
2
π 5π
θ =π − ⇒ arg z =
6 6
θ
 5π 5π  5π
z = 4 cos + i sin  = 4cis
 6 6 6
−2 3 O X
 π
Problem CO2_19. Write z in the form a + ib when z = 2 ; arg z = - .
6

Answer: 3 −i .

Explanation: z = 2cis − π6 = 2 ( ) ( 2
3
)
− i 12 = 3 − i .

π π
Problem CO2_20. Find z1z 2 and arg( z1 z 2 ) when z 1 = 2 (cos + i sin ),
3 3
π π
z2 = 2 [cos( − ) + i sin( − )] .
4 4

π
Answer: 2 2 ; .
12

π π
Explanation: z1 = 2 and arg z 1 = , z2 = 2 and arg z 2 = − .
3 4
π π π
z1z2 = z1 ⋅ z 2 = 2 2 and arg ( z 1 z 2 ) = arg z 1 + arg z 2 = − = .
3 4 12

n
Problem CO2_21. Use the method of mathematical induction to prove that z n = z and

( )
arg z n = n arg z for all positive integers n.

Explanation: Define the statement S ( n): zn = z

n
( )
and arg z n = n arg z , n = 1,2,K Clearly S (1)

is true. If S ( k ) is true, then z k = z

k
( )
and arg z k = k arg z . Consider S ( k + 1) .

z k +1 = z k ⋅ z = z k ⋅ z = z ⋅ z , if S ( k ) is true.
k

, if S ( k ) is true.
k +1
∴ z k +1 = z

( ) ( ) ( )
arg z k +1 = arg z k ⋅ z = arg z k + arg z = k arg z + arg z , if S ( k ) is true.

∴ arg( z ) = ( k + 1) arg z , if S ( k ) is true.

k +1

Hence for all positive integers k , S ( k ) true implies S ( k + 1) true. But S (1) is true, therefore by
induction, S ( n) is true for all positive integers n .
∴ zn = z
n
( )
and arg z n = n arg z for all positive integers n .

π π π π
Problem CO2_22. z1 = 4(cos + i sin ) and z 2 = 2(cos + i sin ) . Write down the modulus and
3 3 6 6
1 z 3
principal argument of (a) z1 3 ; (b) ; (c) 1 .
z2 z2
 1 π 5π
Answer: (a) 64, π ; (b) , − ; 32, .
2 6 6

π π
Explanation: (a) z1 = 4 ⇒ z13 = 43 = 64 , arg z 1 =
3
( )
⇒ arg z 13 = 3 ⋅
3
=π.

∴ z13 has modulus 64 and principal argument π .

1 1 π 1  π
(b) z2 = 2 ⇒ = , arg z 2 = ⇒ arg   = − .
z2 2 6  z2 6
1 1 π
∴ has modulus and principal argument − .
z2 2 6
 z13 1 1
 = z13 ⋅ = 64 ⋅ = 32
z 3
 1  z2 z2 2
(c) 1 = z13 ⋅   ⇒ 
arg z1  = arg z 3 + arg 1  = π − π = 5π .
 z2 
( )
z2 3

  z2  1  
  z2  6 6
z3 5π
∴ 1 has modulus 32 and principal argument .
z2 6

Problem CO2_23. Write down the moduli and arguments of − 3 + i and 4 + 4i . Hence express
− 3 +i
in modulus/argument form .
4 + 4i

5π π 1 7π
Answer: 2, ; 4 2, ; cis .
6 4 2 2 12

Explanation: Let z1 = − 3 + i and z 2 = 4 + 4 i . Then

− 3 1   5π 5π  5π
z 1 = 2 
 2 + 2 i  = 2  cos 6 + i sin 6  ⇒ z 1 = 2 , arg z 1 = 6 ,
 
 1 1   π π π
z 2 = 4 2  + i  = 4 2  cos + i sin  ⇒ z 2 = 4 2 , arg z 2 = .
 2 2   4 4 4
− 3 + i z1 z z 1 z  5π π 7 π
= . But 1 = 1 = and arg  1  = arg z 1 − arg z 2 = − = . Hence
4 + 4i z2 z2 z2 2 2  z2  6 4 12

− 3 +i 1  7π 7π  1 7π
=  cos + i sin = cis .
4 + 4i 2 2  12 12  2 2 12

Problem CO2_24. z has modulus r and argument θ . Find in terms of r and θ the modulus and
1
one argument of (a) ; (b) iz .
z

1 1  1 π
Answer: (a) = , arg  = −θ ; (b) iz = r , arg(iz ) = + θ .
z r  z  2
 1 1 1 1 
Explanation: (a) = = and arg   = − arg z = −θ
z z r z
π π π
(b) i = cos + i sin ⇒ i = 1 and arg i = . Then iz = i ⋅ z = 1 ⋅ r = r and
2 2 2
π
arg (iz ) = arg (i ) + arg z = + θ.
2

Problem CO2_25. Write 3 + i and 3 − i in modulus/argument form. Hence write

( ) +( )
10 10
3 +i 3 −i in the form a + ib .

π π
Answer: 2 , ; 2, − ; 1024 .
6 6

 3 1   π π π
Explanation: Let z = 3 + i . Then z = 2 ⋅  + i  = 2  cos + i sin  ⇒ z = 2 , arg z = .
 2 2   6 6 6
π
Let z1 = 3 − i . Then z1 = z and z1 = z = 2 , arg z1 = − arg z = − . Hence
6
5π π
10 10 10
z10 = z = 210 = 1024 , z110 = z1 = z = 1024 and arg z 10 = 10 arg z = = 2π − , ( ) 3 3
5π π
arg z 1 ( ) = 10 arg z
10
1
=−
3
= −2 π +
3
. Therefore

  π  π   π π π
z + z 110 = 1024  cos  −  + i sin  −   + 1024  cos + i sin  = 2 ⋅ 1024 ⋅ cos = 1024 .
10

  3  3   3 3 3
π  π 10
∴ 3 + i = 2 cis , 3 − i = 2 cis  - , 3 + i + 3 − i = 1024 .
10
( ) ( )
6  6

Problem CO2_26. Describe geometrically the transformation z → αz , where α= −2 + 2i .

Illustrate on an Argand diagram for z = 3i .

 1 1   3π 3π 
Explanation: α = 2 2  − + i = 2 2  cos + i sin ,
 2 2   4 4 
3π 3π
∴ α = 2 2 β , where β = cos + i sin . z → αz can be expressed as z → β z → 2 2 βz . Let
4 4
P , Q 1 , Q represent z , β z , 2 2 β z respectively. Then β z = β ⋅ z = z ⇒ OQ 1 = OP
3π 3π
arg (β z ) = + arg z ⇒ ray OQ 1 makes the angle with ray OP . Hence β → β z is a rotation
4 4
3π
anticlockwise about P through and z → α z is the composition of this rotation followed by
4
an enlargement about O by the factor 2 2 .
 Y
P(0,3)
π
3 z = 3 i , z = 3 and arg z =
2
3π π 5π
β z = 3 and arg (β z ) = + =
0

X 4 2 4
5π
3
αz = 6 2 and arg (αz ) =
Q(-6,-6) 4
αz = −6 − 6 i

Problem CO2_27. Obtain in the form a + ib the roots of the equation x 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 . Find the
modulus and argument of each root and represent the roots on an Argand diagram by the points
A and B.

Answer: x1 = −1 + 2i , x 2 = −1 − 2i ; 3 , π − tan −1 2 ; (
3 , − π − tan
−1
2 ; )
Explanation: Using the quadratic formula:
−2 ± i 2 2
x 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 ⇒ ∆ = −8 ⇒ x = = −1 ± 2i . Let x1 = −1 + 2i and x2 = −1 − 2i .
2
Then x1 = x2 = 1 + 2 = 3 and arg x 1 = π − tan −1 2 , arg x 2 = − π − tan −1 2 . ( )
A( −1, 2 ) Y

B( −1, − 2 )

Problem CO2_28. Show geometrically how to construct the vectors representing (a) z1 + z 2 ;
(b) z1 − z 2 ; (c) z2 − z1 , when z1 = 4 + 2i , z 2 = 1 + 3i .

Explanation:
 Y
C
5

B
3
z2 z1 + z2
2 A

z1

O 1 4 5 X

→ →
Let OA , OB represent z1 , z2 .
→
Then (a) OC represents z1 + z 2
→
(b) BA represents z1 − z2
→
(c) AB represents z2 − z1 .

 z1 
Problem CO2_29. If z1 + z2 = z1 − z2 , find the possible values of arg .
 z2 

π
Answer: ± .
2

Explanation:

Y C

+
z1 − z 2 z1 z2
A B
z1 z2

O X

→ → → →
Let OA , OB represent z1 , z2 . Construct the parallelogram OACB . Then OC , BA represent
z1 + z 2 , z1 − z2 respectively. Since z1 + z2 = z1 − z2 , OC = AB . Hence OACB is a rectangular.
Therefore ∠AOB = π . But ∠AOB = arg z1 − arg z2 (or ∠AOB = arg z 2 − arg z1 ). Thus
2
z  π
arg 1  = ± .
 z2  2
Problem CO2_30. On an Argand diagram the points P and Q represent z and z + iz respectively.
Show that OPQ is a right-angled triangle.

Explanation:

Q
Y

R
z + iz
P
iz
z

O X

Let R represent iz . We know that the transformation z → iz corresponds to a rotation

anticlockwise about O through the angle π2 in the Argand diagram. Therefore OPQP is a
square. Hence OPQ is a right-angled triangle.

Problem CO2_31. Show that z1 − z2 = z1 + z2 . State the condition for equality.

Answer: z1 = − kz2 , k > 0 , or z1 = 0 , or z2 = 0 .

Explanation: If z1 = 0 or z2 = 0 , z1 − z2 = z1 + z2 . Let now z1 ≠ 0 and z2 ≠ 0 . Then

z1 − z 2 = z1 + z2 − z2 − z2 ≤ z1 + z2 + − z2 − z2 = z1 + z2 with equality if and only if
z1 + z2 = k ⋅ ( − z 2 ) , k > 0 .
∴ z1 − z2 ≤ z1 + z 2 with equality if and only if z1 = −(1 + k ) z2 , k > 0 .
z2 − z1 = z2 + z1 − z1 − z1 ≤ z2 + z1 + − z1 − z1 = z2 + z1 with equality if and only if
z2 + z1 = k ⋅ ( − z1 ) , k > 0 .
1
∴ z2 − z1 ≤ z1 + z 2 with equality if and only if z 1 = − z 2 ,k > 0 .
1+k
Hence z1 − z2 ≤ z1 + z 2 with equality if and only if z1 = − kz2 , k > 0 , or z 1 = 0 , or z 2 = 0 .

Problem CO2_32. Use de Moivre’s theorem to solve z 5 = −1 . By grouping the roots in

( )( )
complex conjugate pairs, show that z 5 + 1 = ( z + 1) z 2 − 2 z cos π5 + 1 z 2 − 2 z cos 35π + 1 .

Answer: cos π5 ± i sin π5 , cos 35π ± i sin 35π , -1.

Explanation: −1 = 1 and arg( −1) = π . Hence the complex 5th roots of -1 all have modulus 1
π
and by de Moivre’s theorem one complex 5th root of -1 has argument 5
, the others being
2π
equally spaced around the unit circle in the Argand diagram by an angle 5
. Therefore the
complex 5th roots of -1 are cos π5 ± i sin π5 , cos 35π ± i sin 35π , and -1.
Then z 5 + 1 = ( z + 1) z − cis π5 z − cis - π5 ( )(
( ))( z − cis 35π )( z − cis(- 35π )) . But
( z − cis π5 )( z − cis(- π5 )) = ( ( z − cos π5 ) − i sin π5 )(( z − cos π5 ) + i sin π5 ) = ( z − cos π5 ) + (sin π5 ) =
2 2

= z − 2 z cos + 1 and ( z − cis 35π )( z − cis( - 35π )) = z − 2 z cos 35π + 1 .

2 π 2
5

(
∴ z 5 + 1 = ( z + 1) z 2 − 2 z cos π5 + 1 z 2 − 2 z cos 35π + 1 . )( )
Problem CO2_33. If z = cos θ + i sin θ , show that z n + z − n = 2 cos nθ . Hence show that
cos4 θ = 1
8 (cos 4θ + 2 cos 2θ + 3) .

Explanation: By de Moivre’s theorem and z n = cos nθ + i sin nθ and

z − n = cos( − nθ) + i sin (− nθ) = cos nθ −i sin nθ . Then z n + z − n = 2 cos nθ and
z n − z − n = 2i sin nθ .

( ) ( )
4 4
2 cos θ = z + z −1 . Then 16 cos 4 θ = z + z −1 . But z + z −1 = z 4 + 4 z 2 + 6 + 4 z −2 + z −4

( ) ( )
= z 4 + z −4 + 4 z 2 + z −2 + 6 . Hence 16 cos 4 θ = 2 cos 4θ + 4 cos 2θ + 6 and

cos4 θ = 1
8 (cos 4θ + 2 cos 2θ + 3) .

Problem CO2_34. 1, ω and ω2 are the three cube roots of unity. Simplify each of the
expressions 1 + 3ω + ω 2 ( ) 2
(
and 1 + ω + 3 ω 2 ) 2
and show that their sum is -4 and their product is
16.

Explanation: ω 3 = 1 . Since ω is a non-real root of unity, ω 2 + ω + 1 = 0 (it follows from the

factorization ω 3 − 1 = (ω − 1) ω 2 + ω + 1 . ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
Let z1 = 1 + 3ω + ω 2 and z2 = 1 + ω + 3ω 2 .

( ) (since 1 + ω + ω )
2
= ( 2ω )
2
Then z1 = 1 + ω + ω 2 + 2ω 2
=0

= 4ω 2

(
) = (2ω ) (since 1 + ω + ω = 0)
2 2
and z 2 = 1 + ω + ω 2 + 2ω 2 2 2

= 4ω = 4ω (since ω = 1)
4 3

Hence z + z = 4ω + 4ω = 4(ω + ω + 1) − 4 = −4 (since ω + ω + 1 = 0) and

1 2
2 2 2

z ⋅ z = 4ω ⋅ 4ω = 16ω = 16 (since ω = 1) .
1 2
2 3 3
Problem CO2_35. Indicate on an Argand diagram the locus of the point P representing z when
3π
(a) Im z = 1 ; (b) z − 2 − i = 2 ; (c) arg( z + i ) = .
4

Explanation:

Y
y =1
1

O X

Let z = x + iy . Then
(a) Im z = 1 ⇒ y = 1.

Y
(x - 2)2 + (y - 1)2 = 4

1
( )
A 2, 1

O 2
X

Let P represent z . Then

→
(b) Let A represent 2 + i . Then AP represents z − (2 + i) and z − 2 − i = 2 ⇒ AP = 2 ,
∴ P lies on the circle with the center A(2,1) and radius 2.

3π Y
4

-1 O X
y = − x −1
x<0
A(0, − 1)
 →
(c) Let A represent −i . Then AP represents z + i . AP has gradient tan ( 34π ) = −1 . Hence the
locus of P is the ray y = − x −1, x < 0 .

Problem CO2_36. The point P represent the complex number z on an Argand diagram.
Describe the locus of P when z = z − 2 .

Answer: x = 1.

Explanation:

Y
P

z z- 2

1
O (
A 2, 0
)
X
→
Let A represent 2. Then AP represents z − 2 , and z = z − 2 ⇒ OP = AP . The locus of P is
the perpendicular bisector of OA . Therefore the locus of P has Cartesian equation x = 1.

π
Problem CO2_37. z + i ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ arg( z + 1) ≤ . Sketch the region in an Argand diagram
4
which contains the point P representing z.

Explanation:
 Y

y = x +1
1

B
-1 O X
A -1

x 2 + (y + 1) = 4
2

-3
→
Let A represent −i and B represent −1. Then, if P represents z , AP represents z + i and
→ →
π
BP represents z +1 . Hence AP ≤ 2 and BP makes an angle between O and with the
4
positive x-axis.

π
Problem CO2_38. Arg ( z + 3) = . Sketch the locus of the point P representing z on an Argand
3
diagram. Find the modulus and argument of z when z takes its least value. Hence find in the
form a + ib , the value of z for which z is a minimum.

Answer:
3 3 5π 3
2
,
6 4
(
; −3+i 3 . )
Explanation:
 Y

3 3
P 5π
2
6
π
A 3

-3 O X

→
Let A represent −3 . Then AP represents z + 3 . AP has gradient tan ( π3 ) = 3 . Hence the locus
of P has Cartesian equation y = 3x + 3 3, x > −3 . Now OP = z . Hence the minimum value
of z is the perpendicular distance from (0,0) to the locus of P . Therefore the minimum value of
π 3 3 π 1  5π 
z is AO ⋅ sin = . Since AP has gradient tan = 3 , OP has gradient − = tan 
3 2 3 3  6
3 3 5π
when z takes its least value. Hence modulus of z is and the argument of z is when
2 6
3 3  5π  3 3  1
z is a minimum. Therefore z =
2
cis  =
 6
−
2  2
3 3
− i  = −3 + i 3 .
2 4
( )
π
Problem CO2_39. If arg ( z − 2 ) = arg ( z + 2 ) + , show that the locus of the point P representing
3
z on an Argand diagram is an arc of a circle and find the center and radius of this circle.

 2  4
Answer:  0 ,  , .
 3 3

→
Explanation: Let A(2,0) , B(−2,0) and P represent 2, −2 , and z respectively. Then AP and
→ π →
BP represent z − 2 and z + 2 respectively, and arg ( z − 2 ) = arg ( z + 2 ) + requires AP to be
3
→ π
parallel to the vector obtained by rotation of BP anticlockwise through the angle of .
3
 Y
B( −2, 0) O A( 2, 0) X
arg( z + 2 ) arg( z − 2 )
π
3 π
3 z −2
z+2
P

If P lies below the x-axis, AP must be parallel to a clockwise rotation of BP . This

π
diagram shows arg ( z − 2 ) = arg ( z + 2 ) − . Hence P must lie above the x-axis.
3
Y
P
z+2
π z−2
π 3
3
arg( z + 2 ) arg( z − 2)
B( −2, 0) O A( 2, 0) X

π
Since alternate angles between parallel lines are equal, ∠BPA = as P traces its locus. Hence
3
P lies on the major arc AB of a circle through A and B .

Y
P
π
3

C 0,( ) 2
3

π π X
3 3

B( −2, 0) O A(2, 0)

The center C of this circle lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB , and the chord AB
π 2π
subtends an angle 2 ⋅ = at C .
3 3
 2 4  2 
Therefore OC = and AC = . Thus the center of this circle is C  0 ,  and the
3 3  3
4
radius is .
3

Problem CO2_40. The complex number is given by z = t + , where t = r (cos θ + i sin θ) . Find
1
t
the equation of the locus of the point P which represents z on an Argand diagram when r = 2
and θ varies.

4x2 4 y 2
Answer: + = 1.
25 9

Explanation: Let P( x , y ) represent z = x + iy . Then

x + iy = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) +
1
(cos θ − i sin θ) =  r + 1  cos θ + i  r − 1  sin θ ,
r  r  r
 1  1 4x
2
4y
2

∴x =  r +  cos θ and y =  r −  sin θ . x = 52 cosθ and y = 23 sin θ . Hence + =1.

 r  r 25 9

Y
3
2

− 52 O 5
2
X

4x 2 4 y2 − 23
+ =1
25 9