Page No, | memes ina | Motix + A set of mn element Creal_ov Complex 4 tecteppuley cnrray oF m a { and cdum n need by a palor_o 1 Saxe brackets fs called a matrix of _ | oder m by 0, _usitten as xn - | [A= fou Gi ain \ Qo Qo2 Aan ‘| ’ . { Om ama Qmr |mxn 1 A= Toiy Jmxn Ie Row matter - fy med pe having only one row. leq. Az [-2 3], U Be foe FIy5 ke Column Madrfx 3- ii mocerfac tevtay only one Column e.g. A= [I A= | U ct sole 2 3x1 | % Zew of Null mabk ¢- A mabhe PA which oll || the elemenis ante zero T leq. A= re) B-lo o oO ‘a Lo? |i o 0 = oo Of. * Square Matix t- Novof wows = No: of Column ea! A=[2_! =[! 2 3] Oo 4-2 [oxo — s 6 Es) BAFi] be — Madte $- A Square ainohn whose | all VU non- diggonal elements _O1e Zero os | Called digaonal apt . leq A= [Vo o| B= |-1 0 | _ |U o 7330 Oo 2 0.0 2 & at least one disgonal element fs non zexn * Scalow Motfx 5-"A Square matfx Dhose oll | dtagonal elements cate same - Lea A= [2 0] A=[4 0 0 LY [o 2) Oo 4 0 1 0 04 I |e Tentity Metik?- A Square make whose ase | digaonlll elements axe tf leg Ja =f of} fre J |U vbot3 0 ll LO | x Upper Adangulers mato § ‘= + oH quare, maki Qa which U tt elemenks [bo The | diatonal axe arena 0 o Lo ou i = eg. A=l[l -2 6 g o 4 8 {| 0,.-) OS x Lower “fegguler matix srabove the diggona{ j U | oe zerd a Az [a3 0 = inne 2Page No, Date __& Trace of mab o. | the Gury _ sae i | ae @lemers ts a ope madtabe zl ee i fi MH 6- ve x “hanspose a mahi 2h modi obtained 4 Rnterchan jaf ol be Glenn (AL AY & | As [1 nD Then atv = fp 0 -y o 26 Het re ot 5 8.6 5S *&_Retermfnanks 2 _ The det at order on Se defined as det _(A)= ANT =[an, Aalecnine Yin | Oa) dae aon | ; J LOn, Ane 1. On | | minors z- Let ai; be eneral efements ef. g Ou agree! UU: The] de ° btafneal | olf j wk fe Mnor “4 chinents at Ca urna fs" Co¥led Crog ) { x Co —hactos 8 The, Co = Eackr of elem ent 4 ary ts dePined 3 L i + y Ct =O mi \ al—== eSiqqular mobi. \Al=o to Page No, Dote__/ _ rk “Tnverse 2 Syare matac 2. : A! js Be Rnvd Te of mmeceToa A ip ml A=An' =T \_ ix Adifnt | a ence a dean spose, of. | the YenatheV of iar A_Cadja) L | ves adj A at aes ‘i Gfacdoe J" r 7 J [ [x Rank ofa Mablx A c- ll “The no. of fon- zesw row in the vow echelon “firm aa met A que. the Loank | Te Ba by esanE (A) or CAD or f(A) [Note 2- “te lowest Frbo ow ‘echdon Madatoe |Asren “First Convert the given ematfie Prto | Ton LPP eo ARanaulerr Perk then try fo | Convert non zero V+to. Sze crows 4idm | bottom _coithout Suffering the alstedtt reduced _|“A Bod the gank of the allowing F £R Determine wank of mahix AT 3 sly Zt aly oer Sopa eed At) eee: 2 -) 4 on c r2 + 8ii,2, T's ‘sows echelon form 23 obtefnelt as R,— R2-2R, pi Re RQ+2Ry bE Az|i 3s 5 p 0. -t -6 OTe 12D R= Rat 22 | = 1 3 Ss | oO. -# -6 [Oo ov. 5 | ‘The no. of pon zen wows fr the above dw echelon Ce sin “Rank * of A =2 _ TRank (AD =z] APage No. Dote__/_/ _ - = 7 7 ut Deter tne, the rank. a be. Plowing mahfre, 3 2 Ss zi | pa [i 12 Hh qratne4 6 in SelM Ei Let A= ' ! 2 4 2 p26 os + holon i Qs oblahed 28 es Operation ._Ra—> Ra— ~ R, > Re —%_ Ranle Nullity the orem ¢- ; Statement ¢ oJ The arank —nullity tne orem Sh [Hhot the Sim ot rank ‘and’ Nulifly as | Breoctee}: ex Teneav frangjenendion f [cabal } do the ne. a Column “TR fg a metrix then iat 4 A+ nutty of & =No-of GClumn, 7 Nullity oF k= No- c Glumn 3A arokah vO > Bhd Nullihy 9 Moki “Az [3g 0 u| 3 . J an) 4 0 2 [oy Sol05 — Gwen A=[e 0° 4 : r é 2 0 } yoo 2 o 4 Oo R- Ri 8 aes |f\eromen/ 2° ao 2 oO tf a) =P r o & om f f= Sane ~ Ry Ry=2Ro_ ay =f, oe FE : [eo 2p f _ Je oo ae Lo ° 0 b a {Page No Dote__/__/ Nully ef A= No of Coluinn — Ranle A GN = 3-290 _ Finallthy s| A= iPage No Date i Efgen values & Euee vectors 3 Sheps 1) umgle the piven madi In) Reduce rqabthe Pnto the -form ob z. T Characteristics 2quohton Ro Atl2 0 hive TL Ye The Tdenty veclor. 5) Solve the character’shes equation Nive _gef i ~U Values Et Ab ee ; N= 8 db S.A — IAL = 0 7s called o3 Efgen value. i Gury of dfagonal element - Whale _§,—> be the 82 — be the Sum ‘of tthe mfnor oY dfaqonal element \Al —> be “the detest ant of AY Ge 4)Find Efgen vector by ush CA =Ar) XK =0 I “aod SA Cases ¢-1) Madsix fs jon=syromelrie & Don-vepeated eigen value. r x value . {s Syromneteix & Bon rrepeaded lpn ae DY Made i) ae Suet efi end crepeckd ehh I)_eClatot Ti) tladefe £37 nan_gymeete _§- refs | efgen value U\ Page No__ \ Date |Fnd the. en values & Een Vetjor he A=|3 1 th | o 2 & | Lojeus seine! Gwen A=I|3 ) 4 | Oo 2 6 ‘ oO Ox, Si | T's characterishic a fs LA-AT[=0 2g |3-M 4 4 [o 2-A= 1 6) 10 | 0 5- oO [ise A 5X43, ASIA So =O where i = Sum of Uggqonal elements 8 8 .= St2+S5 =lo [S.= 1o] ve Sum of minors, of Teqotal element . s=|2 6), 13 4 L, P3 1] Tea Flo nSmaben Lewes} hon 2b = _\o-o aes = lo +15 +6 = as+& [S22 31 ; and IAL= | 3 \ 4 | | © 2 6 os | aT SsPage No, _ date —— am Ae SA’ = S,A—IAl =10 AS— 10 A*431\ -30 =0 Loi [& A= 2,315 fe The mite elgen values sf thabix A Now the agen vectors _aste a by L A-AT]x=o0 } H ve: [3-4 ! 4 Tx]. je | ° 2-A 6 a2/= lo | —© [© ° S-A L%3 | Lo For N= 2] = @ = [3-2 \ 4 Te 1 lo © 2-2 6 R2 |=lo L oO: 5-2 | |X Jv to | Stitt 4{Tut Jo ° ° 6 Me | Leo a Jl) bf Shy +R, + 4e, = 0 | OX, + OX, +6xXy <0 ‘OX, +O%z + IXz =O % Gremeris sole, iis Fhe = ePweged,: |, a ee =k Le i ty] ha 4 [it fof] = (ro | fo ét. |! | ~~ : Lom = Xe = % =K i 6 6G o + [ i | f xXye] [eR] 64]. | — f | x | = | -cKR [= =) — | La | | o& Le] a | Pur KS = x, =| i Fy = is - a (aE por A=3 > [s3 1 4 Ty fel Oo. 2-3 6 x |= | ° 9 ° s-3\| [xs |: Lo] >To —-' &lful fo s ° -\ 6 wl =lo E oe 3 Fe fey =D OR, + Hy +4%X%s =0 OX), — X2+6%sz=0 Spee OX 40%. 42% =0 By Cramer’s rule , uaing flask 2 eqs ue af 2Haye Mu Bate 1 ' ~ ae yO IS y ii 1 { le me ot \_ I-| 6 oO 6 es =| — 2X + % +H%y = 0 OX, - BXy_ + 6X, =O - | 0% + 0X2 + OXz =O- . _ = By Coamers qule, Lutpy isk 2 9" we get, d g aePage No.___ Date_/ Lr = ha = 3 =k _ ju Ay jee a ral Fs 6] fo 6! [oi-3 |e ee ee =k | @-Cl2 > x12. 6 | se ete ee Oe | +8 {2 G [Xs = [tsk 6K (3: |. ! [ [iaR f= oof2 E | [6k To [tee k= 76 {| | %,= [3 2 1 | The required eigen vector Cosresponeling tb apo. values U2, 3S i ra ee As 2 MF | o} | Por A= 3 => Xoo fy T : : o l a 7 Oo [fr A=sSze el i 2¥ Page No. | } | Date__/ _ > Consistency of Nneaw System 4 equator ‘ | |) AX=6 fs the System of Non- Horopenes., Inrear egis @P BO _t lo) AX=o' [3 the 8ystem of homegencous ~ 24 uecton 8: oa - 3) c= [AiB] fe Tygmented matin . : 4) + Consistency 3- af aank’A = Rank LA: BJ 1D unique olufion . Rank A= RankCA‘Bl=n Uy= no-of vouable - W) TnPinite Solution _3- : Rank A= RankcA: BJ =e BRo- 28 [c=LA+ B= Si 2iity Tre Fy] OL WE to tas O -33 -21 | -4S + R= BRo le2TA:e 7 =|8 2.1 Ine I o 33 2) LES | © -33 -21 1-45BF =|3 c= CARB = a I o O- 410 o> Ro [Are] =[3 rte © x 12s ‘ oO oa }o Rank of A= 2 Rank of [Ae Bl=c Rank of A = a LA: 6) wT =Tank o oe N= no. oF vaxtable oe Rank qa = Ranks [A+ 8I =r_ Tdentity omah?Px. “fe ey. Yazfo -) 35 ee OU 3 2 oO “e -! 2 0 7 then Characterish'c tmnalrbe $s £ | A-AT = [2-\ =! \ 3 2-A 5 ib -1\ yy o-A Jo. Charackesfetic Polynomlol 3 - | “The colnemtal obtammed by expan dfog. the determinant !A-ATI] tg Called al chavacterishic polynomial : ie Chavactentshe — @uotion 2- : £ I The equavon VTA-AL\ =o is Colled - I Characteristic. < ssuotion, z me Characteristic Rooks ot een valued OO _- latent, ost = U ; eae a the equation [RovET=e Qie Called ¥ ayer values - | ee| own con Character He. -sguation -Cejlgy —tentlice —theeean eo ~ “Blalement 2 s- Ever mola sales 4 As ~ (eq. thus if Ais Square mothe ond if (UsS +o +34+5= 0 be Ps Chavoclerfsties Jequedion then fs called as to this theavern Me+OR+3R 452 =0 | =5A T= CAt+2A+4+3) | Av! = 1 ( R+2A43) | -5 A CA+2A4+3)+S51 =0 ACA P+ BA+ 3) = -5 A+ 2At3 = -SsA! 1 CAt+ 2A43) = is = i An = CAH 2At3) 6Page No. ig —— l Oates - —~ Going. [ ~ pete cayley HamiHon theorem for the mutix eee Also __ expres: - Ab ere fol. cw Lines Pebyncenial wy A. | Given A=[1 4 i tans | Charactesfete eq of matix A Ys LA -AT | =0 [ee we fiast Bnd Ay & AT [=> [1-3 q =d | | 2 3-A | = C I-A) (3-AN = 3 =0 i 3-A-3A 47 — 8 =0 [=> 3-4X+X7 =8 =0 |S A~4A+3-3 =9 [os WR 4A-5 =0 | 8y Cayley Vari thon Theorem , ; I veld Recclf hVe- we have -to prove That. | = % A>-4A-SI =0 -Page No. bote_ fy Now AT= A‘A'=[1 4|[1 44 ——— : \2 3 |[2 3 — 1338 At2 | M [p+6 ta+q |) =ja 6 1 St | Lhs =A—4A-S51 =a ‘7-4 @[-s]1o [8 iF 2.3 [o 1 = (Tee Ts [3 il [s [es £ 7 =|4 1% [3/4 i ]ays oy 8 Ft g i fo {| =fq 16)]- Tats 6+ | Sue Vip ste lo+s | =fa %]-174 i] Ls it] 8 IF = [To 0] Lao] LHS = RUS Hence afop = Hat lan Sense fs_vertfred. Now, Av— 4A FA% 4 A AHiot Mans aan DAP HILAT Alot AN - 5 R-2N_ oFOe APS At Fei AT A107 AP yal s Pe 2 AP +ILA— A-JoL aN = A3 (0) - 2A +ILA*— Alor = 208+ 8A +8A4+10A- 1A lor =2A CN-GA-ST)+3A- 11A- lor =2Alo) + 3A— 11 A-lor BAR 14A- lol A*—12A+A—ISL +52 3(N~4A-ST)+A4+ST ! Slo) +A+STL A+S5L AZ (A&A — 57 )-2 AP +IIA A-lol o's A 4 Al FA FIAT A lol | AST LTE AST 27 veuthy “Cauley Hare Hons | arc} d od (theorem + Hence. enpress [A= 4 ah 8 AT ANA RTaS 6 "ater _ Polynomial In -fr,! SoM I Ghen A=|l 2 ~~ 1 3 | | Chavacerteti ef? 's of modify fo {A- Ar =0 | isk a , [=] or \ = =) B-\D- C270 =) 3-\-3A+4)\ +2 =0 \ =) X-4\45 =0 ;Page No, Date — rs ust Coley = Herken Hisense NT Aim HAST =O OT" a k Vein 4 A= ACA zy | atatr 20Tr a] etre ate] 38 \ri 3 [Es 249 | | at= Fr 37 [4 # 4 |. LHS = Atl yAds rT | =f1 stat 2)]y65 fs I 4 -1 3 HH [= fi sty 8]4 [50] -7 +] [4 2] Jos] =f) e|- {fy 24-fe ost I <4 | [4 ey fe sth =f _s7= [as eo] jee] Fa-0 12-5] = f-) 9) e7 ba Fle #] = 0 | =fo © = RHS Oo oO [_ LWS= RHS Hence Squave_mohix fr Sallsfies tts oun || Characteishic ef: Ae Cagle = Hamilton them ts _vodfelMe GASES AL IDA +14 AD 2¢ Av Garis AG ORR 414A AT CRE A451) +3A4 2A? 414A | At (Co) SAP 12 A tISA— A> BA* CA GA4ST) — AX 3A Co) — AY ~-NH=4A+4A +51 -SL — CATH+HAtSI) - =4ATSE —(o) — AFSL -4A 451 ni [|e |e iwi ya fal 2. Ln AC-4 Re asA ID A 1a = —4At5T27 @ Stele Sylvestes Leavers fae Sylvester Themen | Stolement + TF a Syste “mabix ft eae dd valued Av, As, Age Mn. all ‘ace on PCAD I Polynomfal fy A the aes —~{ at PCA) = CoId CAC, A ee + ChAT, | ~ fan | where Co, Cy, cnt. d C_ de iGaceet eal Tfs a unfit matai / of _ordes n , then PCA) can be expressed fh the fon FcR) = Sy Prar ye Ch) ! AT-Al. oe | 4 (der) [vile at 6 (X= TAT- Al ox vil b(Ad= X= S.A +1Al I | Suvester theorem fg wee = | | To coh d {nvew a_ mot. zl |. Te 2 Les in creledfon. oo apes ? fav) win)» 2Avy= Ad : I FAI = [AL—Al | Brie 2) Een, value “| 3) eh yay MY CATA Z A p2(A) noe A at| Chost Cut Step of Sylvester 4h” re Sep to Hind Gulvesler theorem: = i) oO) = TAT Al 2) Fyen volue* i eo) 4 [ap TEA — Sy ZOD = se AT biAd | PURI ZOr) [pe PrAD= Dn ve)Page No. __| bote__/_/ || Using Sylvester th Theol eS Poe where A= [=I 4] L2 1 | Pes Given A=[-1 4 H 21 | TAT-Aj= Aft o] Fi 4] I oO [2 t] | =[A yf 2] | Lory to Vf | = [Atl -4 I L-2 7 A-l | @CA) = TAE= AL =o! [-pCA) = TAT AT” = [aE aia i Cant. 10.229 =°. | 2 _N-A+A-1-8 =9 —_ os =o [23 A=3 I. = B5- pe hee 3 aie the _dlfetinck l elyen Value af A: \| = GCA) = 2A| Page Ne 1 / oe Dote__/ “ons TS __.. ; = jas) are - — feo A+i | ey To > Ged sant? Lek PCA) = Stan A: stulog Gylvester's Theoserp ane) f A aS aera c Ase eT = POND ZAI FPO) 2 e = Paz es ee eS lan = Stans. sn 4 | 3 ken3a.Fa1 4 7 a2 2-34 2Z*Bi-1, : 2xC-3) |= 22 [2 ean 2] ee =a - 6 =6Page No. Dote__/ / HE AS ta Soy 7 1 vet 2 ain =(Sin2 A " Sylvester themem_- Sol, _ Given A= [é [AT=Al=Afi oT = Fr 31 Orie _ ! = [Ao f/-Fl 3] lo Aj [' = [A+ o-3 | [o. -tavsdtA 1] PAT -aj = [atl —3 La Arla o( AD = iar= Al=o pd) = Ta =3 [2 =i Apt | =) (dA-MCdti-3 = = _D*4A-d-1-3 = 9 => N-4 =one b= XR | [g'd7=2/ | T T-ay=|[a1 3 i 4 fA J LT att | Now 2) = reff TREATY Lea) L2(Ay) = [A= 3 = | Lt = LK | bE PAT = 2 oink fT 3 ay SubvestesS | thesrem . ie nJ > 5 > ir Pa) = FON ZO + PO STI E 2sinh= POY. 22+ P25: 2(-25 te 2s A= 28n2. [2-1 35 “2.5in'(-Z) [-2-1 3] 1 ar [t 1 rj. 1 -2tl | 2x2 axe? oo eeeeeee_NPage Na, _ Dote__/_/ 2sinf = 2 si2[t 8 [42 8tiho [-3 3] st 8 Tt = Sine 2-808) 2SINA = 2 aan 3 | 4 |~3 at | 7 Lh af fe 3 2 anA = | Sin 2 |1-3 343 | Dy 4 3-1 =1 Ome f2 67 I z 2% ! =e Sha [13 phe A= FA eal 2 I B = (Sina) A wo 2 Sm A= (Sm2) A | Hence proved.