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Physics Project

This document discusses logic gates and provides details about three basic logic gates: OR gate, AND gate, and NOT gate. It includes the following sections: introduction to logic gates and Boolean algebra, types of gates (OR, AND, NOT), truth tables and workings of each gate, and a bibliography citing relevant websites. The document aims to provide information about logic gates and their functions through explanations, diagrams, truth tables, and examples using electrical circuits.

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190 views13 pages

Physics Project

This document discusses logic gates and provides details about three basic logic gates: OR gate, AND gate, and NOT gate. It includes the following sections: introduction to logic gates and Boolean algebra, types of gates (OR, AND, NOT), truth tables and workings of each gate, and a bibliography citing relevant websites. The document aims to provide information about logic gates and their functions through explanations, diagrams, truth tables, and examples using electrical circuits.

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AIM :

PROJECT REPORT ON “LOGIC GATES”


Content
1)Certificate
2)Acknowledgement
3)Introduction
4)Types of Gates
5)OR Gate
6)AND Gate
7)NOT Gate
8)Bibliography
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Gaurav Bhaskar


of class XII has successfully completed
his physics project on the topic “logic
gate” as prescribed by Mr.Deepak
Jangir PGT Physics, during the
academic session 2019-2020 as per the
guidelines issues by Central Board of
Secondary Education – CBSE.
Acknowleddgement

I would like to express my special thanks of


gratitude to our principal Mr.Gajendra Joshi
as well as my teacher, Mr.Deepak Jangir
who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic , which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research
and i came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them.

Secondly I would also like to thank


Mr.Amarnath Lakhiwal and my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited time frame
and avail different books for making project.
LOGIC GATE :

A logic gate is a building block of a digital circuit. Most


logic gates have two inputs and one output and are
based on Boolean algebra. At any given moment, every
terminal is in one of the
two binary conditions false (high) or true (low). False
represents 0, and true represents 1.
Depending on the type of logic gate being used and the
combination of inputs, the binary output will differ. A
logic gate can be thought of like a light switch, wherein
one position the output is off—0, and in another, it is
on-1. Logic gates are commonly used in integrated
circuits (IC).
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has
only one output. The relationship between the possible
values of input and output voltage is expressed in the
form of a table called truth table or table of
combinations.
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of
algebra based on binary nature at the logic , this
algebra of logic called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A logical
statement can have only two values , such as high/low
,on/off ,closed/open, yes/no,true/false,
conducting/non etc. The two values of logic statements
one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0.The binary
number 1 is use to denote the HIGH value . The logical
statements that logic gates follow are called Boolean
Expressions.
TYPES OF GATES

There are three types of basic logic gates which


follows Boolean expression.

1.OR gate
2.AND gate
3.NOT gate
THE “OR GATE”

The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the fashion of
the logical inclusive "or." The output is "true" if either or both of the inputs are
"true." If both inputs are "false," then the output is "false." In other words, for
the output to be 1, at least input one OR two must be 1.

OR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1
1 1
1 1 1

The various possible combinations of the input and output of the OR gate can be
easily understand with the help of the electrical circuit , parallel combination of
two switches A and B is connected to a battery and a lump L.

The following interference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical
circuit is :

a)If switch A and B are open lamp do not glow (A=0,B=0)

b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0,B=1) Lamp glow.

c)If Switch A closed B open then (A=1,B=0) Lamp glow.


d)If switch A and B are closed then (A=1,B=1) Lamp glow.

As we see truth table we found same as it is observation .


THE “AND GATE”

The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is


called "true," the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and"
operator. The following illustration and table show the circuit
symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the
input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at right.) The
output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output
is "false." In other words, the output is 1 only when both inputs one
AND two are 1.

AND gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1
1
1 1 1

The various possible combination of the input and output


of the AND gate can be easily found with the help of the
electrical cicuit. Here a series combination of the switch A
and B is connected to a battery and a lump L.
The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit :

a) If both switches A&B are open (A=0,B=0) then lamp will


not glow. (y=0)

b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1,B=0) then lamp will not


glow. (y=0)

c) If switch A open & B closed (A=0,B=1) then lamp will not


glow. (y=0)

d) If switch A&B both closed (A=1,B=1) then lamp will glow.


(y=1)

As we see truth table we found same as it is observed


experimentally.
THE “NOT GATE”

The NOT gate is a one inputs and one output logic gate. It
combines the input A with the output following the
Boolean expression.
Y = A’
i.e. Y not equal A. The way, the NOT gate gives the output it
is also called inverter. It is represented by the symbol.

The Boolean algebra, the negative sign (-) is called NOT.


The equation Y=A’ called Boolean expression.
The possible input and output combination of a NOT gate
can be easily discussed with the help of electrical circuit.
Here, the switch is connected in parallel to the lump of the
battery. The following conclusion can be easily drawn from
the working of the electrical circuit.

a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump will glow (i.e.Y=1).


b) If switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump will not glow
(Y=0).

It follows that in the given electrical circuit , the lump


glows (or output is obtained), when the switch A is not
closed. Far this reason, the electrical circuit is called note
gate. The two possible input-output combinations can be
written in the form of the table. It is called truth table of
NOT gate.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.google.com
2. www.live.com
3. www.rediffmail.com
4. www.yahoo.com

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