SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

by

SAHIL SINGH AKASH VERMA RAHUL KUMAR GURPREET SINGH

(05315604916) (01115604916) (04315604916) (02815604916)

Under the Guidance

of
DR. RUCHI GUPTA
Assistant /Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DR. AKHILESH DAS GUPTA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
(AFFILIATED TO GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY, DELHI)
NEW DELHI – 110053
DECEMBER 2019
 CANDIDATES’ DECLARATION

It is hereby certified that the work which is being presented in the B. Tech Minor Project Report
entitled "SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM" in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology and submitted in the Department of Electrical
& Electronics Engineering of Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology and
Management, New Delhi (Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi)
is an authentic record of our own work carried out during the period from July 2019 to
November 2019 under the guidance of DR. RUCHI GUPTA, Assistant /Associate Professor.

The matter presented in the B. Tech Minor Project Report has not been submitted by us for the
award of any other degree of this or any other Institute.

SAHIL SINGH AKASH VERMA RAHUL KUMAR GURPREET SINGH

(05315604916) (01115604916) (04315604916) (02815604916)
This is to certify that the above statements made by the candidates are correct to the best of my
knowledge. He/She/They is/are permitted to appear in the External Minor Project Examination.

(DR. RUCHI GUPTA) Mr. Ajit Kumar Sharma

Assistant /Associate Professor HOD, EEE

The B. Tech. Minor Project Viva-Voice Examination of (Names of students) has been held on
……………………………….

Mr. Kumail Hasan Naqvi Dr. Parthish Kumar Paul (Signature of External Examiner)
Project Coordinator Project Coordinator

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 ABSTRACT

The project we have undertaken is “Smart Irrigation System Using Moisture Sensor”. This
project is taken up as India is an agriculture oriented country and the rate at which water
resources are depleting is a dangerous threat hence there is a need of smart and efficient way of
irrigation. In this project we have implemented sensors which detect the humidity in the soil
(agricultural field) and supply water to the field which has water requirement. The project is
microcontroller based design which controls the water supply and the field to be irrigated. There
are sensors present in each field which are not activated till water is present on the field. Once
the field gets dry sensors sense the requirement of water in the field and send a signal to the
microcontroller. Microcontroller then supply water to that particular field which has water
requirement till the sensors is deactivated again. In case, when there are more than one signal for
water requirement then the microcontroller will prioritize the first received signal and irrigate
the fields accordingly. The development of the automated irrigation system based on
microcontrollers and wireless communication at experimental scale within rural areas is
presented. The aim of the implementation was to demonstrate that the automatic irrigation can
be used to reduce water use.
A microcontroller for data acquisition, and transceiver; the sensor measurements are transmitted
to a microcontroller based receiver. This gateway permits the automated activation of irrigation
when the threshold values of soil moisture is reached.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep gratitude to DR. RUCHI GUPTA, Assistant /Associate Professor ,
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering for his/her valuable guidance and
suggestions throughout our project work.
We would like to extend my sincere thanks to Mr. Ajit Kumar Sharma, Head of the
Department, EEE for his time to time suggestions to complete my project work. I am also
thankful to Prof.(Dr.) Sanjay Kumar, Director for providing me the facilities to carry out my
project work.
We are thankful to Dr. Parthish Kumar Paul and Mr. Kumail Hasan Naqvi, Project
Coordinators for their valuable guidance.

SAHIL SINGH AKASH VERMA RAHUL KUMAR GURPREET SINGH

(05315604916) (01115604916) (04315604916) (02815604916)

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENT
_________________________________________________________

DECLARATION……………………………………………………...i
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………..ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………..…………iii
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………..….iv
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………..………v

Chapter 1:- Introduction

1.1. Introduction……………………………..……………………….1
1.2. Electric engineering……………………………..………………1
1.3. Motivation……………………………………………………….2
1.4. Objective ……………………………………………………..…2

Chapter 2 :- Description of the Project

2.1. Components Used………………………………...……………….3

2.2. Tools Used……………………………………………………….12
2.3. Softwares Used…………………………………………………..14
2.4. Methodology………………………………..……………………17
2.5. Circuit Diagram………………………………………..…………19
2.6. Programming Code………………………………………………20
2.7. Advantages…………………………………………………….…21
2.8. Applications………………………………………..…………….21

Chapter 3:- Result And Discussion

3.1. Result and Discussion……………………………………………22

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………...23

REFERENCES………………………………………………….…..24
iv
 LIST OF FIGURES
_________________________________________________________

Figure 2.1 :- Arduino UNO

Figure 2.2 :- Soil Moisture Sensor
Figure 2.3 :- Solar Panel
Figure 2.4 :- Relay Module
Figure 2.5 :- DC Motor
Figure 2.6 :- Working of DC motor
Figure 2.7 :- DC Motor Pump
Figure 2.8 :- Solder Iron
Figure 2.9 :- Tweezer
Figure 2.10 :- Arduino IDE Interface
Figure 2.11 :- Fritzing Interface
Figure 2.12 :- Block Diagram
Figure 2.13 :- Circuit Diagram of Smart Irrigation System

v
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction:-
Freshwater is needed for crop and energy production, industrial fabrication as well as human and
ecosystem needs. According to AQUASTAT database (AQUASTAT, 2016), 69% of the total
extracted freshwater is used by agriculture sector, whereas 19% is used by industrial sector and
the rest in used by domestic segment. Therefore, water can be considered as a critical need in
agriculture sector for future global food security However, continued increase in demand for
water by domestic and industrial sectors and greater concerns for environmental quality have
create a challenge to every country to reduce the farm water consumption and sustain the fresh
food requirement (Flörke et al., 2013).
Consequently, there is an urgent need to create strategies based on science and technology for
sustainable use of water. Industrialist and researchers are working to build efficient and
economic automatic systems to control water usage in order to reduces much of the wastage.
Arduino is a flexible programmable hardware platform and designed to control the circuit
logically. Central to the Arduino interface board is the main component of an integrated circuit
chip that can be programmed using C++ language. This microcontroller is an AVR type, which
produced by Atmel firm. The device can read the input, process the program, and produce many
outputs based on project requirements. In this chapter, the development of an automated
irrigation system based on Arduino microcontrollers is presented.
In this system, a soil moisture sensor is used to detect and check the soil humidity of the plant.
Based on the soil moisture level from the soil, the system will let the water pump to automatic
water the plant when it is too dry and turn off the water pump when the soil of the plant is wet.

1.2. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design and
application of equipment, devices and systems which use electricity, electronics, and
electromagnetism. It emerged as an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century
after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electrical power generation,
distribution and use.

Electrical engineering is now divided into a wide range of fields including, computer
engineering, power engineering, telecommunications, radio-frequency engineering, signal
processing, instrumentation, and electronics. Many of these disciplines overlap with other
engineering branches, spanning a huge number of specializations including hardware
engineering, power electronics, electromagnetics and waves, microwave engineering,
nanotechnology, electrochemistry, renewable energies, mechatronics, and electrical materials
science. See glossary of electrical and electronics engineering.Electrical engineers typically hold
a degree in electrical engineering or electronic engineering. Practising engineers may have

1
professional certification and be members of a professional body or an international standards
organization. These include the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and
Technology (IET) (formerly the IEE). The IEC prepares international standards for electrical
engineering, developed through consensus, thanks to the work of 20,000 electrotechnical
experts, coming from 172 countries worldwide.
Electrical engineers work in a very wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise
variable. These range from circuit theory to the management skills of a project manager. The
tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a
simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software.

1.3. MOTIVATION:-
In the world of advanced technology now various types of technology have been created to
facilitate the daily activities of man. As well as in agricultural technology, a variety of tools that
have been created to help farmers make their agricultural activities and get a good crop. To get
a good crop, one of the important things that should be there is land that has adequate fertilizer.
Adequate fertilizer can help plants produce good yields and quantities, to meet the needs of a
world that is increasingly rising in need of food and food production. To improve the quality and
quantity of crops, A automatic irrigation system should be used. This system will be used to
moisturize the crops when they needed without any manpower this promote the growth of the
plant.

1.4. OBJECTIVE
Our aim is to develop a controlled smart irrigation system to provide irrigation system which is
automatic for the plants which help in saving water and money. The main objective is to apply
the system for improvement of health of the soil and hence the plant via multiple sensors. In last
few years, remotely monitored embedded system for irrigation purposes have become a new
necessity for farmer to save his energy, time and money.

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 CHAPTER 2 :- DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT
_________________________________________________________

2.1. Components Used:-

 Arduino
 Soil moisture sensor
 Solar panel
 Relay
 Water pump

2.1.1. Arduino:-
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P
microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc.The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.
The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB cable or by an external
9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano
and Leonardo.The hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-
Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions
of the hardware are also available.

The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial release of the Arduino Software.
The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino boards, and it and version 1.0 of the Arduino
IDE were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The ATmega328 on the
board comes preprogrammed with a bootloader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of
an external hardware programmer

While the Uno communicates using the original STK500 protocol, it differs from all preceding boards in
that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up
to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter

Technical specifications :-
Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P
Operating Voltage: 5 Volts
Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins: 6
DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

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Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM: 2 KB
EEPROM: 1 KB
Clock Speed: 16 MHz
Length: 68.6 mm
Width: 53.4 mm
Weight: 25 g

Pins :-
General pin functions

 LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the LED
is on, when the pin is low, it's off.
 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through
this pin.
 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector (5V), or
the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the
regulator, and can damage the board.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.
 GND: Ground pins.
 IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with which
the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage
and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work
with the 5V or 3.3V.
 Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

Special pin functions

Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must
not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. The Uno
has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e.
1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to
change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference() function
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial / UART: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-
to-TTL serial chip.

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  External interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
 PWM (pulse-width modulation): 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Can provide 8-bit PWM output
with the analogWrite() function.
 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These
pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
 TWI (two-wire interface) / I²C: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI
communication using the Wire library.
 AREF (analog reference): Reference voltage for the analog inputs.

Figure 2.1 :- Arduino Uno

2.1.2. Soil Moisture Sensor:-

Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. Since the direct gravimetric
measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and weighing of a sample, soil
moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property
of the soil, such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a
proxy for the moisture content.
The relation between the measured property and soil moisture must be calibrated and may vary
depending on environmental factors such as soil type, temperature, or electric conductivity.
Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture and is used for remote
sensing in hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe instruments can be used by farmers or
gardeners.
Soil moisture sensors typically refer to sensors that estimate volumetric water content. Another
class of sensors measure another property of moisture in soils called water potential; these
sensors are usually referred to as soil water potential sensors and include tensiometers and
gypsum blocks

5
 Figure 2.2 :- Soil moisture sensor

Technology
Technologies commonly used to indirectly measure volumetric water content (soil moisture)
include)

 Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR): The dielectric constant of a certain volume

element around the sensor is obtained by measuring the operating frequency of an oscillating
circuit.
 Time Domain Transmission (TDT) and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR): The dielectric
constant of a certain volume element around the sensor is obtained by measuring the speed
of propagation along a buried transmission line.[2]
 Neutron moisture gauges: The moderator properties of water for neutrons are utilized to
estimate soil moisture content between a source and detector probe.
 Soil resistivity: Measuring how strongly the soil resists the flow of electricity between two
electrodes can be used to determine the soil moisture content.
 Galvanic cell: The amount of water present can be determined based on the voltage the soil
produces because water acts as an electrolyte and produces electricity. The technology
behind this concept is the galvanic cell.[

2.1.3. Solar panel :-

Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current
electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic solar
cells available in different voltages and wattages. Photovoltaic modules constitute the
photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in
commercial and residential applications

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through
the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells
or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer
or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most

6
modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells
must be connected electrically in series, one to another.
A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and it is its output interface.
Externally, most of photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors type to facilitate easy
weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Also, USB power interface can be used.
Module electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage or in
parallel to provide a desired current capability (amperes). The conducting wires that take the
current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition
metals. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading,
to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.
Some special solar PV modules include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or
mirrors onto smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such
as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.
Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of racking components, brackets, reflector shapes,
and troughs to better support the panel structure.

figure 2.3 :- solar panel

2.1.4. Relay Module :-

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or
multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any
number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or
combinations thereof.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal, or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-
distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit
by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and
early computers to perform logical operations.
The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but other
operating principles have been invented, such as in solid-state relays which
use semiconductor properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical

7
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed
by digital instruments still called protective relays.
Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate the switch persistently.
Another pulse applied to a second set of control terminals, or a pulse with opposite polarity,
resets the switch, while repeated pulses of the same kind have no effects. Magnetic latching
relays are useful in applications when interrupted power should not affect the circuits that the
relay is controlling

figure 2.4 :- Relay module

2.1.5. LED:-
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in
many devices and are increasingly used for general lighting. Appearing as practical electronic
components in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across
the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode
is switched on, electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form
of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the
energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small
in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. However, LEDs
powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive, and require more precise current and heat
management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive lighting,
advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and
sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications

8
technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products
including televisions, DVD players and other domestic appliances.

LEDs are also used in seven-segment display.

2.1.6. DC MOTOR:-

An electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.

Figure 2.5:- DC MOTOR

Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors
to generate force. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done by
generators such as an alternator or a dynamo; some electric motors can also be used as generators, for
example, a traction motor on a vehicle may perform both tasks. Electric motors and generators are
commonly referred to as electric machines.

Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools,
household appliances, power tools, and disk drives.

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DC Motor Working:

Fig 2.6:- Working Of DC motor [14]

Direct current (DC) motors are widely used to generate motion in a variety of products. Permanent
magnet DC (direct current) motors are enjoying increasing popularity in applications requiring compact
size, high torque, high efficiency, and low power consumption. [14]

In a brushed DC motor, the brushes make mechanical contact with a set of electrical contacts provided
on a commutation secured to an armature, forming an electrical circuit between the DC electrical source
and coil windings on the armature. As the armature rotates on an axis, the stationary brushes come into
contact with different sections of the rotating commentator.

Permanent magnet DC motors utilize two or more brushes contacting a commutator which provides the
direct current flow to the windings of the rotor, which in turn provide the desired magnetic
repulsion/attraction with the permanent magnets located around the periphery of the motor.

The brushes are conventionally located in brush boxes and utilize a U-shaped spring which biases the
brush into contact with the commentator. Permanent magnet brushless dc motors are widely used in a
variety of applications due to their simplicity of design, high efficiency, and low noise. These motors
operate by electronic commutation of stator windings rather than the conventional mechanical
commutation accomplished by the pressing engagement of brushes against a rotating commentator.

A brushless DC motor basically consists of a shaft, a rotor assembly equipped with one or more
permanent magnets arranged on the shaft, and a stator assembly which incorporates a stator component
and phase windings. Rotating magnetic fields are formed by the currents applied to the coils.

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1. The rotator is formed of at least one permanent magnet surrounded by the stator, wherein
the rotator rotates within the stator. Two bearings are mounted at an axial distance to
each other on the shaft to support the rotor assembly and stator assembly relative to each
other. To achieve electronic commutation, brushless dc motor designs usually include
an electronic controller for controlling the excitation of the stator windings.

Figure 2.7 :- DC Water Pump

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 2.2. TOOLS USED:

2.2.1 Soldering iron

A soldering iron is a hand tool most commonly used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt the solder so
that it can flow into the joint between two workpieces.

A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. Heating is often achieved
electrically, by passing an electric current (supplied through an electrical cord or battery cables)
through the resistive material of a heating element. Another heating method includes combustion of
a suitable gas, which can either be delivered through a tank mounted on the iron (flameless), or
through an external flame.

Less common uses include pyrography (burning designs into wood) and plastic welding. Soldering
irons are most often used for installation, repairs, and limited production work. Highvolume
production lines use other soldering methods.

Fig 2.8 :- Solder iron

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2.2.2. Wire Stripper

Wire stripper is used to strip off wire insulator from its conductor before it is used to connect to
another wire or soldered into the printed circuit board. Some wire stripper or wire cutter has a
measurement engraved on it to indicate the length that will be stripped.

2.2.3. Side-Cutting Plier

A 4-inch side cutting plier will come in handy as one of the electronic tools when one need to trim off
excess component leads on the printed circuit board. It can also be used to cut wires into shorter
length before being used. Tweezer

Fig 2.9 :- Tweezer

Small tweezer is used to hold small components especially when doing soldering and desoldering of
surface mount components.

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 2.3. SOFTWARES USED:-

Arduino IDE:-
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that
designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building
digital devices. Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)
or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and
software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled
form or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

FIGURE 2.10 :- Arduino UNO interface

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Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped
with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion
boards ('shields') or breadboards (For prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are
also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers can be
programmed using C and C++ programming languages. In addition to using traditional compiler
toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on
the Processing language project.
The Arduino project started in 2005 as a program for students at the Interaction Design Institute
Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to
create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common
examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and
motion detectors.

FRITZING
Fritzing is an open-source initiative to develop amateur or hobby CAD software for the design
of electronics hardware, to support designers and artists ready to move from experimenting with
a prototype to building a more permanent circuit. It was developed at the University of Applied
Sciences Potsdam.

The software is created in the spirit of the Processing programming language and the Arduino
microcontroller and allows a designer, artist, researcher, or hobbyist to document their Arduino-
based prototype and create a PCB layout for manufacturing. The associated website helps users
share and discuss drafts and experiences as well as to reduce manufacturing costs.

Fritzing can be seen as an electronic design automation (EDA) tool for non-engineers: the input
metaphor is inspired by the environment of designers (the breadboard-based prototype), while
the output is focused on accessible means of production. As of December 2, 2014 Fritzing has
made a code view option, where one can modify code and upload it directly to an Arduino device.

15
FIGURE 2.11 :- Fritzing Interface

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 2.4. Methodology :-

This project design includes several functional blocks as shown Figure 6, namely: acquisition
block, microcontroller block, automatic functional block and monitoring block.

• Acquisition block

This block consists of one soil moisture sensor which takes the data from the
soil. It depends on the moisture level of the soil whether to send high or low
voltage to the microcontroller to show that it is wet or dry. When the soil is wet,
it will send the low output voltage, whereas when it is dry, it will send the high
output voltage. This sensor is directly connected to Arduino microcontroller.

• Microcontroller block

In this block, Arduino Uno is the microcontroller which is the core hardware of
this project. It receives the input from the soil moisture sensor and processes the
input based on the requirement coded in the microcontroller.

• Automatic Functional block

This block includes the automated watering function of the system. The
automated function consists of two main controlling hardware, which is relay
module and DC watering pump. The relay is an automatic electric switch that
uses an electromagnet to move the switch from OFF to ON or vice versa. The
switch controls the electric signal that pass through the water pump. When the
moisture level is below the threshold level, Arduino sends a signal to the relay
module to automatically open the path for the electric to pass through the water
pump to water the plant. After the system detects the sufficient level of the water
in the soil, the relay will close the path for electric and thus the water pump will
be stop immediately pumping the water.

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Figure 2.12 :- Block diagram

18
 2.5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

FIGURE 2.13 :- Circuit Digram of Smart Irrigation System

19
 2.6. PROGRAMMING CODE:-

int water; //random variable

void setup() {

pinMode(3,OUTPUT); //output pin for relay board, this will sent signal to the relay

pinMode(6,INPUT); //input pin coming from soil sensor

void loop() {

water = digitalRead(6); // reading the coming signal from the soil sensor

if(water == HIGH) // if water level is full then cut the relay

digitalWrite(3,LOW); // low is to cut the relay

else

digitalWrite(3,HIGH); //high to continue proving signal and water supply

delay(400);

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2.7. ADVANTAGES:-
1. Smart irrigation practices help to limit your water use, which can save you money on
your utility bill.

2. Irrigation process starts and stops exactly when required, thus optimizing energy
requirements.

3. Automation eliminates the manual operation of opening or closing valves.

4. Protect the community's water supply for generations

5. System can be operated at night, water loss from evaporation is thus minimized.

6. It required less maintenance.

7. Cost effective.

2.8. APPLICATIONS:-
1. The project is intended for small gardens and residential environment.
2. By using advanced soil moisture sensor, the same circuit can be expanded to large
agricultural field
3. Low-growing crops, such as: bell peppers, lettuce, beans, and squash
4. Grape vines, olive trees, and orchards on IRREGULAR LANDSCAPES
5. Fruits, including: blackberries, strawberries, and blueberries
6. Staple crops, such as cotton
7. Crops that grow just below the surface in the soil, such as: potatoes, onions, and carrots.

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 CHAPTER 3 :- RESULT & DISCUSSION
____________________________________________________________________________

Figure 3.1 shows the results of our experiment in the form of a general representation of our
automatic irrigation system tested on the basis of the microcontroller and the Arduino sensor
technology. When the program was loaded onto the Arduino, the soil moisture sensor began to
show the value of soil dryness. Automatic Plant Watering System If the drying value is high,
then the pump will turn on and start to irrigate in the system, when the value is low, the pump
will switch off and irrigation in the field will be completed.
In this experiment, we set one hour as the sampling time so that the device takes a sensor reading
and transmits data to the serial monitor. Although the device has been designed to work in the
save-power mode, the power consumption needs to be considered because of the use of Arduino
Board. To solve the power consumption problem, the device is powered by 12V rechargeable
battery long-term measurement in the experiment field. The total cost of building a monitoring
device is ₹1600 so it is possible for a farmer to invest.

FIGURE 3.1 :-

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Conclusion :-
The smart irrigation system implemented is feasible and cost effective for optimizing water
resources for agricultural production. This irrigation system allows cultivation in places with
water scarcity thereby improving sustainability. The smart irrigation system developed proves
that the use of water can be diminished for a given amount of fresh biomass production. The use
of solar power in this irrigation system is pertinent and significantly important for organic crops
and other agricultural products that are geographically isolated, where the investment in electric
power supply would be expensive. The system is incredibly versatile and economical. It doesn't
need individuals on duty it is so easy and reliable.

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 REFERENCES

[1] www.wikipedia.org
[2] www.arduino.cc
[3] Sensors and Transducer by ‘Patranabis’
[4] Microprocessor and Microcontroller by ‘Singh and Singh’

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