MAHARANI CLUSTER UNIVERSITY

PALACE ROAD, BENGALURU-560001

PROJECT ENTITLED

AUTO IRRIGATION USING ARDUINO

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO MCU IN PARTIAL

FULLFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

Submitted by

ALMAS ROUSHANI M(S1901466)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS

MAHARANI’S SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR

WOMEN BENGALURU
 MAHARANI CLUSTER UNIVERSITY
PALACE ROAD, BENGALURU 560001

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ANSHU TIWARI student of Maharani Cluster University has carried out

6th Semester BSc project entitled “ AUTO IRRIGATION USING ARDUINO”, this project report

has been submitted in the academic year 2021-2022 for partial fulfillment of the requirement of the

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE of Maharani Cluster University.

Signature of Internal Guide Signature of HOD

________________________

Examiners: DATE:

________________________

________________________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It adds pleasure to acknowledge the persons who have helped me while the

Project Work was in progress. Here is a heart filled attempt to thank all those who

have generously helped us in making this project success.

I take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to our beloved Vice

Chancellor Dr. GOMATHIDEVI.L, Principal Mrs. HEMALATHA for her sincere co-

operation and facilitating me to carry out our project.

I am very thankful to Dr. BHARATHI HOD for her valuable guidance,

support and encouragement throughout the project.

I would like to express sincere gratitude to our Internal guide DR.

MOHANKESHAVA, without their guidance my project would not be the light of the

day.

I would like to express our sincere special thanks to our beloved lecturers,

parents and my friends for their graceful wishes, support and encouragement throughout

our work.

Last but not the least I thank the almighty to give us such an opportunity to do such an

interesting project.
 ABSTRACT

India is the agriculture based country. Our ancient people completely depended on the

agricultural harvesting. Agriculture is a source of livelihood of majority Indians and has great

impact on the economy of the country. In dry areas or in case of inadequate rainfall, irrigation

becomes difficult. So, it needs to be automated for proper yield and handled remotely for farmer

safety. Increasing energy costs and decreasing water supplies point out the need for better

water management. Irrigation management is a complex decision making process to determine

when and how much water to apply to a growing crop to meet specific management objectives.

If the farmer is far from the agricultural land he will not be noticed of current conditions. So

efficient water management plays an important role in the irrigated agricultural cropping

systems.

A low cost alternative solution for efficient water management currently in use is drip

irrigation systems that consist of an automated controller to turn on & off the control values, which

in turn helps the farmers by managing the water supply to the crop fields and further maintains the

moisture levels of soil that helps in better crop production. This project probes into the design of

the automated irrigation system based on Arduino. This Embedded project is to design and develop

a low cost feature which is based on embedded platform for water irrigation system. This project

uses temperature and soil moisture sensors to detect the water quantity present in agriculture. The

project uses Arduino micro controller which is controller to process the information.

The aim of the implementation was to demonstrate that the automatic irrigation can be

used to reduce water use.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

o INTRODUCTION

o OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

o PROBLEM STATEMENT

o SCOPE OF PROJECT

o ADOPTED METHODOLOGY

➢ BLOCK DIAGRAM

➢ HARDWAREAND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

o ADVANTAGE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

o CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

o REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

 1. Introduction

By using the concept of modern irrigation system a farmer can save

water up to 50%. This concept depends on two irrigation methods those are:
conventional irrigation methods like overhead sprinklers, flood type feeding
systems i.e. wet the lower leaves and stem of the plants. The area between
the crop rows become dry as the large amount of water is consumed by the
flood type methods, in which case the farmer depends only on the incidental
rainfalls. The crops are been infected by the leaf mold fungi as the soil surface
often stays wet and is saturated after irrigation is completed.

Overcoming these drawbacks new techniques are been adopted in

the irrigation techniques, through which small amounts of water applies to
the parts of root zone of a plant. The plant soil moisture stress is prevented
by providing required amount of water resources frequently or often daily by
which the moisture condition of the soil will retain well. The diagram below
shows the entire concept of the modern irrigation system. The traditional
techniques like sprinkler or surface irrigation requires / uses nearly half of
water sources. Even more precise amounts of water can be supplied for
plants. As far as the foliage is dry the plant damage due to disease and insects
will be reduced, which further reduces the operating cost.

The dry rows between plants will leads to continuous federations

during the irrigation process. Fertilizers can be applied through this type of
system, and the cost required for will also reduces. The erosion of soil and
wind is much reduced by the recent techniques when compared with
overhead sprinkler systems. The soil characteristics will define the form of the
dripping nature in the root zone of a plant which receives moisture.

As the method of dripping will reduce huge water losses it became a

popular method by reducing the labour cost and increasing the yields. When
the components are activated, all the components will read and gives the
output signal to the controller, and the information will be displayed to the
user (farmer). The sensor readings are analog in nature so the ADC pin in the
 controller will convert the analog signals into digital format. Then the
controller will access information and when the motors are turned On/Off it
will be displayed on the LCD Panel.

2. Objective of Project

There is an urgent need for a system that makes the agricultural process easier and burden free
from the farmer’s side. With the recent advancement of technology it has become necessary to increase
the annual crop production output entirely agro - centric economy.

The ability to conserve the natural resources as well as giving a splendid boost to the
production of the crops is one of the main aims of incorporating such technology into the agricultural
domain of the country.

To save farmers effort, water and time. Irrigation management is a complex

decision making process to determine when and how much water to apply to a growing crop to
meet specific management objectives.

If the farmer is far from the agricultural land he will not be noticed of current conditions. So,
efficient water management plays an important role in the Irrigated agricultural cropping systems.

4. Problem Statement

Irrigation of plants is usually a very time-consuming activity, to be done in a reasonable

amount of time, it requires a large amount of human resources. Traditionally all the steps
were executed by humans. Nowadays some systems use technology to reduce the number or
workers or the time required to water the plants. With such systems, the control is very
limited, and many resources are still wasted.
Water is one of these resources that are used excessively. Many irrigation is one
method used to water the plant. This method represents massive losses since the amount of
water given is in excess of the plants needs. The excess water is evacuated by the holes of the
pots in greenhouses, or it percolates through the soil in the fields.

The contemporary preception of water is that of a free renewable resource that can be
used in abundance. It is therefore reasonable to assume that it will soon become a very expensive
resource everywhere.

In addition to the excess cost of watering, labour is becoming more and more expensive.
As a result, if no effort is invested in optimising these resources, there will be more money
involved in the same process.

Technology is probably a solution to reduce costs and prevent loss of resource, this
project can be a strong way to tackle such a situation.
 MAJOR SOFTWARE REQUIRED

I. Arduino Software (IDE) :

The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code

and upload it to the board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The
environment is written in Java and based on Processing and other open-
source software. This software can be used with any Arduino board. For latest
software refer to link. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

✓ Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for
fast prototyping, aimed at students with or without a background in
electronics and programming.
✓ Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software.
✓ Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor,
turning on an LED, publishing something online and many more.
✓ You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board.
✓ To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and
the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other

microcontroller platforms.

Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh

OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are
limited to Windows.
Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-
to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take
advantage of as well.

Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are
published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit
designers can make their own version of the module, extending it and
improving it.

Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as

open source tool and the language can be expanded through C++ libraries.

II. How to use Arduino IDE Tool

Steps for using Arduino IDE:

Step 1: Get an Arduino board and USB cable:
In this tutorial, we assume you're using an Arduino Uno You
also need a standard
USB cable (A plug to B plug): the kind you would connect to a USB
printer, for example.

Step 2 : Download the Arduino environment:

(https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software)
Get the latest version from the download page. When the download
finishes, unzip the downloaded file. Make sure to preserve the folder
structure. Double-click the folder to open it. There should be a few files and
sub-folders inside.

Step 3 : Connect the board:

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano
automatically draw power from either the USB connection to the computer
or an external power supply. If you're using an Arduino Diecimila, you'll need
to make sure that the board is configured to draw power from the USB
connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of
plastic that fits onto two of the three pins between the USB and power jacks.
Check that it's on the two pins closest to the USB port. Connect the Arduino
board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED (labelled
PWR) should go on.

Step 4 : Install the drivers:

Installing drivers for the Arduino Uno or Arduino Mega 2560 with
Windows7, Vista, or XP
 Step 5: Launch the Arduino application:

Double-click the Arduino application. (Note: if the Arduino software loads in

the wrong language, you can change it in the preferences dialog. See the
environment page for details.

Step 6: Open the blink example

Open the LED blink example sketch: File > Open >
Temp_and_humid.ino
 Step 7: Select your board:
You'll need to select the entry in the Tools > Board menu that corresponds to your Arduino.

Step 8: Select your serial port :

Select the serial device of the Arduino board from the Tools | Serial Port menu. This is likely to be
COM3 or higher (COM1and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find out, you can
disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu; the entry that disappears should be the Arduino
board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.

Step 9 : Upload the program:

Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds - you should see
the RX and TX leds on the board flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done uploading." will
appear in the status bar.
 Below is the complete code we have used,
int motorPin = 3; // pin that turns on the motor

int blinkPin = 13; // pin that turns on the LED

int watertime = 5; // how long it will be watering (in seconds)

int waittime = 1; // how long to wait between watering (in minutes)

void setup()

pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT); // set Pin 3 to an output

pinMode(blinkPin, OUTPUT); // set pin 13 to an output

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()

int moisturePin = analogRead(A0); //read analog value of moisture sensor

int moisture = ( 100 - ( (moisturePin / 1023.00) * 100 ) ); //convert analog value to

percentage

Serial.println(moisture);

if (moisture < 40) { //change the moisture threshold level based on your calibration
values

digitalWrite(motorPin, HIGH); // turn on the motor

digitalWrite(blinkPin, HIGH); // turn on the LED

delay(watertime * 1000); // multiply by 1000 to translate seconds to milliseconds

else {

digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW); // turn off the motor

digitalWrite(blinkPin, LOW); // turn off the LED

delay(waittime * 60000); // multiply by 60000 to translate minutes to milliseconds

}
 5. Scope of project

Day by day, the field of electronics is blooming and have caused great impact

on human beings. The project which is to be implemented is an automated

irrigation method and has a huge scope for future development. The project

can be extended to greenhouses where manual supervision is far and few in

between. The principle can be extended to create fully automated gardens

and farmlands. Combined with the principle of rain water harvesting, it could

lead to huge water savings if applied in the right manner. In agricultural lands

with severe shortage of rainfall, this model can be successfully applied to

achieve great results with most types of soil.

By developing a Smart Wireless Sensor and by using upcoming

techniques a farmer can increase his profit by solving different problems that

are faced by the farmer in his routine life. And also to involve Arduino –

Controller with a video capturing by using an MMS facility about the crop

position and at the same time sending video to the farmer.

6. Adopted Methodology

o Block Diagram

Above is the manner in which we are going to implement the circuit. The first

part of the block diagram are different sensors and the second part is an LCD Panel

and motors for supplying water. The major hardware modules which are needed:

Arduino processor, motor, different sensors and an LCD Panel .

 Hardware and Software Requirements

Required Components:

• AT mega 328
• Transistor BC547 (2)
• Connecting wires
• 16x2 LCD (optional)
• Power supply 12v 1A
• Relay 12v
• Water cooler pump
• Soil Moisture Sensor
• Resistors (1k, 10k)
• Variable Resister (10k, 100k)
• Terminal connector
• Voltage Regulator IC LM317

o Soil Moisture Sensor:

Although soil water status can be determined by direct (soil sampling) and indirect (soil
moisture sensing) methods, direct methods of monitoring soil moisture are not commonly used for
irrigation scheduling because they are intrusive and labor intensive and cannot provide immediate
feedback. Soil moisture probes can be permanently installed at representative points in an agricultural
field to provide repeated moisture readings over time that can be used for irrigation management.
Special care is needed when using soil moisture devices in coarse soils since most devices require close
contact with the soil matrix that is sometimes difficult to achieve in these soils.
Most of the currently available volumetric sensors suitable for irrigation are dielectric. This
group of sensors estimate soil water content by measuring the soil bulk permittivity (or dielectric
constant) that determines the velocity of an electromagnetic wave or pulse through the soil. In a
composite material like the soil (i.e., made up of different components like minerals, air and water), the
value of the permittivity is made up by the relative contribution of each of the components. Since the
dielectric constant of liquid water is much larger than that of the other soil constituents, the total
permittivity of the soil or bulk permittivity is mainly governed by the presence of liquid water. The
dielectric methods use empirical (calibrated) relationships between volumetric water content and the
sensor output signal (time, frequency, impedance, wave phase). These techniques are becoming widely
adopted because they have good response time (almost instantaneous measurements), do not require
maintenance, and can provide continuous readings through automation. Although these sensors are
based on the dielectric principle the various types available (frequency domain reflectometry-FDR,
capacitance, time domain transmission-TDT, amplitude domain reflectometry-ADR, time domain
reflectometry-TDR, and phase transmission) present important differences in terms of calibration
requirements, accuracy, installation and maintenance requirements and cost.
Soil moisture is an important component in the atmospheric water cycle, both on a small
agricultural scale and in large-scale modelling of land/atmosphere interaction. Vegetation and crops
always depend more on the moisture available at root level than on precipitation occurrence. Water
budgeting for irrigation planning, as well as the actual scheduling of irrigation action, requires local soil
moisture information. Knowledge of the degree of soil wetness helps to forecast the risk of flash floods,
or the occurrence of fog.
Soil water content is an expression of the mass or volume of water in the soil, while the soil
water potential is an expression of the soil water energy status. The relation between content and
potential is not universal and depends on the characteristics of the local soil, such as soil density and
soil texture.
 o Arduino Micro-controller:

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or
a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online. We can tell your board what to do by sending a set of
instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so we use the Arduino programming
language (based on wiring), and the Arduino Software(IDE), based on Processing.

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come
either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by
plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can
be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate
on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may
supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

AT mega 328 is used for controlling whole the process of this Automatic Plant
Watering System. The output of soil sensor circuit is directly connected to digital pin D7 of
AT mega 328. A LED is used at the sensor circuit, this LED’s ON state indicates the presence
of moisture in the soil and OFF state indicates the absence of moisture in the soil.

The Arduino hardware and software was designed for artists, designers, hobbyists, hackers,
newbies, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino can
interact with buttons, LEDs, motors, speakers, GPS units, cameras, the internet, and even your
smart-phone or your TV! This flexibility combined with the fact that the Arduino software is free,
the hardware boards are pretty cheap, and both the software and hardware are easy to learn has
led to a large community of users who have contributed code and released instructions for a huge
variety of Arduino-based projects.
 What's on the board?
There are many varieties of Arduino boards (explained on the next page) that can be used
for different purposes. Some boards look a bit different from the one below, but most Arduinos
have the majority of these components in common

o Power (USB / Barrel Jack)

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO
can be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply (like this)
that is terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB connection is labeled (1) and the
barrel jack is labelled (2). The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino
board.

o Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a circuit
(probably in conjuction with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic
„headers‟ that allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several different
kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board and used for different functions.
GND (3): Short for „Ground‟. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which
can be used to ground your circuit.
5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the 3.3V
pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the Arduino run
happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.
Analog (6): The area of pins under the „Analog In‟ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO) are
Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like a temperature sensor)
and convert it into a digital value that we can read.
Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO).
These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital output
(like powering an LED).
PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9,
10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for something
called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM, but for now, think of these
pins as being able to simulate analog output (like fading an LED in and out).
AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave this pin alone. It
is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit
for the analog input pins.

o Reset Button
Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will
temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the
 Arduino. This can be very useful if your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple
times. Unlike the original Nintendo however, blowing on the Arduino doesn’t usually fix any
problems.

o Power LED Indicator

Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit board, there’s a tiny LED
next to the word „ON‟ (11). This LED should light up whenever you plug your Arduino into a
power source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something is wrong. Time to re-
check your circuit!

o TX RX LEDs
TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings appear quite a bit in
electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. In our case, there are two
places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear – once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second
time next to the TX and RX indicator LEDs (12). These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications
whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when we’re loading a new program
onto the board).

o Main IC
The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit (13). Think of it as the
brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different from board type to board
type, but is usually from the AT mega line of IC‟s from the ATMEL company. This can be
important, as you may need to know the IC type (along with your board type) before loading up
a new program from the Arduino software. This information can usually be found in writing on
the top side of the IC. If you want to know more about the difference between various IC‟s,
reading the datasheets is often a good idea.

o Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should) interact with on
the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what it’s for. The voltage
regulator does exactly what it says – it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the Arduino
board. Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that might harm the
circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to anything greater than 20
volts.
 o LCD Panel :

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronic visual display that uses
the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed
images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits,
and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary
images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions,
instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in consumer devices such
as DVD players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced
cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. They are available in a wider range of screen
sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-
in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent
electrodes, and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular), the axes of transmission of which are
(in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing
filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer.

Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined
by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment
directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange
themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident
light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in
the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not
rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular
to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage
applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying
amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

As most of present-day LCDs used in television sets, monitors and smart phones have high-
resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background
when no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated
between parallel polarizer‟s, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizer‟s. In many applications IPS
LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, in particular in smart phones such as iPhones.

Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an
electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted
to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating
current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the
liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).
 This is a basic 16 character by 2 line display.16×2 LCD module is a very common type of LCD
module that is used in 8051 based embedded projects. It consists of 16 rows and 2 columns of 5×7 or
5×8 LCD dot matrices. The module were are talking about here is type number JHD162A which is a very
popular one . It is available in a 16 pin package with back light, contrast adjustment function and each
dot matrix has 5×8 dot resolution.

The pin numbers, their name and corresponding functions are shown in the table below.

An optional LCD is also used for displaying status and messages. Control pins of LCD, RS and
EN are connected to pin 14 and 15 of AT mega 328 and data pins of LCD D4-D7 are directly
connected at pin 16, 17, 18 and 19 of AT mega 328. LCD is used in 4-bit mode and driven by AT
mega 328’s inbuilt LCD library

.
o Water Pump :

The water pump is used to artificially supply water for a particular task. It can be
electronically controlled by interfacing it to a microcontroller. It can be triggered ON/OFF by
sending signals as required. The process of artificially supplying water is known as pumping. There
are many varieties of water pumps used. This project employs the use of a small water pump which
is connected to a H-Bridge.
The pumping of water is a basic and practical technique, far more practical than scooping
it up with one's hands or lifting it in a hand-held bucket. This is true whether the water is drawn
from a fresh source, moved to a needed location, purified, or used for irrigation, washing, or
sewage treatment, or for evacuating water from an undesirable location. Regardless of the
outcome, the energy required to pump water is an extremely demanding component of water
consumption. All other processes depend or benefit either from water descending from a higher
elevation or some pressurized plumbing system.
o Relay

A 12V Relay is used to control the 220VAC small water pump. The relay is driven by a
BC547 Transistor which is further connected to digital pin 11 of AT mega 328

.
DESCRIPTION OF ATMEGA 328P MICRO CONTROLLER :

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on

the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the
system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed The
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P provides the following features: 4K/8K bytes of In-System
Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 256/512/512/1K bytes EEPROM,
512/1K/1K/2K bytes

SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a serial programmable USART,
a byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, an SPI serial port, a 6channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP
and QFN/MLF packages), a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, and five software
selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM,
Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning.

The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all
other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. In Power-save mode, the
asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the
device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except
asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode,
the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast
start-up combined with low power consumption. The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with
32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic
Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed
in one clock cycle.

The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes
the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.The device
is manufactured using Atmel‟s high density nonvolatile memory technology. The On-chip ISP Flash
allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI serial interface, by a
conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR
core. The Boot program can use any interface to download the application program in the Application
Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will continue to run while the Application Flash
section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with
In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P
is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many
embedded control applications. The Boot program can use any interface to download the application
program in the Application Flash memory. This allows very fast start-up combined with low power
consumption.
 Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file
and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. In the
ATMEGA variant, the working register file is not mapped into the data address space; as such, it is not
possible to treat any of the ATMEGA's working registers as though they were SRAM.
Below is the circuit diagram of this Irrigation System:
 Working Explanation:

Working of this Automatic Plant Irrigation System is quite simple. First of all, it is
a Completely Automated System and there is no need of manpower to control the
system. AT mega 328 is used for controlling the whole process .

If moisture is present in soil then there is conduction between the two probes of
Soil Moisture sensor and due to this conduction, transistor Q2 remains in triggered/on
state and AT mega 328 Pin D7 remains Low. When AT mega 328 reads LOW signal at
D7,
Now if there is no Moisture in soil then Transistor Q2 becomes Off and Pin D7
becomes High. Then AT mega 328 reads the Pin D7 and turns On the water motor. Motor
will automatically turn off when there is sufficient moisture in the soil. Further check
the Demonstration Video and Code (given at the end) for better understanding the
project working
 o Advantages

1) Relatively simple to design and install.

2) It is safest system and no manpower is required.
3) The system helps to farmer or gardener to work when irrigation is taking place, as only the area
between the plants are wet.
4) Reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching.
5) The system need smaller water sources, as it consumes less than half of the water.
6) Fertilizers can also be provided by using the system.
7) PH content of the soil is maintained Through the suggestions which helps for healthy plant growth.

o Conclusion

The primary applications for this project are for farmers and gardeners who do not have
enough time to water their crops/plants. It also covers those farmers who are wasteful of water
during irrigation.

As water supplies become scarce and polluted, there is a need to irrigate more efficiently in
order to minimize water use and chemical leaching. Recent advances in soil water sensing make the
commercial use of this technology possible to automate irrigation management for vegetable
production. However, research indicates that different sensors types perform under all conditions
with no negative impact on crop yields with reductions in water use range as high as 70% compared
to traditional practices.
o .References & Bibliography

Websites:
✓ http://web.science.mq.edu.au/
✓ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
✓ http://www.journals.elsevier.com/
✓ http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/
✓ http://cs.stanford.edu/projects/
✓ http://www.Drip Irrigation Images.com
✓ http://gardenbot.org/howTo/soilMoisture/

Journals & other books:

• K.Prathyusha, M. Chaitanya Suman, “Design of Embedded System for the

Automation of Drip Irrigation”. IJAIEM (2319-4847), vol 1, Issue 2, October
2012.

• Prathyusha.K1, G. Sowmya Bala2, Dr. K. Sreenivasa Ravi, “A real time

irrigation control system for precision agriculture using WSN in Indian
agricultural sectors” International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering
and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.3, No.4, August 20.
• Akyildig, I.F., 2005. A Survey on Sensor Networks [J].IEEE Communications
Magazine, 2002(8):725-734.

• Luis Ruiz-Garcia, Loredana Lunadei 1, Pillar Barreiro 1 and Jose Ignacio Robla
2 “A Review of Sensor Technologies and Applications in Agriculture and Food
Industry: State of the Art and Current Trends” Sensors 2009, 9, 4728-4750;
doi:10.3390/s90604728.
• Klute, A. (ed.), 1986: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and
Mineralogical

Methods. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, United

States, 1188 pp.