CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

RATIONALE

LGBT is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. In

use since the 1990s, the term is an adaptation of the initialism LGB, which was used to replace

the term gay

The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community is a diverse,

underserved, and often stigmatized group that faces many barriers to accessing quality

healthcare. Not only are few practicing physicians knowledgeable about and sensitive to the

needs of LGBT patients, but medical school curricula include limited LGBT-related content. Our

goals were to use LGBT-related educational sessions to gauge undergraduate medical students'

interest and their perceptions of relevance and to eventually incorporate this topic into the

curriculum. (Gina M. Sequeira, 2012)

The research show that it’s too early to say, the rise of reported bullying cases is

a consequence of the reporting requirements of the law. Bullying cases is rampant, however, it

remain under reported prior to the anti-bullying act. This is understandable, since no parents or

even school administration would like his/her family or school to be famous because of

bullying. (Sonnie, 2017), According to the consolidated report of Department of Education

2014 rose by 21% or a total of 6,363 cases, compare with the 5,236 on 2013. This translates to

31 daily bullying cases from a divisor of 201 school days. The statistics was disclosed by Rep.

Gerald Anthony Gullas Jr., a member of the House committee on basic education. [

source: Interaksyon ] (Sonnie, 2017)

LGBT is an acronym used to refer to people who select those sexual or gender

identity labels as personally meaningful for them, and sexual and gender identities are complex

and historically situated (Diamond 2003, Rosario et al. 1996, Russell et al. 2009). Throughout

this article, we use the acronym LGBT unless in reference to studies of subpopulations. Most of

the knowledge base has focused on sexual identities (and historically mostly on gay and lesbian

identities), with much less empirical study of mental health among transgender or gender-

nonconforming youth. (Psychol, 2016 May 31.)

Further, the meanings of LGBT and the experiences of LGBT people must be

understood as intersecting with other salient personal, ethnic, cultural, and social identities

(Consolacion et al. 2004, Kuper et al. 2014). An important caveat at the outset of this article is

that much of the current knowledge base will be extended in coming decades to illuminate how

general patterns of LGBT youth mental health identified to date are intersectionally situated,

that is, how patterns of mental health may vary across not only sexual and gender identities,

but also across racial and ethnic, cultural, and social class identities as well. . (Psychol, 2016

May 31.)
 According to Darrel Higa (Higa, June 13, 2012) Largely recruited from LGBTQ youth

groups, 68 youth participated in focus groups (n = 63) or individual interviews (n = 5). The

sample included 50% male, 47% female, and 3% transgender participants. Researchers used a

consensual methods approach to identify negative and positive factors across 8 domains.

Negative factors were associated with families, schools, religious institutions, and community

or neighborhood; positive factors were associated with the youth’s own identity development,

peer networks, and involvement in the LGBTQ community. These findings suggest a

pervasiveness of negative experiences in multiple contexts, and the importance of fostering a

positive LGBTQ identity and supportive peer/community networks. Efforts should work towards

reducing and eliminating the prejudicial sentiments often present in the institutions and

situations that LGBTQ youth encounter.

The most notable advance was in studies on variation among mostly planned lesbian

comother families. Cumulative evidence suggests that although many of these families have

comparatively high levels of shared labor and parental investment, they may not be as

“genderless” as previously depicted. Gay men's diverse paths to family formation and planned

parenthood have also been explored, but almost no research studies their children's

experiences. Conceptualizations of sexual orientation expanded to include bisexuals and others,

and some understanding of the experiences of transgender people has begun to emerge.

Future work should explore relationships among members of the families they create. (Biblarz,

18 June 2010)
Theoretical Background

Related Theory

This study is supported by FQS The (Frohn, 2013 ), which subjective theories of

lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transsexual interviewees were represented by structure-formation-

techniques and communicatively validated via dialog-consensus. FQS is often describe about

the LGBT if the family accept their children. This theories of lesbian and gay employees are

compared and discussed with respect to their individual coping strategies, while the subjective

theories of bisexual or transgender/transsexual employees are additionally examined with their

specific situation in mind. (Frohn, 2013 )

This theory tackled about how well the LGBT is remembered. This research aims to

qualitatively deepen the existing quantitative knowledge on lesbian and gay employees'

situations and to generate fundamental findings on the situation of bisexual and

transsexual/transgender employees. These results provide a sound foundation for future

quantitative and qualitative research activities. This study focuses particularly on resilience

issues and potential skills that may be catalyzed by the unique biographical experiences of

lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transsexual employees. This research to be compared and discussed

with respect to their individual coping strategies, while the subjective theories of bisexual or

transgender/transsexual employees are additionally examined with their specific situation in

mind.
Related literature

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth and young adults are known to

have compromised physical and mental health, and family rejection has been found to be an

important risk factor. Yet few studies have examined the positive role that support from

parents, friends, and the community have for LGBT young adults. In a cross‐sectional study of

245 LGBT non‐Latino White and Latino young adults (ages 21–25) in the United States,

sexuality‐related social support was examined in association with measures of adjustment in

young adulthood. Family, friend, and community support were strong predictors of positive

outcomes, including life situation, self‐esteem, and LGBT esteem. However, family acceptance

had the strongest overall influence when other forms of support were considered. Implications

for the unique and concurrent forms of social support for LGBT youth and young adult

adjustment are discussed. (Snapp, 05 June 2015)

People who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) can face many challenges

in society including accessing education, care and support appropriate to individual needs.

However, there is a growing and evolving evidence base about the specific needs of people with

intellectual disabilities (ID) in this regard. The aim of this review was to explore the experiences

of people with ID who identified as LGBT through an examination of studies that addressed

their views and highlighted specific issues, concerns and service responses. (EdwardMcCann,

October 2016)
The past decades have witnessed some of the most prolific changes in rights and experiences

for LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) individuals and their families. Research during this

period also witnessed a significant increase in the study of these changes. The current content

analysis systematically reviewed all LGBT-related articles published in top-ranked, general

family science journals from 2000 to 2015 to gauge the state of this growing field. Specifically,

basic descriptives, theoretical foundations, methodological plurality, and inclusivity were

examined. Results revealed that less than 3% of articles published were LGBT-related, most

were atheoretical and infrequently included variables unique to this population (e.g., outness,

discrimination), used purposive cross-sectional samples, focused most on lesbian and/or gay

couples, and included primarily White and middle-class individuals in samples. Areas of

strengths and future opportunities are discussed. (Eeden-Moorefield, May 21, 2017)
Related studies

Lesbian,gay,bisexual and transgender youth (LGBT) continue to face extreme discrimination

within the school environment. Existing literature suggests that LGBT youth are at high risk or a

number of health problems, including suicide ideation and attempts, harassment, substances

abuse, homelessness, and declining school performance. This exploratory study consists of

face-to-face interviews with 12 male and female participants, 18-21 years old, who identify as

gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. The purpose of the study is so determine the types of

social support and sexual identify development. Participants found non-family member. More

specifically, participants perceive heterosexual and LGBT-identified friends and non-family

adults as providing emotional and instrumental support. However, participants perceived

limitations to the emotional support they received they received from heterosexual peers to

whom they disclosed their orientation. In addition to providing emoitional support peers and

adults who also identified as LGBT provided valuable informational and appraisal, support.

(Rounds, Apr. - May, 2002)

This Studies show that LGB adolescents' relationships with their parents are often challenged,

particularly around the time of disclosure of sexual identity or “coming out” (D'Augelli,

Grossman, & Starks, 2005; Patterson, 2000; Savin‐Williams, 1998a, 1998b; Savin‐Williams &

Dubé, 1998; Tharinger & Wells, 2000) or when parents learn that their children are LGBT.

Researchers in one study (Rosario, Schrimshaw, & Hunter, 2009) examined substance use

among LGB youth and asked youth whether they perceived reactions to their LGB identity from
a range of people (including family members, coaches, teachers, therapists, neighbors, and

friends) to be accepting, neutral, or rejecting. The number of perceived rejecting reactions were

reported to predict substance use; although accepting reactions did not directly reduce

substance use, such reactions buffered the link between rejections and substance use.

Another recent study assessed the relationship between family rejection in adolescence and

the health of LGB young adults (Ryan, Huebner, Diaz, & Sanchez, 2009). That study showed

clear associations between parental rejecting behaviors during adolescence and the use of

illegal drugs, depression, attempted suicide, and sexual health risk by LGB young adults. Prior

research clearly points to the role of family rejection in predicting health and mental health

problems among LGB adolescents and adults, yet at the same time, while it is known that initial

parental reactions to the disclosure of LGB identity may be negative—sometimes including

ejection from the home—research has also shown that after parents become sensitized to the

needs and well‐being of their LGB children, many family relationships improve (D'Augelli et

al., 2005). (Caitlin Ryan PhD, 15 November 2010)

This given the links between parental rejection and negative health outcomes (Ryan et al.,

2009), we expect that affirmation or acceptance of LGBT adolescents will be associated with

positive adjustment and decreased mental health and behavioral health risks in young

adulthood: higher self‐esteem, increased social support, and better general health status, along

with decreased depression, substance abuse, sexual risk behavior, suicidal ideation, and

behaviors.
This article presents findings related to family acceptance from the Family Acceptance Project

(FAP), a research and intervention initiative to study the influence of family reactions on the

health and mental health of LGBT adolescents and young adults. To our knowledge, no prior

studies have examined the relationship between specific family reactions to their children's

sexual orientation and gender expression with health and mental health status in emerging

adulthood. (Caitlin Ryan PhD, 15 November 2010)

In this population, the prevalence and incidence of certain diseases are distinct. 3,4 For example,

lesbians may have a higher risk for breast or ovarian cancer, and gay men have an increased risk

for cancer caused by human papillomavirus. Research suggests that among LGBT individuals,

health care disparities linked to social stigma, discrimination, and denial of civil and human

rights have in turn been associated with high rates of psychiatric disorders, substance abuse,

unreported domestic violence, and suicide.4 In addition, many physicians believe that they are

unprepared to care for LGBT patients and that disparities in their treatment exist. This lack of

disclosure may result in physicians making heteronormative assumptions about their LGBT

patients and may ultimately lead to a poor patient-physician relationship and provision of

insufficient or careless treatment. (Lapinski, October 2014)

This study was anchored with Subjective Theories of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transsexual

Employees Concerning How They Deal with their Sexual or Gender Identity in the

Workplace—An Exploratory Qualitative Study by Dominic Johannes Tobias Frohn. Thus, this

schematic diagram shows the flow of the study

Subjective Theories of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and

Transsexual Employees Concerning How They Deal

with their Sexual or Gender Identity in the

Workplace—An Exploratory Qualitative Study

(Frohn, 2013)

The Perception of the Family on having a Lesbian, Gay ,

Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) member of the family

member of the family

The Families that have LGBT members

Interview

Analysis

Finding and Conclusions

This Conceptual Framework was based on the Theory of Dominic Johannes Tobias Frohn;

Subjective Theories of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transsexual Employees Concerning How They

Deal with their Sexual or Gender Identity in the Workplace—An Exploratory Qualitative

Study(2013). The researchers conducted this study to the families on which have LGBT

members of Sabang, Danao City, Cebu. The research study went for two weeks which

consumed 3 days every week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) and 30 respondents used to

participate in the study. We interviewed the respondents after. After 2 weeks of data gathering,

the researcher analyzed the gathered data and tested the studies hypothetical statement by

making conclusions. Thus, the researcher gave recommendations for the case study.