ANALOG VLSI

SIGNAL
AND INFROMATION
PRCESSING
MOHAMMD ISMAIL
ET
TERRI FEIZ

CONTENTS
Preface xi

List of Contributors xii

Acknowledgements xvi

1 Introduction to Analog VLSI 1

Mohammed lsmail and Terri Fiez

1.1 VLSI Microelectronics 1

1.2 Mixed-signal VLSI Chips 3
1.3 Potential of Analog VLSI 5
1.4 The Book Floor Plan 7
1.5 Notation and Symbology 10
References 11

2 Basic CMOS Circuit Techniques 12

Klaa, Bult

2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 MOS Modela 13
2.3 The Current Division Technique 21
2.4 The Basic Gain Stage 25
2.5 Limitations of the Basic Gain Stage 32
2.6 The Gain-Boosting Technique 37
2.7 The Super MOS Transistor 43
2.8 Conclusion 48
Problems 49
References 55

3 Continuous- Time Signal Processing 57

Mohammed Ismail, Shu-Chuan Huang, and Satochi Sakurai

3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Primitive Analog Cells 58
 3.2 Primitive Analog Cells 58
3.3 Linear Voltage-Current Converters 63
3.4 MOS Multipliers 72
3.5 MOS Resistors 83
3.6 Winner- Take-All Circuits 98
3.7 Amplifier-Based Signal Processing 101
3.8 Summary 115
Problems 116
References 130

4 Low- Voltage Signal Processing 135

Johan Huijsing, Ron Hogervord, Jeroen Fonderie,
Bernard Van den Dool, Klaas - Jan de Langen, and Gert Groenevold

4.1 Introduction 135

4.2 CMOS Operational Amplifier Design 136
4.3 Bipolar Operational Amplifier Design 143
4.4 Low- Voltage BiCMOS Op Amp Design 152
4.5 Instrumentation Amplifier Design 158
4.6 Low- Voltage Filters 164
Problems 177
References 181

5 Basic BiCMOS Circuit Techniques 184

Sayed Zarabadi, Mohammed Ismail, and Frode Larsen

5.1 Introduction 184

5.2 Devices and Technology 186
5.3 Basic Analog Subcircuits 206
5.4 Closing Remarks 237
Problems 237
References 246

6 Current- Mode Signal Processing 248

Terri Fiez, Ruuell Croman, Edmund Schneider, and Marius Goldenberg

6.1 Introduction 248

6.2 Continuous- Time Signal Processing 249
6.3 Sampled-Data Signal Processing 260
6.4 Switched-Current Data Converters 267
6.5 Practical Considerations in SI Circuits 268
6.6 Design Example : SI DTMF Decoder 284
6.7 Conclusion 295
Problems 296
References 307

7 Neural Information Processing I 311

Joongho Choi and Bing J. Sheu

7.1 Introduction 311

7.2 Biologically-Inspired Neural Networks 313
7.3 Analog Strong-Inversion Networks 328
7.4 Floating-Gate, Low-Power Neural Networks 339
Problems 347
References 353

8 Neural Information Processing II 358

Andreas G. Andreou and Kwabena A. Boahen

8.1 Introduction 358

8.2 CMOS Technology and Models 361
8.3 Design Methodology 382
8.4 Networks 393
8.5 A Contrast Sensitive Silicon Retina 403
8.6 Concluding Remarks 407
Problems 408
References 409

9 Sampled-Data Analog Filters 414

Adel Sedra and Gordon Roberts

9.1 Introduction 414

9.2 First-Order SC Circuits 415
9.3 Bilinear Transformation 421
 9.3 Bilinear Transformation 421
9.4 Second-Order SC Circuits and Cascade Design 428
9.5 Switched-Capacitor Ladder Filters 437
9.6 Synthesis of Switched-Current Filters 446
9.7 Conclusion 458
Problems 460
References 465

10 Oversampled A / D Converters 467

Bosco Leung

10.1 Introduction 467

10.2 Nyquist Rate A / D Converters 468
10.3 Modulators for Oversampled A / D Conversion 471
10.4 First- and Second-Order Sigma-Delta Modulators 475
10.5 Interpolative Modulators 480
10.6 Cascaded Architecture 481
10.7 Multi-Bit Sigma-Delta Modulators 483
10.8 Decimation Filters 484
10.9 Design Example : A Multi-Channel Voiceband Coder 489
Problems 499
References 502

11 Analog Integrated Sensors 506

gor Filanovsky and Henry Balte

1.1 Introduction 506

1.2 Mechanical Sensors 507
1.3 Thermal Sensors 509
1.4 Humidity Sensors 513
1.5 Magnetic Sensors 514
1.6 Sensor Interfaces 519
1.7 Stabilization of Power Dissipation 540
Problems 543
References 545

12 Design for Testability 547

Han, Kerkhoff

2.1 Introduction 547

2.2 Fault Modeling and Simulation 550
2.3 Testability-Analysis Techniques 553
2.4 Ad Hoc Methods and General Guidelines 557
2.5 Scan Techniques 560
2.6 Boundary-Scan 564
2.7 Built-in Self Test 567
2.8 Analog Test Busses 571
2.9 Design for Electron-Bearn Testability 574
2.10 Conclusion 576
Problems 578
References 581

13 Analog VLSI Interconnects 585

Massimo Sivilotti

3.1 Introduction 585

3.2 Physics of Interconnects in VLSI 586
3.3 Scaling of Interconnects 594
3.4 A Model for Estimating Circuit Wiring Density 595
3.5 A Configurable Architecture for Prototyping Analog Circuits 603
Problems 612
References 614

14 Statistical Modeling and Simulation 615

Christopher Michael, Christopher Abel, and Mohammed lsmail

4.1 Introduction 615

4.2 Review of Statistical Concepts 616
4.3 Correlations and Principal Component Analysis 621
4.4 Statistical Deviee Modeling 625
4.5 Statistical Circuit Simulation 631
4.6 Examples of Statistical Circuit Simulations 640
4.7 Conclusion 650
Poblems 650
 Poblems 650
References 655

15 Analog Computer-Aided Design 657

L.Richard Carley

5.1 Introduction 657

5.2 Automating Analog Circuit Design 659
5.3 Automating Analog Layout 676
5.4 Conclusion 696
References 696

16 Analog and Mixed Analog-Digital Layout 699

Umberto Gatti and Franco Maloberti

6.1 Introduction 699

6.2 CMOS Transistor Layout 700
6.3 Resistor Layout 703
6.4 Capacitor Layout 707
6.5 Analog Cell Layout 710
6.6 Mixed Analog-Digital Layout 720
6.7 Conclusion 725
References 725

A SPICE Model Parameters 727

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