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DLD - Logic - Gates

This document discusses digital logic design and logic gates. It begins by explaining digital electronics uses two voltage levels to represent binary digits. The basic logic gates - NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR - are then defined through their truth tables and boolean expressions. Diagrams illustrate their symbol and how they operate on pulse waveforms. Integrated circuits are constructed using these logic gates. Examples show how logic circuits operate on pulse waveform inputs. Finally, common IC package styles are listed.

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86 views19 pages

DLD - Logic - Gates

This document discusses digital logic design and logic gates. It begins by explaining digital electronics uses two voltage levels to represent binary digits. The basic logic gates - NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR - are then defined through their truth tables and boolean expressions. Diagrams illustrate their symbol and how they operate on pulse waveforms. Integrated circuits are constructed using these logic gates. Examples show how logic circuits operate on pulse waveform inputs. Finally, common IC package styles are listed.

Uploaded by

kazi Alvi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Logic Design

Logic Gates

1
Digital Electronics involves circuits and systems in which there are only two
possible States. These states are represented by two different voltage levels: A
High and a Low Voltage Level.

Positive Logic: Negative Logic:


High = 1 High = 0
Low = 0 Low = 1
(mostly used)

Logic Levels:
The voltages used to represent a ‘1’ or ‘0’ are called logic levels.
VH (max)
High (Binary 1)
VH (min)

Unacceptable Range
VL (max)
Low (Binary 0)
VL (min)
2
Logic Circuits:

The manner in which a digital circuit responds to an input is referred to as a circuit logic.

In most basic logic circuits, logic gates are the fundamental building blocks from which all
other Logic circuits and digital systems are constructed.

The digital circuit ICs are constructed using the following logic gates:

1) Basic Gates:
• NOT Gate or Inverter
• AND Gate
• OR Gate
2) Universal Gates:
• NAND Gate
• NOR Gate
3) Exclusive Gates:
• Exclusive-OR Gate
• Exclusive-NOR Gate

3
The Inverter

The output of an inverter is always the complement (opposite) of the input.

Truth table Boolean expression


0 = LOW
1 = HIGH

When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH


When the input is HIGH, the output is LOW

Pulsed waveforms 4
The AND Gate

The output of an AND gate is HIGH only when all inputs are HIGH.

Boolean
Truth expression
table Pulsed waveforms
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
5
The AND Gate

3-Input AND Gate 4-Input AND Gate

6
The OR Gate

The output of an OR gate is HIGH whenever one or more inputs are HIGH

Boolean expression

Truth
table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH

Pulsed waveforms 7
The OR Gate

3-Input OR Gate

4-Input OR Gate 8
The NAND Gate

The output of a NAND gate is HIGH whenever one or more inputs are LOW.

Boolean expression
Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH Pulsed waveforms
9
The NAND Gate

3-Input NAND Gate

10
4-Input NAND Gate
The NOR Gate

The output of a NOR gate is LOW whenever one or more inputs are HIGH.

Boolean
Truth expression
table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH

Pulsed waveforms
11
The NOR Gate

3-Input NOR Gate

4-Input NOR Gate 12


Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR Gates

The output of an XOR gate is HIGH whenever the two inputs are different.

Boolean
Truth expression
table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms
13
Exclusive-NOR Gate

The output of an XNOR gate is HIGH whenever the two inputs are identical.

Boolean
Truth expression
table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms
14
Logic Circuit Operation with Pulse Waveform Inputs:
Example 1:

15
Example 2:

16
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits

IC package styles
• Dual in-line package (DIP)
• Small-outline IC (SOIC)
• Flat pack (FP)
• Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)
• Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)

17
Reference:
Mixed contents from books by Floyd; Mano.

18
Thanks
19

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