A Project Proposal on

“IMPROVEMENT IN THE PERFORMANCE OF

FORCED DRAFT BIOMASS COOK STOVE”

Submitted as an Assignment for

Successful Research Program Development
[17CE527T]

By:
Kush Shrivastava[19MMD010]
Suhana Parvin Shaikh[19MCH015]
Kunjan Patel[19MMD009]
Rikkin Acharya[19MMD011]
Nikunj Parvadiya[19MMD018]
Adisu[19MMD020]

Under the Guidance of

Dr Surendra Sasi Kumar Jampa

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 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1 Dissertation Summary..................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Background.................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 History and Development................................................................................................ 5
1.4 Summary........................................................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Classification.................................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Components of Cookstove .............................................................................................. 9
2.2.1 Literature on Forced Draft Cook Stove ............................................................................. 9
2.3 Protocols ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.1 Types of Forced Draft Cookstoves.................................................................................. 12
2.4 International Literature Review ..................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 3: PROBLEM/PURPOSE STATEMENT .............................................................................. 17
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH QUESTIONS/HYPOTHESES......................................................................... 18
4.1 Evolution of cookstove designs (Why?) .......................................................................... 18
4.2 Design features of cookstoves ....................................................................................... 18
4.3 Improved cookstove design .......................................................................................... 19
4.4 Mathematical modelling of biomass cookstoves............................................................. 19
4.5 CFD and structural modelling of cookstoves ................................................................... 19
4.6 Challenges in Modelling of Cookstoves .......................................................................... 19
4.7 Cookstove testing protocols .......................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................... 21
5.1 Step 1: Methodological Approach.................................................................................. 21
5.2 Step 2: Data Collection Methods ................................................................................... 21
5.2.1 Survey Questionnaire ................................................................................................... 23
5.3 Step 3: Method of Analysis ........................................................................................... 24
5.3.1 Comparison between Radial and Tangential Cookstoves ................................................. 24
5.3.2 Plot of Power Input and Power Output .......................................................................... 25
5.3.3 Plot of Burning Rate Calculations................................................................................... 26
5.3.4 Plot of CO Emissions..................................................................................................... 26

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 5.3.5 Plot of SO2 Emissions .................................................................................................... 27
5.3.6 Plot of NO Emissions..................................................................................................... 27
5.3.7 Plot of PM Emissions .................................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER 6: SCOPE & LIMITATIONS.............................................................................................. 29
CHAPTER 7: TIMELINE ................................................................................................................. 30
CHAPTER 8: REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 31

List of Figures
Fig 1.1 Three Stones Cookstoves.[5] .............................................................................................. 6

Fig 2. 1 Evolution of Cookstoves.[4] .............................................................................................. 7

Fig 2. 2 Classification of cookstove [1] .......................................................................................... 8
Fig 2. 3 Components of cookstove [5] ............................................................................................ 9
Fig 2.4 Oorja plus forced draft stove.[13] Fig 2.5 Phillips forced draft stove.[13] ........... 13
Fig 2.6 Teri's Cookstove.[13] ...................................................................................................... 13

Fig 4. 1 CAD model of Cook stove ............................................................................................... 19

Fig 5. 1 Satellite view of village. .................................................................................................. 22

Fig 5. 2 Plot of fuel burning rate of cookstove .............................................................................. 24
Fig 5. 3 Plot of Cookstove Heat rates ........................................................................................... 24
Fig 5. 4 Plot of Efficiency of Cookstoves ...................................................................................... 25
Fig 5. 5 Plot of Power Input and Output....................................................................................... 25
Fig 5. 6 Plot of Burning Rate....................................................................................................... 26
Fig 5. 7 Plot of CO Emissions ..................................................................................................... 26
Fig 5. 8 Plot of SO2 Emissions .................................................................................................... 27
Fig 5. 9 Plot of NO Emissions ..................................................................................................... 27
Fig 5. 10 Plot of PM Emissions ................................................................................................... 28

Fig 7. 1 Gantt Chart ................................................................................................................... 30

List of Tables
Table 2. 1 Features of some gasifier stove designs available in literature.[1] ................................. 16

Table 7. 1 List of Tasks ............................................................................................................... 30

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview
This proposal gives us an outline about the various types of cooks stoves, their working and methods employed
to increase the efficiency of the cook stoves. Cook stoves are basically, the devices that are used for basic
cooking purpose by using fuels like biomass, wood, charcoal, cow dung etc. This chapter discusses on the
history and background of the cooking sources and the means used for it [1].

1.1.1 Dissertation Summary

This is an abstract consists an overview of each chapter discussed in this report effectively.

Chapter 1 gives a clear view of a project which shows the various field of use, History, Background,
Purpose and Applications used in day to day life. Also defines a Problem statement in purpose of
Improvising Cook stoves Performance.

Chapter 2 shows information about Cook stoves including its Development, Research, Classifications,
Innovations and Future Scope gives a clear view on the needs and performances on the recent trends.
Also a Data collection on various cook stove Tests and Protocols.

Chapter 3 gives a Purpose statement on the development of cook stoves

Chapter 4 explains the Hypotheses on cookstoves and the approach used to develop it.
Chapter 5 gives detailed information on Research methodology with its methods
Chapter 6 shows various particulars and achievement in Improvement in the Performance of Forced Draft
Biomass cook Stoves with Stack Results and Discussion towards Future scopes.

Chapter 7 shows the Timeline or the overall time that might require to develop whole project.

Chapter 8 References

1.2 Background
The mainstay of rural energy economy is the primary cooking fuel for some 840 million people in India
today. Its use in traditional cook-stoves mainly reasons into indoor air pollution and premature death.

Demand for bio energy (solid biomass, fuel wood, straw, cow dung etc.) has grown in absolute terms but its
share in primary energy mix has been declined by almost ten percentages as households moved to other
fuels for cooking, notably LPG.

Bio energy accounts for 25 per cent of India`s total energy consumption, India is also developing a range of
more modern bio energy applications, relying mainly on residues from agricultural sector. From total population,
2/3rds of India`s population depends on these solid fuels as the primary fuel for cooking. 85 percent of rural
households fixated on biomass.

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Health effects on women and children, who suffer worst health problems and spend time in collecting wood
for about 30 hrs. per month, according to survey mentioned in World Energy Outlook [2].

A massive 62.5% population still depend on the Firewood especially in rural areas whereas the dependency
on a much cleaner fuel that is the biogas is a mere 0.4% of the total population.
Diagram representations for the urban household population indicates the percentage of population dependent
on LPG which a cleaner fuel is large and usage of firewood is not present. Due to fast modernization of
urban population there has been a major shift to LPG and also due to subsidy provided by government, it
has become an affordable fuel. Biogas being more effective and cleaner fuel, right now the usage is about only 1
percent of total households in India.
The complete displacement of the solid biomass by 2040 is not possible; on the other hand the number of
people or households without access to cleaner cooking fuel and facilities is projected to decline from 840
million to 480 million in the coming 40 years.
The main aim is if solid biomass is here to stay as a cooking fuel, then one way of reducing health problems and
hazards is to switch to more effective bio stoves. In the context of concerns over health, climate change and
energy security, the Ministry Of New And Renewable Energy (MNRE) through special projects made a status
report on the Improved cook stoves being developed in the country by NGO`s, entrepreneurs etc. and to
identify ways of development and expansion of deployment of improved cook stoves.
National Biomass Cook Stoves Initiative (NBCI) was launched by MNRE recently at New Delhi with
primary aim to enhance the use of improved biomass cook stoves. The programme was the successor of the
earlier programme, National Program on Improved Chulhas (NPIC). The following program distributed
approximately 35 million improved biomass stoves from 1960 to 2000 [2].

1.3 History and Development

In the past years, traditional sources of energy such as fuel wood, charcoal, cow dung, etc. Were only
sources of energy Fuel wood is generally preferred to non-wood biomass residues due to its higher energy
density and convenience in use and transportation. Large quantities of biomass residues are available in the
Asian region. These include rice husk, rice straw, wheat straw, corncob, coconut shell, bagasse, and many
other agricultural residues.
The residues are normally difficult to use, particularly in small-scale systems, due to their uneven and
troublesome characteristics. Only in the recent 200 years fossil fuels such as coal, oil gas etc. has come to
existence. But still 75 percent of population still depends on traditional energy sources in the developing
countries.

From the open fires of prehistoric times and three-stone fire cook stove designs evolved into shielded fires that
paved way to development of improved cook stoves. The traditional cook stoves are characterized by low
efficiency and high emissions.

The design and dissemination of improved cook stoves with better efficiency and lower emissions has a
long history of more than five decades. In India, the first improved cook stove reported in the literature,
Magan Chulha was developed in 1947.
A historical overview of cook stoves across the world is presented by the two recent review articles. In the 1980s,
the improved cook stove movement picked up in several developing nations. In India, National Program on
Improved Chulhas (NPIC) was launched in 1982.
Improved Cook stove programs were also implemented in many other south Asian countries and eastern
African countries. Though a reduction in emissions was achieved in some of these cook stoves, this was an
era when major focus in the development of improved cook stoves was on saving fuel wood to reduce drudgery
and conserve energy.
The cook stoves developed in this era were primarily natural draft cook stoves with little or no requirement of
fuel preparation. Parallel to these efforts, certain groups were at work all these years to gauge the impact of

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the emissions from the cook stoves on the health of the users, particularly women and children. Their
work highlighted the need for cook stoves with substantially cleaner combustion as compared to the
traditional ones so as to reduce the health hazards emanating from them. They emphasized that just removal
of the smoke from the kitchen using chimney only transferred the problem from indoor to outdoor and
did not eliminate it. As a consequence, the beginning of 21st century has seen a quantum jump in the
interest of the scientific community in addressing the issue of emissions from biomass cook stoves resulting
in the development of what are called the next generation cook stoves or advanced biomass cook stoves with
special features of forced supply of air and/or gasification of biomass to ensure cleaner combustion.

Major steps towards evolution of cook stoves were the development of pots of various shapes and sizes. This
made transition from open fire to shielded fire in order to balance the pot over fire. Simplest model was the “3
Stone” arrangement in which stones were arranged approximately 120 degrees to one another. It was
eventually changed to U shaped mud stove for ease of fuel feeding and combustion air entry.

Fig 1.1 Three Stones Cookstoves.[5]

In 1950`s the first phase of ICS development started. First improved multi pot stoves introduced by
Rajuand Theodorolic were the first to perform the tests. The main problem here was that the tests performed
were not systematic and hence the performance of the stove developed was difficult to understand. The following
years, second phase was initiated, involving systematic testing which consisted of detailed test parameters
like thermodynamic testing, heat transfer and aerodynamic studies and also the dissemination for some parts of the
world. But even after all of this, it failed to meet the user demands. Hence the second phase also was a
failure.

The third phase in 1980`s saw drastic changes. The stoves improved were based on all the users’ demands
especially regarding the convenience, safety, smoke free kitchen and most importantly fuel efficiency [1].

1.4 Summary
This chapter gives us an outline about the various types of cook stoves, their working and methods employed to
increase the efficiency of the cook stoves. Cook stoves are basically, the devices that are used for basic
cooking purpose by using fuels like biomass, wood, charcoal, cow dung etc. This chapter discusses on the
history and background of the cooking sources and the means used for it. Although biomass stoves offer as a
carbon Neutral & Sustainable source, there are various problems with regards to that. Changes are never
permanent since, many Improved Cook Stove are already in market the problem of indoor air pollution, health
problems, excessive usage of wood resources have not been reduced. Hence, the aim is to work on the
progress of these biomass cook stoves and attain a further improvement in efficiency, lessen fuel usage for
required output by testing the parameters on the already existing stoves.

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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

There are numerous designs of the cook-stove out there in the real world. Each stove has its own
advantages and disadvantages. Some are more efficient and more polluting while some are less polluting and more
efficient. As time progressed there were changes made are the stoves and energy sources gradually.

Fig 2. 1 Evolution of Cookstoves.[4]

There has been a slow shift from firewood to biomass fuel resources due to spread of awareness of the health
disorders, increasing price of the fuel etc. These changes and transitions are important to be studied and
referred to for getting a good knowledge on the cooking energy sources and their types. The literature review of
the report gives an idea on cook stoves based on the references from the various papers written by renowned
authors.

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2.1 Classification

Fig 2. 2 Classification of cookstove [1]

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2.2 Components of Cookstove

Fig 2. 3 Components of cookstove [5]

• Combustion Chamber
• Primary Holes
• Secondary Holes
• Thermoelectric generator(TEG)
• Fan and regulator setup
• Outer Housing

2.2.1 Literature on Forced Draft Cook Stove

1) Mode of Air Supply:

The combustion efficiency should be improved to reduce smoke and harmful emissions that damage
health by improved heat transfer efficiency leading to less fuel consumption. The newly developed batch
feeding and fan assisted stoves increased the overall efficiency [6].
In a traditional mud stove, the gasification and combustion of fuel takes place almost simultaneously
around the solid fuel which leads to higher emissions of products of incomplete combustion. If the air is
entering through free convection in a cookstove this is called a natural draft stove and if the air is supplied
through fans than this is called a forced draft stove.
In a natural draft stove the better mixing of combustible gases could not takes place; the stove developer
has to improve the combustion efficiency with the help of better stove geometry and new materials.
In a forced draft stove, better mixing of combustible gases and oxygen leads to better combustion and
lower emissions.
During the pyrolysis of the solid biomass fuel the volatile gas and char are produced. After releasing the
volatile gases, the char gasification is initiated, leading to emission of carbon mono-oxide. The
combustible gases i.e. mixture of volatile gases and carbon monoxide subsequently react with oxygen

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present in the air entering into the cookstove due to the natural draft induced by chimney effect. The
newly natural draft and forced draft, combustion and gasifier stoves are designed to improve the
combustion efficiency. In a gasifier stove, the generation and separation of combustible gases from fuel
and its subsequent combustion to produce heat leads to greater combustion efficiency and therefore, lower
emission of products of incomplete combustion [7].

2) Combustion of Fuel:

The combustion process mechanism plays a great role in a cookstove design and performance. The solid
fuel combustion is a much more complex than the liquid or gaseous fuel combustion due to the processes
of pyrolysis. Generally, the solid fuel combustion such as wood takes place in two stages: flaming
combustion of volatiles and glowing combustion of char.
The char combustion in a cookstove depends on the surface area exposed of the fuel piece, the way a bed
laid out, the rate of pyrolysis and the fluid flow through the fuel bed. The shape of the combustion
chamber, cross-sectional area, height and volume are the important parameters for the design of any
combustion chamber using a solid fuel.
The fuel burning rate determines by the size of a grate and in the case of a stove without grate the
diameter of the combustion chamber. The height of the combustion chamber should be related to the
flame height [8]. The phenomenon of combustion [9] can be explained as below:

At about 100˚C, conduction of heat in the wood takes place due to which the absorbed water boiled and
migrates along the wood grain to cooler areas and re-condenses. At slightly higher temperatures, the
water bound to molecular groups is also evaporates. At about 200˚C, as the temperature increases, hemi-
cellulose begins to decompose followed by cellulose and the decomposition becomes considerable higher
at around 300˚C. Typically, about 8-15% of cellulose and hemicelluloses and roughly 50% of the lignin
remain as fixed carbon and the remainder is released as volatile gases.

The volatiles produced by this decomposition may escape as smoke. As the volatiles escape from the
wood, they mix with oxygen and, burnt at about 550˚C, due to ignition produce a yellow flame. The
radiant heat from the flame also plays a crucial role in maintaining the combustion process. The rate of
combustion is controlled by the rate at which these volatiles are released.
The small pieces of wood due to large surface area absorb more radiant heat, thus have more rate of
release of the volatile. Thus, the fires with small pieces of wood tend to burn quickly than the larger mass.
As the volatiles rises, they react with other volatile molecules form soot and smoke and simultaneously
the burning of volatiles takes place as they mix with oxygen.
The temperature of the hot gas above the wood is typically around 1100˚C and is limited by radiant heat
loss and by mixing with cold ambient air. The burning volatiles account for about two-thirds of the total
energy released by a wood fire and if a cold object is placed close to the fire it will cool and stop the
combustion of some of these volatiles and leaving a thick black smoke. The volatiles are released as long
as the wood is hot and if the air supply is stopped, the combustion process also stops down.

The heat output of the fire is reduced but the wood continues to be consumed as long as it is hot but
releasing of unburned volatiles as smoke and leaving the charcoal behind. As the topmost layers gradually
lose all their volatiles, only a porous char is left behind. This hot char helps catalyze the breakdown of
escaping volatile gases, producing lighter, more completely reacting gases to feed the flames.
In some cases, the volatiles cannot easily escape through this char layer. As they expand and force their
way out, they cause the burning wood to crack and produce hiss.
The char layer also has a lower thermal conductivity than wood. This slows conduction of heat to the
interior and thus slows down the release of volatiles to feed the flames. At the surface of the char, carbon
dioxide reacts with the char's carbon to produce carbon monoxide. Slightly away from char surface, the
greater concentration of oxygen completes the combustion of combustible gases by reacting with the
carbon monoxide to produce carbon dioxide and heat. The temperature near the surface of the burning
charcoal is typically about 800˚C.
The endothermic (heat absorbing) dissociation of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and oxygen, the
radiant heat loss etc. limit the higher temperatures of char.

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When all the carbon has burned off only mineral salts remain as ash. The ash limits the flow of oxygen to
the interior surface of wood and so limits the combustion rate, which is an important mechanism controls
the combustion rate in the charcoal stoves. A wood fire burning at a power level of 1 kW burns 0.0556
grams of wood/second (calorific value of wood 18000 J/s) and requires about 0.278litres of air per
second. However excess air is very important to ensure the complete combustion of the wood fuel in most
of the applications.

3) Heat Transfer:

It is well known that the heat transfer is an important phenomenon in a cookstove and it is helpful to
transfer heat to the cooking pot by the combustion of wood. There are also different losses associated
with it, and hence, thorough study of different heat transfer processes is very important and necessary to
understand the mechanism of heat transfer in a cookstove. The study of different heat transfer processes
in a cookstove is described by Baldwin [9] and others [10] as below:

(a) Conduction:

In a solid material heat is conducted by vibrating atoms and they speed up the vibration rate of more
slowly moving neighbours. In metals, heat is conducted by free electrons which move with a high
velocity from high temperature regions into lower temperature regions where they collide with and excite
atoms. For a cookstove the different areas in which the heat transfer through conduction takes place are
shown in and written as below: The transfer of heat from the cooking pot to the cooking material of the
pot. The heat losses through the stove wall. The heat transfer storage from the flame to wood and the heat
storage in the pot material and in the stove body [10]. Larger the mass and specific heat of an object, the
more energy it can store for a given change in temperature. Thus, a massive object warms up slowly
while a lightweight object warms up rapidly [9].

(b) Convection:

Convective heat transfer occurs when a gas or liquid flows naturally or forced into a region at a different
temperature and exchange heat energy through conduction by the interaction of
individual particles [6].

(c) Radiation:

All materials emit greater amount of radiation energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation due to the
internal molecular and atomic motion because of its higher temperature. The radiations emitted from the
flame ; The radiation exchange between the inner walls, pot and the wood surface; and The radiation loss
to the atmosphere from the wall, pot, chimney, and the opening of the combustion chamber [9]. Verhart
[11] analysed the cooking processes and energy requirements that take place generally, in a household
such as boiling, frying, baking, and grilling in “On designing woodstoves”. He presented a discussion on
the building materials, heat transfer mechanism and energy supply options. He has discussed the role of
natural draft for improving the combustion and heat transfer modes in a cookstove. He also recommended
some important points to improve the combustion efficiency of the cookstove. It was suggested by him
that for complete combustion of small pieces of fuel the following points should be considered. [12]

2.3 Protocols
Laboratory-based tests evaluate stove performance and quality in controlled settings with repeatability, allowing
for differentiation between stoves. Field-based tests demonstrate how stoves perform with local cooks, foods,
practices, and fuels [1]. The Water Boiling Test, Biomass Stove Safety Protocol, Controlled Cooking Test,
Durability Test, and Kitchen Performance Test were developed collaboratively by multiple Alliance partners.

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 The protocols are then compared and the suitable protocol is selected for the testing procedures based on the
requirements.

A brief description about the protocols is mentioned. It states the procedures involved in each protocol
and benefits involved in each protocol are explained:
Laboratory-based tests evaluate stove performance and quality in controlled settings with repeatability,
allowing for differentiation between stoves. Field-based tests demonstrate how stoves perform with local
cooks, foods, practices, and fuels. The Alliance maintains this comprehensive list of protocols (for a range
of stove and fuel types) and archives of earlier versions (available upon request). The Water Boiling Test,
Biomass Stove Safety Protocol, Controlled Cooking Test, Durability Test, and Kitchen Performance Test
were developed collaboratively by multiple Alliance partners.

A brief description about the protocols is mentioned. It states the procedures involved in each protocol
and benefits involved in each protocol are explained:
i. The Water Boiling Test (WBT) is a laboratory-based test that can be used to measure how efficiently
a stove uses fuel to heat water in a cooking pot and the quantity of emissions produced while
cooking. This version reflects comments submitted during a public comment period ending in late
2009, and includes recommendations for both standardized testing and using local pots and fuels.

ii. The Controlled Cooking Test (CCT) is a field test that measures stove performance in comparison to
traditional cooking methods when a cook prepares a pre-determined local meal. The CCT is designed
to assess stove performance in a controlled setting using local fuels, pots, and practice. It reveals
what is possible in households under controlled conditions but not necessarily what is actually
achieved by households during daily use.

iii. Durability test protocol - Durability affects numerous aspects of the cook stove sector, including
usability, performance, safety, and user perception. This protocol is intended to provide methods for
evaluating cook stove durability. Although the term durability is used here, quality may be a more
appropriate term. The tests seek to identify not only aspects of cook stove designs that may affect
usable life, but also the larger concept of cook stove quality.
iv. The Kitchen Performance Test (KPT) is a field test used to evaluate stove performance in real-world
settings. It is designed to assess actual impacts on household fuel consumption. KPTs are typically
conducted in the course of an actual dissemination effort with real populations cooking normally,
and give the best indication of real world performance.

v. Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) protocol was the latest and modified protocol used for testing the
thermal efficiency and emission parameters of the cook stoves. This protocol performs the testing
based on the standard pot dimensions and the burning capacity rate is used as a basis for thermal
efficiency calculations.[13]

2.3.1 Types of Forced Draft Cookstoves

Forced draft stoves tested in the study works on the principle of biomass gasification. The combustion
of gaseous fuel is clean when compared to solid fuels like fuel wood. With the air input gaseous fuel
forms a uniform combustible mixture and provides clean combustion results in higher efficiency.

The device that enables conversion of solid fuel to gaseous fuel by a thermochemical conversion
process is known as gasifier. This process involves sub-stoichiometric high temperature oxidation and
reduction reactions between the solid fuel and an oxidant. These high temperature combustible gases
are burnt at the top of the combustion chamber with additional air (secondary air) supply. An
important factor of this mode of operation is maintaining a fixed ratio between the amounts of
combustible gases produced and the primary air supplied for gasification.

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The fuel consumption increases with the increase in primary air supply. This results in an increase of
the power output. Therefore the heat input of the cook stove is directly proportional to the supply of
the primary air.

The gas produced from biomass is called as producer gas, which consists of combustible gases like
carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, and some higher hydrocarbons. These gases are burnt to
carbon dioxide and H2 O using the secondary air which is supplied at the top of the combustion
chamber. The flame temperature of the gasifier stove is in the range of 1000 0 -C1100 0 C. The flame
temperature of the conventional stove is in the range of 700 0 C-800 0 C.

The higher the flame temperature will result into the increased heat transfer rate, thus making the
gasifier stoves work at higher efficiency than the traditional stoves. Performance evaluation of three
gasifier cook stoves with two types of biomass fuel was carried out in this study

i. Oorja-Plus .A view of the Oorja-Plus stove is shown in Fig.2.4

Fig 2.4 Oorja plus forced draft stove.[13] Fig 2.5 Phillips forced draft stove.[13]

Fig 2.6 Teri's Cookstove.[13]

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ii. Philips Stove. A view of the Philips stove is shown in Fig.2.5
iii. TERI’s cook stove. A view of the TERI’s cook stove is shown in Fig.2.6

TERI’S Combustion chamber:

The inner wall of the combustion chambers is made of ceramic composition material. This is used to
sustain the heat produced during the combustion, thereby increases the life span of the combustion
chamber. Its outer wall is made of stainless steel. The primary and the secondary air were supplied to
these stoves by using a fan placed below the combustion chamber. In the case of TERI’s cook stove, 8
numbers of holes with a diameter of 4.5 mm is provided at the bottom of the combustion chamber for
the supply of primary air. At the top of the combustion chamber 26 numbers of holes with a diameter
of 3 mm is provided for the supply of secondary air.

TERI’S Primary and secondary air inlet:

The primary air gets into the firebox and it is uniformly distributed through the grate at the lower
portion of the combustion chamber. The hot gas produced from the partial combustion of the fuel in
the firebox is carried upward towards the top of the combustion chamber. The gas produced is then
burnt at the top of the combustion chamber with a supply of secondary air to achieve clean
combustion which results in higher efficiency. The air entering into the combustion chamber can be
controlled by adjusting the fan speed. In TERI’s and Philips cook stoves the fan speed can be
gradually regulated from maximum to minimum power.

TERI’S Forced draft created using a DC fan:

In the case of TERI’s and Philips cook stoves, the fan is fixed under the grate, In the case of Oorja -
Plus stove, the fan is attached at a right angle to the grate. This helps to protect the fan from the heat
generated in the combustion chamber. A 1.8 W fan was used in the Oorja-Plus stove and powered by
a battery cell of 1.5 V DC. Philips and TERI’s cook stoves use a fan which operates at 12 V DC. The
12 V DC fan operates in the range of 3 We6 W depending on the heat input requirement. Battery used
to drive the Oorja-Plus stove lasts for 5e6 cooking cycles and it takes about 30 min to recharge. The
battery charger is supported by circuitry that boosts the voltage and starts warning the user with a
beep sound when the voltage drops to 0.7 V providing the user ample time to finish the cooking. In
the Philips cook stove, the fan is driven by a rechargeable battery, which is built-in along with the
stove and is provided with a charger. In the TERI’s cook stove, the fan is driven by a battery, which
can be recharged either by connecting it to the power supply or to a solar panel. The presence of solar
panel may help users to overcome charging problem in the rural areas where the grid is absent.

Designing principles of stoves:

i. Whenever possible, insulate around the fire using lightweight, heat-resistant materials.
If possible, do not use heavy materials like sand and clay; insulation should be light and full
of small pockets of air.

ii. Place an insulated short chimney right above the fire. The combustion chamber chimney
should be about three times taller than its diameter. Placing a short chimney above the fire
increases draft and helps the fire burn hot and fierce. Smoke will contact flame in the chimney
and combust, reducing emissions. Pots or surfaces to be heated are placed above the short
chimney. A taller combustion chamber chimney, more than three times the width, will clean
up more smoke, but a shorter chimney will bring hotter gases to the pot. The very tall
combustion chamber chimney can develop too much draft bringing in too much cold air that
will decrease heat transfer.

iii. Heat and burn the tips of the sticks as they enter the fire. If only the wood that is burning
is hot there will be much less smoke. Try to keep the rest of the stick cold enough that it does

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 not smolder and make smoke. The goal is to make the proper amount of gas so that it can be
cleanly burned without making charcoal or smoke. Smoke is unburnt gas! It is harmful to
breathe. Even cleaner looking combustion contains harmful emissions.

iv. High and low heats are created by how many sticks are pushed into the fire. Adjust the
amount of gas made and fire created to suit the cooking task. (Wood gets hot and releases gas.
The gas catches fire and makes heat.)

v. Maintain a good fast draft through the burning fuel. Just as blowing on a fire and charcoal
can make it hotter, having the proper amount of draft will help to keep high temperatures in
your stove. A hot fire is a clean fire.

vi. Insulate the heat flow path. Cooks tend to like stoves that boil water quickly. This can be
especially important in the morning when family members need to get to work. If heat goes
into the body of the stove, the pot boils less quickly. Why heat up fifty or one hundred
kilograms of stove each morning when the desired result is to heat up a kilogram of food or a
liter of water?
Using insulative materials in the stove keeps the flue gases hot so that they can more
effectively heat the pan or griddle. Insulation is full of air holes and is very light. Clay and
sand or other dense materials are not insulation. Dense materials soak up heat and divert it
from cooking food.[10]

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2.4 International Literature Review
Table 2. 1 Features of some gasifier stove designs available in literature.[1]
S. no. Stove, y ear, reference General description Thermal performance Emission

1 Downdraft (co-current) Supply of air through a pipe into throat of the oxidation zone. Gasification efficiency : 85%. Gas temperature: 700 1C. FP: 2–7 kW. Production of clean burning gas.
Gasifier Stove (Forced draft)
1982 [29,30]
2 Downdraft Gasifier Stove 1992 Gasifier reactor with two burners. Combus tib le gas produced in 1
to 1 min. Time for boiling 5 l of water at 9 1C: 12–15 min. η: 35%.
[76]
3 Rice Husk Gasifier Stove (Forced Downdraft: 13 W fan for gasification air supply . Maximum fuel consumptio n η: 18–25%. Black carbon: 10–50 mg/m 3
draft), 2012 [77] rate: 2 kg/h.
4 and 5 Updraft and Downdraft Gasifier Natural draft, community cookstove s installed at residential tribal schools. Saving of 50% fuel-wood and 35% cooking time as compared to
Stoves 2007 [75] traditional stove.
6 Institutional Gasifier Stove (IGS2) Natural draft with a chimney . Slotted cy linder inside reaction chamber η: 24–28%. FP: 4.7 kW. Steady and smoke-free
(Cross draft ty pe) 2005 [79,80] permits entry of primary air on one side and an exit of producer gas on the combustion.
other side. gas burner with two pots.
Fuels used: rice husk briquettes; wood chips; wood twigs and coconut
shells. Starting time: 20 min.
7 Commercial Gasifier Stove (CGS) Natural draft, for small restaurants, precast cy lindrical segments of brick Highest η: 31.8%. FP: 8.4 kW. Steady and smoke-free
(Cross draft ty pe) 2005 [78,80] lining, 1.1 m high mild steel chimney . Provision for three pots. combustion.
8 Domestic Gasifier Stove (DGS) Natural draft, for small restaurants, use of two pots. Wood chips consumption : 3.2 kg/h. Steady and smoke-free
(Cross draft ty pe) 2005 [80] FP: 3.6 kW. combustion.
Slotted cy linder inside reaction chamber; starting time: 20 min. Use of 1.1 m Average η: 25.9%.
high mild steel chimney Fuels used: rice husk briquettes; wood chips; wood
twigs; saw dust briquettes and coconut shells.
9 Inverted Downdraft Gasifier Natural draft, entry of primary air at the bottom of the stove and secondary Fuel burn rate: 4–10 g/min. CO level 80 cm above the stove
Stove (TLUD) 1996 [81] air at the top above the charcoal bed. The gasification air–fuel ratio: 1.28. was 22 ppm.
An unstable, partly y ellow flame due to poor air–gas mixing. An annular FP: 1.2–3 kW.
burner using a gas wick developed for mixing the gas with air and burning it
cleanly .
10 Wood-gas Turbo Stove (TLUD) 12 V, 3 W blower for supply of gasification and combustion air. The Fuel burn rate: 4.6–11.3 g/min. FP: 1.15–2.83 kW.
2000 [40] superficial velocity in the range of 1.7–6.2 cm/s. Satisfactory operation of Efficiency with different fuels: peanut shell: 31% at 2.1 kW; wood
stove for fuels with moisture content up to 30%. pellets: 31.8% at 2.5 kW; coconut shell: 37.5% at 2.8 kW; palm nut
shell: 33% at 2.5 kW; wood chips: 20% at 2.5 kW; coal: 24% at
2.4 kW.
11 Inverted Downdraft Gasifier Blower for air supply ; fuels: wood chips, sticks, pieces of husk, coconut shell η: 25–35%; FP: 3–5 kW. Continuous operation for 2 h without Very low gaseous emissions.
Stove [82] and about 10% pulverized material of any bio residue. The life of the stove: tending.
2 y ears.
12 Rice Husk Gasifier Stove 2005 12 V, 3 W blower for supply of gasification and combustion air. 12 V, a high Fuel burn rate: 1.5 kg/h. Operating time: 45 min. Blue flame combustion of
(TLUD) [39] temperature blue flame due to clean combustion; stove can operate with producer gas like LPG stove.
remote burners also. Laboratory as well as actual cooking tests conducted.
13 Producer Gas Stove (Natural TLUD ty pe stove, cy lindrical combustion chamber of inexpensive local η: 26.5%; FP: 5 kW Kitchen concentration s of CO 2 :
draft) 2008 [83] material with a refractory lining inside. Air control with a slotted plate and 18–20 ppm, CO: 1–3 ppm
handle arrangement. The stove suitable for a wide variety of biomass fuels.
14 Oorja Stove 2010 (TLUD) [38] Design specs: power: 3 kW; superficial velocity :0.0 5 m/s. Stoichiometric air– Fuel burn rate: 9–12 g/min. CO (g/MJ) PM (g/MJ)
fuel ratio: 6. Primary air: 18 g/min and secondary air: 54 g/min. Use of 1.2 V, Efficiency with different fuels. 1.3 6

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 CHAPTER 3: PROBLEM/PURPOSE STATEMENT

In 2019, total population across world was near about 7.8 billion [14] out of which approximately 3 billion [15], [16]
people rely on polluting Cook stoves i.e. nearly 38.46% of people around the world uses open fires to cook family
meals.

Amongst this, 3.8 million of people die prematurely due to household or indoor gas pollution causing diseases such as
Pneumonia, stroke, Lung Cancer, Ischaemic Heart disease, etc. Household pollution emits gases such as Carbon
monoxide (CO), Sulphur Oxides (SOx), Carbon di-oxide (CO2), & Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) .[17]

Recent facilities such as LPG provided by government gives a limited cost saving option to rural areas so they prefer
Cook stoves instead, which gives no investment of refilling of any Gases such as Biomass are easily available for
combustion purposes. Due to increase in death rate due to indoor air pollution, evaluation towards improvement in
cook stove performance i.e. Thermal Efficiency and Emission Control becomes a necessary approach.

The issue in village or domestic application extend not only to cost effectiveness but also to impact on health of
the family members. The traditional type cook stove emit humungous amount of smoke.

The respiratory health, mostly of female class is tremendously affected. The children nearby, suffers lethal diseases
like tuberculosis and asthma, decreasing their life expectancy. Therefore, the introduction of forced draft cook
stove solves almost too all problems as it has very clean burning.

Ambition is to s e e , each and every family, depending on forest wood, cooking food on clean fire, not on their
very lives. The purpose of the project is improving the thermal as well as emission performance of Forced Draft
Biomass Cook Stove and modifying the cook stove if required.

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CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH QUESTIONS/HYPOTHESES

As the title suggests, this project mainly focus on the performance improvement of forced draft biomass
cook stoves, which consists various general aspects and requirements:

 Evolution of cookstove designs,

 Literature on cookstove design principles,
 Design features of cookstoves,
 Improved cookstove design,
 Mathematical modelling of biomass cookstoves,
 CFD and structural modelling of cookstoves,
 Challenges in modelling of cookstoves ,
 Performance parameters,
 Thermal performance parameters,
 Parameters characterizing emission performance,
 Cookstove testing protocols ,
 Testing protocols for thermal performance.

4.1 Evolution of cookstove designs (Why?)

• The traditional cookstoves are classified by low efficiency with higher emissions. The design and
dissemination of improved cookstoves with better efficiency and lower emissions has a long
history of more than five decades.
• Cooking over a traditional open fire or mud stove can cause increased health problems brought on
from the smoke such as pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), cataracts, low birth weight (LBW),
increased perinatal and infant mortality, nasopharyngeal and laryngeal cancer, and lung cancer,
particularly lung and eye ailments, but also birth defects. The health problems associated with
cooking using biomass in traditional stoves affect women and children most strongly, as they
spend the most time near the domestic hearth.

• Deforestation and erosion often result from harvesting wood for cooking fuel.
• The main goal of most improved cooking stoves is to reduce the pressure placed on local forests
by reducing the amount of wood the stoves consume, and to reduce the negative health impacts
associated with exposure to toxic smoke from traditional stoves.

4.2 Design features of cookstoves

• Researchers working in this area are engaged in improvement in cookstoves designs and it’s
efficiency. Certain Design may incorporate the following features or practices in the research or
development processes:
o Direct Combustion v/s Gasification
o Material of Construction
o Use of Grate
o Features related to air supply
o Chimney
o Damper
o Baffle
o Thermoelectric Generators

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4.3 Improved cookstove design
• Thousands of cook stoves were developed in the search of better performance and here we
developed one of the models of forced draft biomass cook stoves in search of lowering emissions
and indoor household pollution.

Fig 4. 1 CAD model of Cook stove

• Design Consist of a Draft tangentially connected with a body to give better Swirl and Turbulence
to air such that it will give better combustion. Number of Primary holes and Secondary holes are
9 and 8 respectively in Combustion chamber considering best Air distribution ratio of 70:30.

4.4 Mathematical modelling of biomass cookstoves

• While some researchers concentrated on developing new designs of cookstoves, the others
focused on the analysis of these cookstoves through mathematical modelling for understanding
their physics and enabling prediction of cookstove performance.
• Mathematical modelling consist sub part of the technical literature on cookstoves. Most efforts in
the modelling literature to tackle the heat transfer and natural convection flow by using zero
dimensional form of the momentum and energy equations, with some assumptions.
• Recently, the literature on CFD simulation of some stoves has appeared, which can be a very
important tool in developing the more optimal designs, the challenges in CFD modelling of
cookstoves also need to be understood.

4.5 CFD and structural modelling of cookstoves

• The latest trends in cookstove modelling involve use of CFD for thermal analysis and use of finite
element analysis for studying the structural strength of the cookstove material.

4.6 Challenges in Modelling of Cookstoves

• Forced draft cook stoves works on the principle of gasification with cleaner combustion as
compared to fuel used like solid fuels. It gives higher efficiency results due to uniform
combustion and proper mixture of air input with fuels.
• These cook stoves enables Thermochemical conversion with some sub-stoichiometric reactions.
Here reduction reactions take place between fuel and an oxidant. It is important to maintain the
reaction stoichiometrically stable for increase in power output to get better efficiency [18].
Temperatures of Gasifier and conventional stoves range from 1000o C-1100o C and 700o C-800o C
respectively. This Higher flames results into better rate of Heat transfer and cook stoves will
work at higher efficiency.

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 • These types of cook stoves have high efficiency ranging from 35% to 50% [19], consisting
Forced draft type arrangement with lower emissions rate.
• Challenges may include:
o Complexity
o Simple Model v/s CFD Model
o Utility of Model

4.7 Cookstove testing protocols

• Various Protocols that must follow during Fabrication and Experimentation of Setup.
o VITA : Volunteer in Technical Assistance.
o EPTP : Emission Performance Test Protocol.
o BIS : Bureau of Indian Standards.
o WBT : Water Boiling Tests.
• Among above the protocol of BIS had an upper hand and had very less uncertainty of errors due
to which it is mostly being used in checking and improving the thermal as well as emission
performance of cook stoves for more efficient use with less chances of health issues.

Hypotheses of the project consists both Scientific and Statistical Hypotheses.

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 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

5.1 Step 1: Methodological Approach

• An approach towards an Improvement in performance of cook stoves has been a great challenge
to scientists and researchers as biomass cook stoves are one of the basic needs of people living in
rural areas. But due to household pollution by Traditional Cook stoves causes illness to people
preparing for their regular meals near it.
• Hence taking an initiative for Designing, Fabricating and Improvisation in the performance of
Forced Draft cook stoves by placing proper Primary and Secondary holes in combustion chamber
which gives better air distribution for proper combustion to get Lower Emission rates.
• Various experimentations are being performed on the basis of standard protocols i.e. BIS (Bureau
of Indian Standards), VITA (Volunteer in Technical Assistance), EPTP (Emission Performance
Test Protocol), WBT (Water Boiling Test) amongst which BIS had an upper hand and had very
less uncertainty of errors due to which it is mostly being used in checking and improving
emission performance of cook stoves for more efficient use with less chances of health issues.
Here Qualitative approach was held for describing, interpreting, contextualizing, and gaining in-
depth insight into specific concepts of cook stoves.

5.2 Step 2: Data Collection Methods

Qualitative Approach:

1. Interviews:
Usually the cook stoves are preferred in villages so we conducted a group interview at the
outskirts of Pune, Maharashtra. Where we interacted with 1500 peoples and attended their
problems related cook stoves.
2. Participant’s Interactions:
The villagers were known to our faculty so it was far easy to conduct the sessions and gain
the interest of villagers. They were sober and very much interested by sharing their problems
as we were there with a belief to support.
3. Existing Data:
Besides our new design, previously there were many design introduced worldwide and also
few in our laboratory, with reference to them further work was carried out.

Survey is the first step of our project in which we try to understand the ground reality of the cooking
energy scenario in the locality.
The Unnat Maharashtra Abhiyan aims at providing optimized and affordable solutions to the cooking
energy problems in rural areas, therefore we had to select a village for our entire work. While selection
we had to keep the following under consideration:
 No of houses in village should be 150-300
 Population of village should be around 1500-3000
 The village should have low proximity range from college
 The village should be primarily dependent on traditional fuels
 Village people should be keen and cooperative
Kalyan, a village 25 km south of Pune was chosen based on the above criteria. It is located in the Haveli
Taluka in Pune District of Maharashtra State, India. It belongs to Paschim Maharashtra region. The
population, as per Census 2011, is 1521 and there are 320 families residing in Kalyan. Fuel wood is the
primary source of fuel and people generally rely on biomass cook-stoves. Hence, Kalyan is perfect for our
research work.

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Conducting the survey:

Following procedures were followed prior to the conduction of survey:

 A meeting was held with the Sarpanch of Kalyan to discuss about the Unnat Maharashtra
Abhiyan and our research work. Permission was granted and we sought for villagers’
cooperation.
 A presentation was delivered regarding Unnat Maharashtra Abhiyan, Project work and our
plan of action to the villagers.
 Three teams were formed consisting of three students each.
 A questionnaire was prepared comprising 30 questions; the answers to which would reveal
the cooking energy scenario of the village.
The survey was conducted by visiting the families door to door. We interviewed them and noted their
experience and working style about cooking energy.

Village Overview:

 Gram Panchayat : Kalyan

 Block / Tehsil : Haveli
 District : Pune
 State : Maharashtra
 Pin-code : 412205
 Area : 854.6 hectares
 Population : 1,521
 Households : 320
 Latitude : 18.3424637°N
 Longitude: 73.7567953°E
 Altitude: 889 meters. Above Sea level
 Name of Sarpanch: Mrs. Aruna Dimbale

Fig 5. 1 Satellite view of village.

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5.2.1 Survey Questionnaire
1) House no. & name of Head of Family:
 To maintain proper data base about the people using a particular cook-stove.
2) Family Size : Male; Female; Children
 To identify the general family size for testing and design considerations.
3) Source of income : Farming; Job; Business
 To know their social economy condition
4) Type of cook stove daily used: LPG Stoves; Kerosene Stove; Metal Cook stove; Modified
kerosene Stove; Traditional Mud Stove; Modified Mud Stove; Other
 To identify the type of cook-stove most commonly used in village
5) Type of cooking fuel used: LPG; Kerosene; Wood; Cow dung; Other
 To identify the most common type of fuel used in village.
6) Time required for cooking one time meal
 To approximate the amount of fuel used to one time meal and to compare cooking time
with modern cook stoves.
7) Estimated time period for collecting fire-wood
 To understand their difficulties in collecting fuel.
8) How many days LPG lasts? If using. Time elapsed in getting a refill.
 To get a scenario about LPG usage.
9) How much kerosene used per month? How much kerosene is availed by the government?
 To know the kerosene availability
10) How much wood is consumed per month?
 To understand the usages of wood per month
11) Do you use a pressure cooker for cooking? If yes, then specify capacity.
 To understand whether they know about efficient utensils for cooking
12) Frequency of daily cooking
 To understand about their fuel consumption
13) What is the menu of Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner?
 To identify the elementary cooking functions viz. boiling, simmering, frying etc.
14) Difficulties while using mud cook-stoves – Timing; Smoke; Collecting fuel
 To identify the difficulties in mud stoves.
15) Regular maintenance period of chulhas.
 To know about the longevity of the chulhas and their maintenance.
16) For how many years you’ve been using LPG stove?
 To determine their tendency for up-gradation to efficient stoves.
17) Any pre-processing before cooking?
 To know their general awareness about pre-processing as a means to improve efficiency.
18) Any arrangement for ventilation and smoke discharge.
 To determine their know-how about harmful effects of emissions and their control
measures
19) What is the common material of your utensil?
 To know whether they understand the material efficiency
20) What kind of stove villagers preferred for the following: Tea; Rice; Water; Milk?
 To know their preference of cook – stoves for above item
21) Dimension of daily utensils for Tea; Rice; Water; Milk?
 To determine the height to diameter ratio
22) What do you do with the charcoal and ash?
 To understand about what they do with combustion waste
23) Storing procedure of fuel
24) Any variation in fuel type due to seasonal change
 To understand their fuel preference according to their seasonal change.

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5.3 Step 3: Method of Analysis
• The experimentation was done according to the BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) protocol, and
observations were taken as per the instructions given. The fact underlines the importance of use
of carefully designed biomass cook stove.
• The thermal efficiency was found out and accordingly, burning rate and emission of flue gases
were found using FEM (Flue Emission Monitor). Thus, this process can be used to reduce the
environmental pollution and fuel consumption.

5.3.1 Comparison between Radial and Tangential

Cookstoves
• Comparative study between stoves
1
Burning Rate(kg/hr)

0.8

0.6
Existing
0.4 Coostove

0.2 Proposed
Cookstove
0
0 1 2 3 4
No. of Tests

Fig 5. 2 Plot of fuel burning rate of cookstove

• Fig. 5.2 shows comparison of burning rates of modified Tangential Cook stove and forced
draft Radial cook stove. From above plot we can understand that the New Designed forced
draft cookstove has high fuel burning rate then Existing Cook Stove.

20000
Heat

Proposed Existing
0 Existing
1 Proposed
2
Time

Fig 5. 3 Plot of Cookstove Heat rates

• Fig. 5.3 shows comparison of Input and Output power of modified Tangential Cook stove and
forced draft Radial cook stove. From above plot we can see that forced draft Tangential
cookstove has efficient Heat input and Output which takes less time for cooking.

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 40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Thermal Efficiency

Fig 5. 4 Plot of Efficiency of Cookstoves

• Fig. 5.4 shows comparison of efficiencies of modified Tangential Cook stove and forced draft
Radial cook stove. From above plot we can see that forced draft Tangential Cookstoves has
more efficiency comparatively, which takes less time for cooking and will also produce less
emissions.

5.3.2 Plot of Power Input and Power Output

3.5 1.4
3 1.2
2.5 1
2 0.8
Reading
1.5 0.6 Readings
s
1 0.4
0.5 0.2
0 0
Power Input Power Output

Fig 5. 5 Plot of Power Input and Output

• This plot gives us values of power inputs and power outputs of forced draft cookstove at
medium speed tests.

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5.3.3 Plot of Burning Rate Calculations

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Readings
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Burning Rate

Fig 5. 6 Plot of Burning Rate

• This plot gives us information about various Burning rate readings done in Burning Rate
testing’s of Forced Draft Cookstoves.

5.3.4 Plot of CO Emissions

2.5

1.5
Readings
1

0.5

0
Carbon Monoxide

Fig 5. 7 Plot of CO Emissions

• This plot gives us the plot of carbon monoxide emission by forced draft cookstove when used
at medium speeds. The emission is highest when the fan is working at low speed and low
when the fan is working at medium speed.

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5.3.5 Plot of SO2 Emissions

80
70
60
50
40
Readings
30
20
10
0
Sulphur-di-oxide

Fig 5. 8 Plot of SO2 Emissions

• This plot gives us the plot of Sulphur dioxide emission by forced draft cookstove when used
at medium speeds. The emission is highest when the fan is working at low speed and low
when the fan is working at medium speed.

5.3.6 Plot of NO Emissions

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
Readings
1.5
1
0.5
0
Nitrogen Oxide

Fig 5. 9 Plot of NO Emissions

• This plot gives us the plot of Nitrogen oxide emission by forced draft cookstove when used at
medium speeds. The emission is highest when the fan is working at low speed and low when
the fan is working at medium speed.

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5.3.7 Plot of PM Emissions

0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
Readings
0.1
0.05
0
Particulate Matter
Emission

Fig 5. 10 Plot of PM Emissions

• This plot gives us the plot of Particulate Matter emission by forced draft cookstove when used
at medium speeds. The emission is highest when the fan is working at low speed and low
when the fan is working at medium speed.

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 CHAPTER 6: SCOPE & LIMITATIONS

As this whole project comes under Unnat Maharashtra Abhiyaan and the cook stove price is very less so
that it will implement in rural areas instead of mud and natural cook stoves by aware the villagers about
the benefits of this cookstoves.
The BIS test on forced draft cook stoke reviled the efficiency and output of stove. The net cost of cook
stove rounded over to 1500 bucks. The initial stage of cook stove gave 36.8% efficiency with clean
combustion of wood, giving out only 10 – 12 gm of ash.
The upgraded version Cook stove with proper insulation coating and costing of 250 bucks which gave
improved efficiency of 37.64%.The efficiency improvement of 0.84%, which comes out as 78 bucks per
unit efficiency. The test ran for 1hr and the stove ran for 50min at full capacity for available wood. The
heat output is more than sufficient to meet the demands at domestic level. The design with flexible stand
makes stove very versatile for different loads of applications, like daily use to small gathering of 30
people feast.
The main focus in designing was to keep the efficiency as high as possible while keeping the weight and
cost of project to minimum. The ideal efficiency is 40%, and the prototype manages to peak at 37.64%.

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 CHAPTER 7: TIMELINE

Table 7. 1 List of Tasks

Sr.No. Tasks
1 To study Literature on Biomass Cookstoves
2 Understanding the Forced Draft Biomass Cook Stove
3 Testing on Previously Designed cook stoves
4 Generation of Mathematical Model for new Forced Draft Biomass Cook Stove
5 Mathematical Model verification for new Forced Draft Biomass Cook Stove
6 Market and Material Survey
7 Preparation of CAD model of new Forced Draft Biomass Cook Stove
8 3-D Model Verification of new Forced Draft Biomass Cook Stove
9 CFD Analysis for newly designed Forced Draft Biomass Cook Stove
10 CFD Verification
11 Laboratory Testing on newly designed Forced Draft Biomass Cook Stove
12 Field Visit
13 Field Testing on newly designed Forced Draft Biomass Cook Stove
14 Final Report Generation

Fig 7. 1 Gantt Chart

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 CHAPTER 8: REFERENCES

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[10] Clean Development Mechanism[Internet].Available from< https://cdm.unfccc.int/> [Cited on 30-
08-12].
[11]Bryden, Mark, Dean Still, Peter Scott, Geoff Hoffa, Damon Ogle, Rob Bailis, and Ken Goyer.
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[13] Performance evaluation of three types of forced draft cook stoves using fuel wood and coconut
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[15] Household Air Pollution and Health by World Health Organisation [Internet]. Available from:<
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survey>[Cited on 08.03.2018].
[16] International Organisation for Standardization to Improve health with new standards for cleaner
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