Kameen Aero Academy

Training Syllabus

TRFD001- EAST AFRICA AVIATION METEOROLOGY FOR AVIATORS

A. GENERAL METEOROLOGY
1. THE ATMOSPHERE
(a) Layers Of The Atmosphere
(i) The Troposphere
(ii) The Stratosphere
(iii) The Mesosphere
(iv) The Thermosphere (Ionosphere and Exosphere)
(b) The International Standard Atmosphere

2. TEMPERATURE
(a) Temperature Scales
(b) Diurnal Variation Of Temperature
(c) Diurnal Range Of Temperature
(i) Conditions favorable for a large Diurnal Range of
Temperature
(d) Heat Transfer Processes
(i) Radiation
(a) Solar Radiation
(b) Terrestrial Radiation
(ii) Conduction
(iii) Convection
(iv) Turbulence
(e) The Heating Of The Lower Atmosphere

3. ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY
(a) Adiabatic Changes In The Atmosphere
(i) Environmental Lapse_ Rate
(ii) Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
(iii) Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate

4. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
(a) Variation Of Pressure With Height
(b) Diurnal Variation Of Pressure

5. WIND
(a) Buys Ballot's Law
(b) Surface Wind
(c) Diurnal Variation Of Surface Wind
(d) Local Winds
(i) Sea Breeze
(ii) Land Breeze
(iii) Katabatic Wind
(iv) Anabatic Wind
(v) Fohn Wind

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6. ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE
(a) Vapor Pressure
(b) Humidity
(i) Dew-point Temperature
(ii) Relative Humidity
(iii) Condensation
(a) Industrial Smoke
(b) Sea Spray
(c) Soil Particles

7. CLOUDS
(a) Constituents Of Clouds
(b) Formation Of Clouds
(i) Convection
(ii) Orographic Lifting
(a) Wave Clouds
(b) Lenticular Clouds
(iii) Turbulence
(iv) Ascent over a wide area
(a) Convergence
(b) Frontal Uplift
(c) Dispersal Of Clouds
(i) Evaporation
(ii) Fall-out
(d) Classification Of Clouds
(i) Basic Forms
(a) Cumuliform Clouds
(b) Stratiform Clouds
(c) Cirriform Clouds
(ii) Height Classification

8. WEATHER
(a) TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
(i) Showers
(a) Rain Showers
(b) Snow Showers
(c) Hail Showers
(ii) Thunderstorms
(a) Three Stages of Growth
I. Cumulus stage
2. Mature stage
3. Dissipating stage

(b) Electrical Phenomena

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1. Lightning
2. Thunder
(iii) Rain
(iv) Drizzle
(v) Distinction between Showers, Rain and Drizzle
(b) FOG AND MIST
(i) Radiation Fog
(ii) Advection Fog
(iii) Ground Fog
(iv) Hill Fog
(v) Wet Fog
(c) LITHOMETEORS
(i) Haze
(ii) Dust Haze
(iii) Smoke
(iv) Dust or Sandstorm
(v) Distinction between Fog, Mist, Smoke and Haze

B. HOW AN AEROPLANE FLIES 1. THE AERODYNAMICS OF FLYING

(a) BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
(b) FORCES ACTING ON AN AEROPLANE IN FLIGHT

C. THE ROLE OF MET 1. THE CRUISE

(a) THE WEIGHT
(b) THE LIIT
(c) THE DRAG
(d) THE THRUST
(e) METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
(i) Wind
(ii) Temperature

2. THE TAKE-OFF AND CLIMB

(a) METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
(i) Wind
(ii) Temperature
(iii) Air Density

3. THE DESCENT AND LANDING

D. AVIATION ALTIMETRY
1. PRESSURE AND HEIGHT
2. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ATMOSPHERE
3. THE ALTIMETER
(a) THE SUBSCALE
(b) THE ALTIMETER FORMULA
(c) ALTIMETER S ETTINGS

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(i) Use of Altimeter Settings

(a) At Cruising Levels
(b) For Landing Purposes
1. Subscale set to QNH
2. Subscale set to QFE
(d) ERRORS OF THE ALTIMETER

E. EAST AFRICAN WEATHER 1.THE INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (l.T.C.Z.)

(a) EFFECT OF ITCZ ON EAST AFRICAN CLIMATE

2.REGIONAL WEATHER CONDITIONS

(a) KENYA
(i) North Eastern Region
(ii) Nyanza and Western Regions
(iii) Rift Valley Region
(iv) Nairobi District, Central and Eastern Regions
(v) Coast Region

(b) TANZANIA, MAINLAND

(i) North Coast
(ii) South Coast
(iii) Kilimanjaro, Usambara Area
(iv) Morogoro and Ruvuma Regions
(v) Central, Tabora and Kigoma Regions
(vi) Southern Highlands Region
(vii) Arusha Region
(viii) West Lake, Mwanza, Mara and Shinyanga Regions

(c) UGANDA
(i) Western Region
(ii) Northern Region
(iii) Buganda Region
(iv) Eastern Region

( d) ZANZIBAR AND PEMBA

F. AVIATION WEATHER HAZARDS IN EA 1. HAZARDS IN EAST AFRICA IN GENERAL

(a) THUNDERSTORMS
(i) Turbulence
(ii) Icing
(a) Aerodynamically
(b) On Control Surfaces
(c) On Weight
(d) On instruments
(e) On Visibility
(f) Types of Icing
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1. Airframe Icing
(a) Clear Ice
(b) Rime Ice
(c) Snow Mixture Icing

2. Carburetor Icing
(iii) Electrical Effects
(a) Static Electricity
(b) Direct Lightning Strikes
(b) Fog and Stratus
(c) TROPICAL CYCLONES
(d) MOUNTAIN WAVES
(i) Wave Conditions
(e) TURBULENCE IN GENERAL,
(i) TYPES OF TURBULENCE·
(a) Thermal Turbulence
1. In Cloud
2. Outside Cumulonimbus Cloud
3. Below the Cloud
4. In Downdraughts outside Cloud
(b) Orographic Turbulence
(f) Low Level Jetstream Over North East Province Of Kenya

2. HAZARDS AT MAJOR AIRPORTS IN EAST AFRICA

(a) NAIROBI AIRPORT
(b) ENTEBBE AIRPORT
(i) Occurrence of low Stratus and Fog
(ii) Low level Inversion
(iii) Thunderstorms
(iv) Lake Flies
(c) DAR ES SALAAM AIRPORT
(d) KILIMANJARO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

BRIEF NOTES ON WEATHER AT OTHER SMALLER

AIRPORTS
(a) ARUSHA AND MOSHI
(b) IRINGA
(c) JINJA
(d) KISUMU
(e) MALINDI AND MOMBAsA
(f) DODOMA
(g) MBEYA
(h) MUSOMA
(i) MWANZA
(j) MTWARA
(k) SONGEA
(1) TABORA
(m) TANGA AND ZANZIBAR
(n) SOROTI
G. RADAR METEOROLOGY
K. THE GENERAL SET-UP OF

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METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES IN EA 1. MAIN WATCH OFFICE. (MWO)

2. CLASS I METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
3. CLASS II METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
4. OTHER METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
5. REFERNCES

RFD002- WEIGHT AND BALANCE

Chapter 1 Weight and Balance Control
Introduction
Responsibility for Weight and Balance Control
Terminology
Weight Control
Effects of Weight
Weight Changes
Stability and Balance Control
Weight Control for Aircraft Other Than Fixed and
Rotor-wing
Weight-Shift Control Aircraft
Powered Parachutes
Balloons
Underestimating the Importance of Weight and Balance
Chapter 2 Weight and Balance Theory
Introduction
Weight and Balance Theory
Arm
Moment
The Law of the Lever
Shifting the Balance Point or CG
Solution by Chart
Basic Weight and Balance Equation
Solution by Formula
Mean Aerodynamic Chord
FAA-Furnished Weight and Balance Information
CG Range
Empty Weight CG Range (EWCG)
Maximum Weights
Number of Seats
Maximum Baggage
Fuel Capacity
Oil Capacity (Wet Sump)
Data Pertinent to all Models
Manufacturer-Furnished Information
Chapter 3 Weighing the Aircraft and Determining the Empty
Weight Center of Gravity
Introduction
Requirements

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Equipment for Weighing

Preparation for Weighing
Scale Preparation
Weigh Clean Aircraft Inside Hangar
Equipment List
Ballast
Standard Weights
Draining the Fuel
Oil
Other Fluids
Configuration of the Aircraft
Jacking the Aircraft.....................................................3-5
Leveling the Aircraft...................................................3-5
Safety Considerations.................................................3-5
Determining the CG........................................................3-5
EWCG Formulas............................................................3-6
Datum Forward of the Airplane—Nosewheel
Landing Gear...............................................................3-6
Datum Aft of the Main Wheels—Nosewheel
Landing Gear
Location of Datum
Datum Forward of the Main Wheels—Tailwheel Landing Gear
Datum Aft of the Main Wheels—Tailwheel
Landing Gear
Center of Gravity (CG) and Mean Aerodynamic
Chord (MAC)
Center of Gravity (CG)
Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
Chapter 4 Light Sport Aircraft Weight and Balance Control
Introduction.....................................................................4-1
LSA Definition of Term.............................................4-2
Weight and Balance........................................................4-3
WSC Aircraft...............................................................4-3
Powered Parachutes.....................................................4-4
Weight and Balance Computations (Amateur-Built
Aircraft)...........................................................................4-4
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Single-Engine Aircraft Weight and Balance
Computations.......................................................5-1
Introduction.....................................................................5-1
Determining the Loaded Weight and CG.......................5-2
Manual Computational Method..................................5-2
Loading Graph Method...............................................5-4
Moment Indexes......................................................5-4
Loading Graph.........................................................5-4
Compute Weight and Balance Using the
Loading Graph.........................................................5-4
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Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Multiengine Aircraft Weight and Balance
Computations.......................................................6-1
Introduction.....................................................................6-1
Determine the Loaded CG..............................................6-2
Chart Method Using Weight, Arm, and Moments......6-2
Determining the CG in Percentage of Mean Aerodynamic
Chord (MAC).......................................6-3
The Chart Method Using Weight and
Moment Indexes..........................................................

Chapter 7 Center of Gravity Change After a Repair or Alteration

Introduction.....................................................................7-1
Equipment List................................................................7-2
Major Alteration and Repair...........................................7-3
Weight and Balance Revision Record............................7-3
Weight Changes Caused by a Repair or Alteration........7-5
Computations Using Weight, Arm, and Moment.......7-5
Computations Using Weight and Moment Indexes....7-5
Determining the CG in Percentage of Mean Aerodynamic
Chord (Percent MAC)..........................7-6
Empty Weight CG (EWCG) Range................................7-6
Adverse-Load CG Checks..............................................7-6
Forward Adverse-Load CG Check..............................7-7
Aft Adverse-Load CG Check......................................7-7
Ballast.............................................................................7-7
Temporary Ballast.......................................................7-8
Temporary Ballast Formula........................................7-8
Permanent Ballast........................................................7-8
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Weight and Balance Control—Helicopter..........8-1
Introduction.....................................................................8-1
Determining the Loaded CG of a Helicopter..................8-3
Effects of Offloading Passengers and Using Fue...........8-3
Chapter 9
Weight and Balance Control—Commuter Category and
Large Aircraft................................9-1
Introduction.....................................................................9-1
Establishing the Initial Weight of an Aircraft ................9-2
Determining the Empty Weight and Empty Weight
CG (EWCG)....................................................................9-2
Documenting Changes to an Aircraft’s Weight and
Balance ...........................................................................9-3
Determining the Loaded CG of the Airplane in
Percent MAC..................................................................9-3

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Operational Empty Weight (OEW)................................9-5

Reestablishing the OEW.............................................9-5
Fleet Operating Empty Weights (FOEW) ..................9-5
Onboard Aircraft Weighing System............................9-5
Determining the Correct Stabilizer Trim Setting........9-6
Determining CG Changes Caused by Modifying the
Cargo...............................................................................9-6
Effects of Loading or Offloading Cargo....................9-6
Effects of Shifting Cargo From One Hold to
Another........................................................................9-8
Determining Cargo Pallet Loads and Floor
Loading Limits............................................................9-9
Determining the Maximum Amount of Payload
That Can Be Carried..................................................9-10
Determining the Landing Weight..............................9-10
Determining Fuel Dump Time in Minutes................9-12
Weight and Balance of Commuter Category
Airplanes...................................................................9-12
Determining the Loaded Weight and CG..................9-12
Determining the Changes in CG When Passengers
Are Shifted................................................................9-16
Determining Changes in Weight and CG When
the Aircraft Is Operated in Its Cargo
Configuratio.............................................................9-18
Determining the CG Shift When Cargo Is Moved
From One Section to Another...................................9-18
Determining the CG Shift When Cargo Is Added
or Removed...............................................................9-18
Determining Which Limits Are Exceeded................9-18
Chapter 10 Use of Computer for Weight and Balance Computations
Introduction
Electronic Calculator
E6-B Flight Computer
Dedicated Electronic Flight Computer.........................10-3
Typical Weight and Balance Problems.....................10-4
Determining CG in Inches From the Datum.............10-4
Nosewheel Airplane With Datum Ahead of the
Main Wheels..........................................................10-4
Nosewheel Airplane With Datum Behind the
Main Wheels..........................................................10-4
Tailwheel Airplane With Datum Ahead of the
Main Wheels..........................................................10-4
Tailwheel Airplane With Datum Behind the
Main Wheels..........................................................10-4
Determining CG, Given Weights, and Arms............10-5
Determining CG, Given Weights, and Moment
Indexes......................................................................10-5

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Determining CG in Percent Mean Aerodynamic

Chord (MAC)............................................................10-5
Determining Lateral CG of a Helicopter...................10-5
Determining ΔCG Caused by Shifting Weights.......10-6
Determining Weight Shifted to Cause Specified
ΔCG...........................................................................10-6
Determining Distance Weight Is Shifted to Move
CG a Specific Distanc..............................................10-6
Determining Total Weight of an Aircraft With a Specified ΔCG
When Cargo Is Move.....................10-7
Determining Amount of Ballast Needed to Move
CG to a Desired Location..........................................10-7

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