t pes 8 HE ples — xa oe Cod) amt defined Ae yoms =X) 0Properties Of Laplace Transform ~ ineontty. propia au > x9 yt) E> YO 5 & 0 am+y@ +> +) 2 of apis ligess- Codbitets) Ax 484 Hs 4X94 BCS) s(horogi a 7% . Differentiabon propeaty. a) Ey x 7B Ge > 9x9 7 Pe 3. nteGration property. ye convobation ui E> x9 18 ayy nyt) 2 XO) _ fetes xf 2; Tree ent 5. Th Sitt8, pope Go 5 twat tot : L ve eft ta vesies! ae cn ‘ Ey 8 —vasicble tet) Ls Sx EAP bo one onst wt exe sane pu waial & ‘ee Ejmeshifory no sign chonge 6 Feayuoncy sepein& fleqraniy Sif signs a. clog Soe & ee —L_ x(s> 50) jh eros wary cond See peeA. Homagen'9 x) bs x 1% et xt) + x0 y Roe wi e~ teenie s-hrere censtont sig hongentyerpts GF Time sbaling property §. x) —Es xO) DR) L 7 x@) ts x(S) 1 & ne senrbal property Baek re) —> Fy GO satya Lo 4 Refs}r-a uw Ee des {5} ass on @ uss vat {Bie Sea) eco EO ae) Ge 5 Rossy & at, ~e Ud gay Refs} co 9 be) arity Sative Sploe oe Tt @opyolubin -popty 2 xR yet) —E—> XO-YE) 7 Re as Digferenbedion property +~ @ + xo) go bo 6x97 Br nw up +e uw (bots ant R59). = Lm By 9 Gin "EO ~ Bayes a) ; Re) > =A RUD? Re . OK jonah? 2% Résutant ROC will be Refs}ra ——> % ob the values oS’ which ast 7 * jason fn the ROC ame giving =r finite value fos commd @ ey & sey : Cimulfaneonsly ct oe Qi AWH= Cue e UCD . e 4 | dire Mf ea oo two-sided Unbound Refs 7 Re Shook & q-fox KGS) > Ro, ROCK SY > doemvtexist: vay e Stuer) 4B uEE oe SH S42 “EWGR) Re a > io from this plot, theae exists nO yi aS wb The value o © fr hich oa © Spe ) OSL valid Gimuttomconsly 1 Laplace transform doesn't extsts < RGE- dosn't” exits... Ry ek QE awe upp eued a mh or) eH | ' Refs} 7-2 ke{she—a Ry Ry - &-c6m_ = ~~ Gans) Genera) ) A. ROC oH XG) ts e2)< Refs < (4) From tye aba plot resultant ROC is ~2 < Refj<-a 1 ye fo these vabres g $ both He expects otk z= ose valid Ginuttaneonsly. eum) ey + = sige — Unbrunded shy,1, for -tao-sided signa) Roc ts in Ya eft must pole cmd aAGae most pole 19. jusbifed « Roc 18 pesent im Yio two poles Gince signal Ts two-sided = = @) ‘ntebgation» dO using integratin property Qe ete uc Y ) intelgetion ©) using integratin property be by 2 = 6) F entive S-plane (Roc, } + ho tte u® = fener ate ao ~k 7 alt) 7 Right-sided 7 Roc -9 15 right sided of S=O Qe Awe u(- 6) ay to» £-x0) 6) => $= xO) uey > xB) © —» =: 4) = Lb, xX ue) S Sey as c Regs <0 net) > Leptesided stgrof * RoC 7S Hef sided. (so) Location of, RoC Limits 490 determined pule <)7_ slqns o5f aesifdect by lege cided GI nght sided atgnal) »og ~ ok x= fay ear = F costae. E*ae <2 —» Swot — het: = f eee pe at 2 eg fle ye +O : Grit — ' 2 lecas) + Tem) co [ Gerim) * am | L Le at) _b_, 5=x0) joc 5 Le ut) REDS “ea "@ ya) 7 T waratle So-east sjuc€, u = ai Ler uts = Mis (S450) BtWo) | Roc, UD = COS UE. UML) —> Real fanchoy ( Righ-sided simal 0-40.) awe 48% +48 Mt) = Costmi uct) Refs) > A» O Roc, Refs} 40oe S-plane ngs} 70 shut, jut 6 aw = be uty Pe) (ass) (Rss) yg= tf + 2 & (ain 7 iio) ~ a Gxiia0 + $8 SH (oof = 1 (® QR \ Keay xe) SRO REFS} 7 O- Se | ahi coset UY —E> 8 5 Ref}70 S100" ae . Given fanction was real fanckion but with “he iy clusion Gy tota(j) tee pur mathemaricod caladahion becomes easier.AUX) = coset uct) cos wl uct) att) x = noo sided Rift -sided right sited. | Cbownded) « | not abelutely. integrable ( a esta...) Gino g5vem function 16 sight sided Gignal ROC aly wht | aside Qi xt) = 3 O(-4t) = ee = yo bat) ——> HO stalingy A 6) —y 4 —> homosinity prperty -3 be) — 3 i > ROC Fenhee Spl. & aw. Suey aw bs wet) ty Fug ty ee uty = ehucen ue) bs ace) 5 = 3k @ |, m 6 —bsaait att) = @ ale-) pen ute) ee ge, ate) uce-2) =3t, L -tiw 1 7 Ho = & we) > Sas “tt L ee =e) a = Facey ae 6 4) e° ues) bs cade 6+) gr) 1) ——> —~Be } ey 7 I kegs} 7 -3 U1) w6hb sided anf Qe aise Buca) > tpt Sel sig . perruey tub yt) = AOD yet = 0) ge eeacey yo = tatty: = 169 = OM ary - out4 at L eu) —> & Men 28 ‘abt <> o > time -shifting fe) es, ee utt-a) i, € © , 69 => bomogenity cru 2, Ze? e w= yay Lb pe “eo ”? — 2054) wey 2s ve? ey tine GD)” seus $9) —>» yoo —> ent) “Si wh <4 Co Left sided signal att), To find Laplace tansform for above question © Numgy se ctfeck 4 time —vivenal i) Mati, the effect of bmeshipting: i) Jone Be Lnplre tp a Yeuttetove (Y take the effect 4 time —shigting QD take te effect oh viversalQe 3 5 wf Ls.) (two-sided sifnat) a ee KE) H3 = suet) Fault) = a( ued race). o) @ sued 4 atatyy 15 valle for all valuos a ¢ Woe 1HD= 2@ = 84Q) + aud = 6(4) +34) = & 1) = Gud) + BAe) bof o-$ % eeyre RIO 185) (R59) J Loplace. transform doesn't exist pr which expesins & 2 ace twcunsform doen't existe 90 covomnon (ROC) * “peso exist no vale 4 gue valid mattamousty. bap Loglace twansfor9 Ob penodic signal doesnt exist. Gitte deste exist ( periodic) 0 saith Bee Caperodic) cotint E> doenit exist (perio) Ghnudst att) —— moe? ky ewes Prop CApenediic) 1 pool ty aa +o 401) = ate ul. > Risht-sided 2 3k x= € & uct 2 9 - eae aw | t= G9 (Ree), ; x0 * 2 —, (4 meted wo Khas x19 eth — uct) , we Fh OG des BOE sign’ Aisconhvous * mpolsts wil Genrate ML) = 264) -26-D 2 5 (wey = 2 Ge) 2606-4) 7 69). 6x® = 2-2 8 x = 30-8): sy St Roc Entire 9-plane = € Finite, Juration, -26(t-2) 7-2 @ ‘Sgnat xt) = a (re a 3 7 $( s-4 Be - = 2S [a-ay raneTa = ae teal poinls a — tro ten cd ry vba vy ° nr oe S=o 6-4 6 G20 SHO BO mo 0 14 4 0 oer (9s CATED) OD ult) 2 gee) = wtb) aCe) - CE) wey = ucey SED aM) = sx = F x6) = pose] 7 Roc > enbrre Splane texlew aoe ies oe go Lop i) LGX9 = frte 9 at) = att) — WEA) — et 2) finite dusakon cignal $20 (mot pole) nt (Ses OS, wesults - hte s st C =o is not a pole fous one gr vabes 8) fw att XO) ecane | ‘infinite dQi xt) +s xO etaers) 9 2 xe) —baxo 7% fo A(t+to) —b, e xe) £0) BE XCD jm retry Ss (8) Mowing from RS (> sine cdvonee by 5 G)—> Hme comptestine by 2 ipa b'me reuse al ee) 4, x xe 8s ee) x0 +> 0 Fe KC) tary 2, BO me) a “ AGtt9 Ls Seg). dgverse Laplace, Transfrm + oe 1O= ag fx. fas oe tot em aug 4 S43) z (Sv) a fun ws ide eft sed .SH cn be Observed from Ge awe prrcess....thak (To obtaine unique Laplace Inverse expression, Roc requived along with expression of Laplace of signal. © Woo, Tyee laplace transforms possible = NO Gomdom los 4 = nog, ROCs +4 Hao many. invse Caplase omy 1 Ri XO= Coen er)d poss fr x0) x0) -—a eysner? 4 0, 2 = + a oT &#P EF Sinat SFB wel speesbok 1 A ‘ BARHs no-d, 1 Snvese Laplet preomsfoed = nod Ros tt > ae = OttMt. . és) os We XO Css) ErmED 2 Ay Bo = hy BL cy 6 oH) GD noc Inverse Laplace bomsfornas = move, ROC of 1 = 24h =3 cok 3b xt) = C8 4HBE uw — 19 ten hile using pasbial frachin meted , degiee of, ea yumeradtar must be less than degree 4, denominator. (i.e. Xt) = proper fovea) Tt cay be also cbsemed hat RoC 1 Ho present in byy two pols : j . \eince. -funchiay is two sided. rs : Sh oe I Co at tics ee uy ¢ Oey Qe x= se 5 Refshr-2 Nog; tyvense laplace, -bansform possible eqral tp @. 7 Me is Giiey that uy untqur Tpwse laplace, tansfom expuassion is presentwee 19 sightstded 3 Us sina must fe aigh sed RES >— 1 a && ) — € —— 2 " b Ps - Right sided) Ke Ue X Cr HE lepe srte =(t-) 2 ultd 2S 7 @ Ee A en x)= a ts ef Cutty aay 9 ) = att) Bir _Diperontiatin ip_S-domain 3 ate ty XO tae) —t o> -dpe9) ae eu to de) 3 xu) +e tu = + yO at ul) = 5 yc) + whet sided: 5 Refs r—2 at yeo- Muy b> ge ) > &a tye bs de may ales) * Gap ag bo te 1 RAST —O a Gry AP eu —b , 2! est Qe eye (SHE) 5 XG) = Jn) pap) 7 Te fs Quen tat xl) is 5 Cine ) = ME+e) - S40) x = MEH +I G59 — MEH + tm(s-j6) Sada = koe: fo? > Evo Sagas = bn whenever x6) 1s present in non-standard form » Bink about digevontiahin im G-domain poper ohoays ee) | a ag —+ wo oe? a Il - so) << deo Gs 5 8) 20848) petty Ste ween aCe) gs os ~ mae) Bp & casak uty — 2005 He ult) yop =e Ccosat —Losht) act)at = —tytt) ae (2c0sat— agosbtyut ° sw = QE uy etuey. = Eutey ~ €-) ut) + WCE) cws8) 1 Le woo + (eputt-) —=> ~ wey > 2 $ 4. att) = Ea) zw = outed + ule) yt oder Lintos DCGm-PPA Hinnos Gystem, Lime t .. : ineod Gystem, Lime ‘yvosiant System iS represented! i Kineos Constemt coefficient differential qabin. a Ft yay . ae oi $ doy) = by dees qh xte) Fa TB. System, /O4/ A, bbe OS Constants. Jprconst coeffients ) For Viqens system (1) no conttont tevin must be present: Ce) no produc tom of Yr~O/p > derivative o Op | oust be present Seb 4 e 4 Eye 1) > linear 5 TV oe YO = CD “7 Mow hires » Ww ad yo = xt) ED > none Linear» TEV: aa eye = te 9 noy-Lingosy TPV: ut Causality, Y svatity oh -Sgtew 3 “ tm time domain, for 11% system 15 cogsal Syston fe IO, <0 y bey > Smpulse. vesponse | Ay. dy Bedomain, — bet Lb, Hn ; ROCEm Foy «& totfona} HO» Roc wil be vight +o the ight-most- pol ov a couse Gystem-Steablty dh LTE System 5— 1. Gp tne domains —% aygtom is stable fanpulbe yesponse fo absolute integrable i¢ Py f orlat <0: bu) > Smee epose a & Sy Gdomamyy A systern 1 (said tobe = BEBO stable if Roc , HO) qdudes 50 ais For LTD syste to be causal & Stable - 5 Bar all the pos oust Lie ty left bolf plane @) rea ports opSpoles must be negative (oyster must: be couse} Ce VF ute 150) comunk on Sorbstity. & couseality, of Syston oI yey = Ceattt5) > RS ) 7 st fo for t0 ayaen von cowlIbeo} |? - 2. aptem ie ahslute, imtegrable pees 9 : ey = PE uce+s0) - (S-domain ut £ | 2 $ : eu > ee | (+450) (e450 4 Sm +e ~ 24 150-50) > wae » 104450) : - oe 2 uct +50) £08 Macy 450) ) 50S woe , HO = e eo: Y RASH 2 ig ig Stable “ROC containing Ju) ountsoo pole=zero plot 1 pe ote ot ' a] al ieee Ly oe 1 qi} [., poles. oft side only L” For cousal state Ty jue. iy Uso Spb a RODS ane nok Geingy epeet the sipten causality, & stability. * °. Cat naa 82 derdics Bilateral CT) Unilateral LT: Uslatera) apiece ‘pansforo 18 used ty “Hee analysis oh wt non-B? tnibal concbition couse} LTT system jowrtoutoaly ‘ xo= fx etat =» ~ 4) te causal —y \ at aett) HL, yes) wher x0 = frumee. 0 Git Qe Find ULT & eT 9, 1) sult). ww ® ols 2 oo Slee at . - Yur @ = fue, XO > fawerae Lue) = : j x) = ut) 84 £0 ne§s}70 » xt) = 0cg UE ” Pa os u ° fx Sar = fa tye = =} 7 3 ~ 1 e%_@)= = 4 (2-8) > Roc yw fer UL > e+ fer causa} oystem only = consalil P - ae “go pata to ate ROC = tayose leple ve. 1, RS For a cous Gigro] unilateral LT 8 Bilaterod LT expe assing ase Gamer BSC Roc loses ts SifMtamnce pen unilateral taplace orf — id ove Ty Niet CSphe—> Unilatied LT By Hekwoks Le Contanls ape “thay kev wransion £96By network & conto] Sytems We use unilatera} Laptace ap betting specified use unilateral laglace “randori: ke poe is considered iy cousafity. op system bye we dea) LIT camsal & slaile system in NT RO” ge pr pe fat) Ceausal) e 4 eae) — (non-cawsal) it © vil , suc only tas Ls pL ames. > causal aoentin Pepe xy E> wi) tty alco vt, sxi)- xco) gicy LE, dee) 5x0 ao) « covery & Final-value theorem 3 Dattial vobue, valid for causal systeng (9970; #0) These “theaverns oe (i) atsal volue Heorer 5— To apply aie theorem bo less than order Gy denominator arden of too numerator Must % i xa exe) 430 67?@ Biel volue Theorem me to agplicable when al the poles ase present fr left: batt G-plane (re for stable system Ye for stable system ) only we can awe final value a fmite) ) (aH single pole ts allaxd at age LE xt) = Ue 6x6): he, masgin ally 430 S90 stalithy vaily, ty spied cloved to | Bounded CUmplat ak fae _| nok abedlute Integr (ofan =e!) “Pmoaarsinally state) : ‘A i 500 j te —— wh) vunbownded » onltple pales ok Abcalute Heteol , SP ontts) vuystable Bomaed cl Nea y A Beek 4 i Se eu aint ante ——S— le a et i eFucy unbounded _f vot abecuke inter un stableQI Censider a 9 Wi —Foloaing YO velation ylor sy + 2y() =x) > LTT 9- O Fird op YO or took i= ye uCD . Ayor3, ylo=y. (©) Finck Srpulse Response « Solr Sule tesponse -* b¢®)- play 4 3b) 72600 = 6c) Fron the abeye en We camo find Fmpulbe vesponse cneelty be Deans ase inveved “Te pioceed ©) tae wil take lofloce Aransferm of 7 and fied HOAs) pl E'S] = HOD = Tmpulse vespense © Hsia) conditions chonld be ge ylee) 4 Bylo + ayt@ = xD ZYO + 35 YC) H2¥) = XD oe D - Gry * ee whenevey we at dealing with 2Cz0(inikal cond'Fon) ep Gyckom irr, couse a stable .... onky oe LP Snvent. Ned, Smorse Iaplace tanform possi le ost = atl = PHA S Tnital conflitions axe Spuey Unilotes) Loplace tf fs posible To implies tat GmylAgcon Ye comal CRS)+ ROC wit be TISbE sicked « eee +) ep, Ayo3 - 2(5) Hes) yey = (eh - Paco. HO = possible £0C 1 Refs} > 1 Refs 7-2 ". resuttnk Roc is RefSh 7-4 @ y= YO TEE (we ane abje toad ‘hese tao Yips | be system 78 Lineos,) . 9p die fo arias hh. ie Koo eetitins Ciel conon=0) vero ) 4B ie Ys = att) #0) = (Pig) w (eh -Euey \ = xts) Hes) 4 e +. fs 2S ap G+ner) ener ato ot ” et oH Gey eas too 07 w= a Po ty ponent!HO yQ=3 Yor} 7 tH =O+ Cie jp-) Ah. we cose compivere TC". Unilateral typ «15 ney yee Pasty Foye) 7 5 YC0F37 YO=y be 2 * J Syo-sy9 -Jo + 8° ¥4f9 -39@ + 2Yf) =0 + yO+sh) ~ 499 —syo08 yy = WSS (rest CF ae gene 03 w= Gan) GNC = en 90 =< (oe 4D alo. 2 tota) seqponse = Ylt) = Yo") + ud) . cate te Jute) + 025 Dur (poe eazy UEOYe = 2) Spero iris ; S = Heo - YO) yy = 2 x0) TR = HO 4 Bray =x); xCD=4- Impulse response hét) +% ) “He YW) = 2. ie bey = OCH). xo) ) 3) Gystory foe = 2da Smputse wesponse/ NHC) = 2 tray. fy Laplace bansform & Z—transferm Loplace yp is used for analysis oh UTE system in ean binens Ai de sya clmitog mnammer, Ztansform 15 used forrRe aralysis cf, tae LT System “nm discrete —domain * 3 Ca 4 ja) — rertongulas form , £ x xN “s yobic.ble complex wmker ) Lek aptin ROE Zp FOC . we Ze LAO, pohastwoninate fn ating > a4) tS 3 EB foh > 2d) ) > Avelyi CTETE 7 Arolyss of, OT LTT 3 vet > zt ov s foxy) > faim Yo OkZ-7 ZO > TH eee ee ba CMLL del? eo ; [I s ae oF; on song} [Rl -5 Aistonce a complex qos X from igen.az plane « fej=1-> clacle withnodiv 1” apo conte (0) steye pasallelte jo im & plome ——> contenbic cies ay daft odin ig wait’ cele ont = = c= We (Sside eat aed Caney, ten = (autsio® fea Oniten- Lept half of, S-plane is mapped Ito interior wegion of wait cine. a dave wit, vodivs 1H Rplane~ Right half dy S-plane Fs mopped tmto exterior vega of, wnitcad wit wading 1 ig Z-plone- js wnpped t0 unit Gye _dowoly 18 eqpsivolemt to jo -ais in R-plane, Neteg- Unit cece s-donaiy jw xis 79Zen The mest general transform ty discrete me domain 13. trnoferm x01 —Z_> x@ i Inet Jo fro at , xO Sxmz” oe ee nis cee ag wovinble x= Frye”. yew Qe abd = Pum). » x@=2 BSD a a ” x@ = 5 x02” = 2 dum nee qe gy 4 if alet & tel7 Ia) Oemmist, Semies diverges xe) = s-az* Wp eA oie mod= 4G) > x)= jeg 7 Weletare ato) = -@ un). 4 9) an urd wubns3 apes il —t- ay ata, os 52 eo xe PAOD = ZS =a. 2" + ZO ne ae nro eh = 5 @a? y= ae (oa) rea Oe ost} ee (G24 OF +@orr . y = 3 fay (a+ alz 4aer4 8) ip alzjaa = ~ (lz) tS tz1<)) 1-alz = -x - az x@) > eS j tal x@) om Pad E> XB » Gia 4. xe-) 5. Comelubion property atm) > x (4) xG0-Fye) —Z > K(Q-VC) jay WEDD Bs x19. 405) a comslukoy iy ont domain sults ty Apultiphtabon in, oor demain 6. Diffesomca property td 1b > x(qp- Bey = (ae “puss yim) 2 xt) ae Ox fey 1p 29 2pQs atnd= fa} Sed Qi AD = Rs 2,0, 33 + t XQ ~ Saaz 24 awa =~ 6 n+) +2 609) +64 ye-Ah ° xe 2 pe4? Qs AG = Pup - Pubr-4) = -Vhoze Bs J J, = (a) ale ae telp2 R<3 cea ROC $= 2< [EY <3 From the abo we can Conclude that x transform aa finite duratio, signal can be wAiltoy Aneetty using time-shifting ‘propenty. wel), yet eon = foonas Qi XP) =ucn) 6p Zo b=) 2600 FZ» x So (-2))Qe Uh) = Stn. uly ham costay = (ES) ju 809 cap = 1 8 usa + Le be uted 25 ty » Ilva sap ote oe Saal s|zi74 costa vO —Z—> &] jot gw@) atm = SP una =Q ee = 3 @) ura: M6 oD OW) ‘ =. cape? 2710) ns wo 25 | wat (-42) Ce @) aba- Sur xqy> Sapa? = ¥ - Sof 420 GO ) — a” me z+ pel 4]s ay) (2) @) ede 2"! 5 een unbounded ~ TS~ signal =a 2 ma XQVeS PIs t ZI”? yz-0 yo 20 9 xDI=E sue? Dod moy } 10 92” 4 ~ 1@ = 2 @)'+445@ 1 neo a ne) sas ax ee ince LEn) is oe signa] plot for ge ative valyes of 9 con ba made diveclty frm pot 79° Cag chien 15 won}.ato) = Wuey-s) + PubI vo = Gace + Pur boo Je x(3) = ° pi tee? tact 12h? ys pou tof} planes eg: UH) = te] odd ap = reve “these exits no valtes % — Pres *pl7 axpresstons for cic bab The 2 Aet e ass valsd cimultancensly. Zotrandjorm doesn one eos (gor 155 ou) ‘ e @) wo Sao * puen-s] tt cop be also chant hak Signal 1S _ adel 32") foe pasent 4 bho Ia7 2 wo Uinuabos rings x)= ay - Qu) #55 Ls af) = Pupo - Tuer a ea * aon BL (aoosy exist) i| Qs xET=3. + feral) valus of 9 xeg = Lag a= a[ate a Haat +i]. ye apace 16 CE enverring fr any. value of % ) “aie B= BUENA + BMI J (sa) PG ) (wet <— (a}>4) | 0 commen Zetwancforsy oo periodic signal doesitt exist. aK QD 260 = Pubs. @=-2) Mo=-3) yoo= x60) > tPD= yED = Palos) =P word t “Puesyon ©) GY ama) +t) tah 4h (Paes 2 ee 2 es) = C) eb} 2 7k 4 rhe . pik ae 2 > - wdivs 2 2. yon 2» ¥eR) pT? o> ye > ye) PBPE : x Cw. ei)? | at Gary (2syeh FEY) goc (F eweInverse BT: 3 se RTs ~9 Portia} Frackims Methed. abl = 4 fxm Pgs > Power Series Mettad « an > BiG ADVANTAGE mothiod Big Advoninge eet 5 5 ; 2 > Pug ; x5 -172 a ) & Or Be L », - Seor + 60 4 EO se a eae Power a ae! 7 aly upyrad, (ASS) poe > GD CY) |. ) it ete -uln-3) ; (esd) dog "Zoo ts vight-sided signal 5 proced with decreasing power” dp ZayEe* (fazer rBs + Geng 2) + 6En44] + 600] + ODF + weet a sig a rt oo ) et a = U Lt) => SS 3 e 2, worday xt) ts left-sided signal 6 fn ¢3)- 6Pnsy)-6 0945) —— = fa, 4,4, og} fone mene phy ony r =eutn-3) Diferenttabin dona +- ats) —2—> «@) 260 Z> - xo Zs -2 4x0) za , Qe AD = nul my XD a)" eer z { 242) nee Duet > Gig? IP att 4% > =e (4) 24 (cn) = -2((ES) a A a eres eae et aa KG) - ee 7 Fef7h 7 Crist sided)| Aiton of ecchensirn fy" eombatt of plate tive LTT sh any bn) +4 Yrs] 4-y Oo) = by x C4 + baal) a disuseke time LTT System is vepresented by Linear constant onfficient BE qm. difference op £6 Ly pnd) MYL = ADD xf) =y NEyTV, ays] + yt) = A] +3 = Nby TEV Y0o4) + YODatrA) = apy > wy TTV. 2 Ylos] <2GT+2n & NL, TV Coygaly & stability te Setore (Lt) Spugaltoy th, LTE See 4. Ty time domain, For LTT system is couse) if Inpulse. resjorse> bII=0 3 <0 &. Ty Kdomaly, A system 1s cousa) IF ROC of HCH) (rational) ts outer te the outermost” pole ) oe Dinedty, A system is, mon causa) of degree cf Dumeratior ts gaater tran denominator Skabilty gy LE Sylow $= A, Tq Bm domirin, -for LTT system -to bo stable, tmpulse. Fespanse must be Gummable 2 Nom) coo / Absolute ae ‘semQ. ty E~domain # syste 1s sald to be stable 4f Roc + HC) fncludes unit - circle XE #) system tis causa) as well] as stable Cin Z-domain) if > fill the poles axe having amg. less han unity © py pales Lie ty unit—ciele Qe ASB bes Yerde yio- fyln-ad — Fe Ts Knady “thal system Solar Shripeog ty problem We canpck find mpulso-vespanse: Cn) divertty from =the Given 049. : Using Rtarsform find HCH) £99 +16) je causal » comment on Staley Yep - + By@ “E27 YG) = x) 2 YY) 2 3 Hep TS >neg ~ oP r G-Dorw) a Cp G-a) =% 6) Cecd ee gos Seg ate ten ct. Kena katie sae nn) > Pwpulse esporse Hep > System faction yon = xa pO £400 Xora) -Abo) yen = Zerpr BaD +x sg Axor RO * Wy Pay arate” vis 2 f veo} = pra e bir Sood + Ofos4d +6000) hod causality;— — hEWI Fo 1 <0 1. gycbem ie (ron-causa)) oF b= ft, 4/4, 025 oye + iyi | 2 Seability = |e) <0 (bon) 19 abstlubely summable) yok os. system. fs Gold) 2 ° © Fo zp Aasttatirsy 20% a 3 5 <0 Hope system ig State but nop -causal' oitia) Value Theorem & Final Value There 5— above ‘theovems ose aypicable only -for causa} signals Toit VIB 5— Final Vb 4— le ag = Ue x0) te apa = ue (1-2)xc@) naoK ze Table elesa yeow = le (ZA) X(H) : zy * t2Dy 2 ©) xls) A Za PVT only applicable. when all the poles oat present inside the, : unit Gye, and: single: donor, Single pale at writ drche % atfaued 5a = *Yailaterad, ZTvaeferm s- Gar) > 0) ut ts used -for the analysis o- causa) system particulasty. haning non-zero wikia) condiboys Fora cousa) Cifnol, bilateral z-bansform and unilatera) Remy ) at having same ‘expression, oc looses ite Gigstficomce whey unilateral Z-bonsform is tontol Storms Ons ertionat used xm) YZ x) Xi) = > uaz nero tage - Shigting propenty. ao 22> xc tht) VES yy nesxh PE > 27%) tab) Rm Dithy, (OO, 1S Ha, (2) Rroononte may cow De mar Bi Us, bea effet WY Interference - Gil) stom & proximity, efferts *s fiequemiy analiis's needed CONTINVOUS TIME FOURLER SERIES Complex exponential fowrien (ones “sepresentiabon = For veal GD complex periodic Signals His vopresentaton is Sump cation dy complex enponentials which o% hoamonically related. Founes semies Repecontation 16 always unique - “Teibonommebic fuser Sees entation oh signal Fer yea} posodic signa} , ik ig repress ag & Summabion Oy OS ciljabng past and NOH oscillating paste(ac) Iq Gimple wads, Faunes codes 16 Ging Us toformaton abot “pe hoamonics present i & signal Lee) = cos Hak = seme +o"asc ay -0 ai) = Sint + tes ant ¥ v & 2 Prove coffivients OA, k= 2&2 1, Fundamental -freoywny cane Second hosmontes as. presert % The cooweferm. a Gwe) so _juigkt uy = ZF Ke = ue - © = 0 CE PSR coo" Ceompes tpn of Fates Stes Ret agehs Od Med 7 Bard 7 Vest Okemo qo waite above euation-pin compact form Sig -@ From Ge above eration, we can tmuude tha te thinks aae eapited te -vepresemk a ~funchon XU) wp 9 FRET 300" 7% ee 9 FS copiewhenever sing (O Coste 1 present we Ewlen’s form(fmur~ —*) Ho determine —foevies Series Coeffrciwits tu) = coset. = (1+ C0st) i vepresent mt) in CEFSR p > jib 5 att) = 0-5 +05 (& a) z = 054025 (eM) sos(e”') mw) = 5 No boamenies, only Faamp & 9C Qy= 5s —9 ve congo 2 4 aye 00s" (A= Z_ an © 4 eat connporont ka = 0.9 (corse) 26 9 No hasmanies. ee, woe Cagiieance fd cho Representation 3 Dhow vepsesentation GiGrify that ty AC PC component te present, —ferdaanontal fieaponiy ie present cing offunt hosemonics 08 cadbsint -go pai + vepresent in Ftp 6) = + 6cee aT) +H 6CE HT) + EFT) FO) + bev 664 aT) + 61) 4 = f- atti } 0 ) impulse tral fomehion - ltt & *8 poodic. Stipa wit ime peried 7° . 10 mite EFSR ae pea a , dont cheese 3 OT ot “one mtr, fanaee ts jen a a ° of ' w (ay eo ~ Key lan at z i v 8 “eS a8 v r a iso ° + I$ + *% a> — Le imp. bey Fay 8} 204# <5 To impulse t0.kn function G60. Zz. btw) mee . cere Q)= FF aia we -furdounentad » Dc and all other hoamanic components ase potent . > ax Cforrien Exponential Series Coefficien) can be a complex numba ane Refay 52m gach = axl Lax = 1x) a, ceectorgtes) pela cae Ws K) > Magritte. plot phase — plot got: (19x) pot (Zax vs 7 ——————O_—T——— = JON A penodic si JaB= Zoey © a fol xt) a (troy) calculate © — Ferdommental frequenay & FTP Gi) value A one term 15 Acosta Io CERR dy signal - Sols Fenke 4) Kut 8. , ory € w= ae (ys@n) - x Woh 5 fae cere ” wos) 2A = te Wop Rae weape > a- Ho 4 * ¥1Gry gran g SSS ee Propesties 4 Fauier Series Cogftient — (eg. git Jo: [ote sxe 0D ¥ & Dla Arty Yo FS 8 Cm C—> Skwy —> J ko FSC A. Lyeasiby Pruperty. to psc we ae) Ee oe eee “Antony BE shag Alb, 97 On sbe cr fv tebe Fe Uineg 2g Te shifoing property © Fo 10> So ye net) EES bee cos . eecey ee La, &x0 ai) BSC oy = beFee w= Sip wot 4 just XED= Sinnoey = —Spot= —h (2 & ? at O4e 3 b= vom ay by sta p barase sy 3 4 Frequonsy Sasfhog property uu) PS 5 aK i Fu) FPS > k= fete) - —> x(s-Si) ©. DifPewenbiobyy Popertg- { ace) AE, aK 3 e093 So he is an, Whe fo” BS we Gog) CoK=0 ; wlicates aK], re, DC Compment. 4 = jRKWot Oye co backs dt ) % = + (tw erat = snot = Avg value T si toe one 7T- pom a, = area, under «tt in one T- period - abtle using dipenenBabion Coy Sntegrattion propery » alioayo coleubt Be camponemt —uith the help oy above -frimula. OOMY piomt- e+ pavey (_ paver simal) ; Ferteabion is periodic - » [Hee tint to 450 power plant generates 0 energy ie. Toul we ee he + freolae HB lanl > pour gy x48) sigma} Keo hich is penodiic + ) perbiy tee > loss dissipabion) —> Tm = SPewed 5 ) $REr T= B.CoOSIBGE up| 22-8 lees he tay = WW 2 fAR7E 7 LPH BM) yy i ymalager} ower: 2, Poel{Hy = 2COStoe > ~ ( Met, Ayes Z ains= J = 2 > From the above example we cmH conclude that Rms value th ASinuat 2 Acosmt is A ~~ Cy be found by using Passvals? teow « 4. 20) = 4+ t0s6n t) 2. UH= 1-4cos Gnd + Sin (unt * OB ams T4 PH (Hoegnenuts oat different) a. HW = (osanty SimINE _ B (cos (ety ys) Bey tos + SEO Kems = XE tems =) tans +A anes + “eaagy 7 A “onlyif ot sional of Aa feequon SF Quay Prequencis ove. sort, “thats by we cannot fomite 1 caloctate QMS vihat < Apeoxen can be capicedsle fo cing Signal - on use alowe bar pase jpnt ve je jane ap = ple +e gee a) j = gay esa (asi) €Paty = FS ely = (a + [ef = fey’ ie ty - O+@ - tte-se ams (pe Ged 4p Qe He AcSuyt 4p 8costioot +0) ° = Acos tnt + Bes (t+) : = Acosunt + & (costant Coss — Sinvat sin) ) = A coset (a+ Bosf) + Sinwot (- esing) = aay (Me) as) CSM TM) z ay Oy = ABOH . J x = Ay B (rosy + jSing) ) Oy = tec sys = A 48 0° Wo = 2 cael apy = fh) 4 Oe Zier argon = (Sy) + Te - wy = GH) 2te 2cerjufate Syrmpetic Peper: 3 a) FSC, ak ako —F 5 bead = Le, x*esF) wit, the belp oy above property we cay conclude Sf xt te real & exon function. a vowiable t ton ay 16 Real & ener fanctin vasamble Ke WY xy seal k odd function 9 vaswohle © ten an ts Imagine) Godd fuck on of vase le F se (a+6) Bs @ +e) +0) —E (249). eer 1K) = Swot. pr R& Even Signed: oF vetriable(6) « Ls aged axonal, © Ay ak ph OA ieee a ig ved KLAN foi Of KeVasiet “ss enammple Jushhes (1) % statement er Ay = Sint 7 Rb edd sino) oy weable © Ceol wpenns coicp we En have TM veal world ) aye a i as= SAK Smnfinary ‘i Agee B Odd fonch mp KM “Kis excunple jushires (IDM statementHabf-taave Gyometay 3 Usage ch Symmeby —y to plot ths sigrad eosily even Sym, cdld Sym 4) sino} 400 with period “is Said-to be odd halp-coawe Signe ) we Pee | > 4(E EZ) =e) +10) 04) 18 Gaid fp bo even-half wane Symmehic If. - x(t+ Z) = xe) af nothing Gperifed then half roe Symmeby is take at odd ate yrmeby ee 1) = Sines = Snort Corot specified a Fl 4-H 205 4 te Ute T= xb+ ery ae)Bi teh) = COSONE 2K = Ase on ) or) ) qo OR = we acted) = conan(te4) = OsfME FA) = —COHERE = at) alted) = -20t) ) DAD ACEH) = C05 9m (E15) ~ OS GHED = COSINE ewe > fete howe “er : Le Sinwt, wawt > aie Symely 18 " ot hae itd) (jem. (CAA foi wane: Sgemeteg) abconk ) 1, Odd HWSpomeby doesyt ‘rmplies that -funchon is odd Function Ginflosly, Giey HW Symmeby doe ‘mplies tho fanchin Ts eon -fanchion - oud ftom Syptiic forces ast bang nly Odd fasmonice, 08 basmpnig ane eben ) suey batpacoe Syameble. fonoins ase having only even Yyodanoms, Odd hatwnarics at aletrd )Odd HwSynm.-fanchin => odd Hasmonics () + even Hostnonis Gs) Even 40 Syrm—famctio => Even Hasmonics(\/) + Odd Hosmonits (x) a w Mra ) ret) FE, 2 by =7 2 RUS . jupke @ tmadday 1 > tae (0 Per) a € Y jaoke- Gite vovinel yee. K neon ty “kg a 0 itt) 2 2 eee i: & 18 au) 5 perodic wits TPG 1). ORR ) aie FSC aq, Spal Gain pas t (#)- xe) = §uc-a) 2 te) 1 BED > pre Sanputse ain fine Find OK 75 (; —Jayx( +3 jeer Jean) a OMe nao t% Ar W Wo = 2% x m bee ye’ > im 1 —BS5 ae 1 e'F 210) GQ OK=2 Ait) > periodic wits ‘T time period: \ yep = GLE) a 49S 8) at trope meg EEL See See FR ya go, So oer acy Xs ak G0 9 Sept dow PEs ty = (inte) an; foslon aly = 4) +e) = OO = etd) ™ = aw SF 93) ob = ye b= $ (1-2) dye = GK 0) Oesom ost CH) =e (4 - oy i sm) Fan : Loe 4 (4-28) Keen 5 ay ao (0 ase Bwtosane oo) Ke odd > ape 1 w= Cres Ay jl) > Gre cee S07 RIO Even-havnanies at absent 4; Fa? soot m5 FSC ost trainatty = vend, onsue nT) = 4x — KE = 4) > Rea} Rodd. FSC Ge) > ° ately imaginary & odd -fimebion - X(EST) = -2E) > odd half wowe symmebic signal x0) +e t I. CET) = HC) rE Dove cay also be justified ]@ Gine x68) &S read & edd -funddion oh £—vowiable (frrsos Soses Ceeficions) 1 pusely Bmadinany and odd forrck\, 4 Kvosinble. (ay =x) wt FSCEven laamanics as absent ince -finchon 18 half-eocve Symmeic gomsder a pi a) = 2 +05 (4) +45( BY) @ Draw magribde & hase plot - kms Value oh, Xt) SU ams = 9 Pe [our = {tn en". 2Orr e fre « ca oo ~ for ae = 2 ge Seen = Pes SOB a=+ Ki . aoe d EPG yt aty ae eg B Os- —% RMS = = a5 sf WR HER 3p Sigal 4 9 DC component's gd hosmonits & 5% hasmonic 8S print only (Hordann , vor 086 haoct)Mabituke Pot — 114) > rea} phase pot Wo=2L0 7 Ay=0} A= 0515, y= 05 [0 j M=0, Ay=0, Ag= 2-90" ae ae SRT cco tr ee as ee ) ey magpitude plot is even Fanci - ob variable —K ) ay No ve values of magnitudes = phase plot is odd funchion Ob ase present in) madgrituoe-plot- Wowablesk of AKC FsCoeficients) D> ak ko always phase 15 3610 ) 2+ phase plot passes-termgh 0! /w tp {9 a veal funcon magnitude ee) ts always even function and phase plot 1s odd fanckion ap’ vasinbleThigerometic. Fauter Sees For a seal sigma) Lt), -trifonomelnic fourier Seahes vepresented| age a = t+ Z (An costa) Bk Six(kty8)) ee 1) = go 4 2 Cry costaut) + Be sin (a) wohereny . kek 7 J vite — venite yo vesatles (Kyt2) 7 DAE ‘veal Chigom) 9 (Ae/Be, 009 Y-Vesvinbler ete. fof ttralysss prepse, conplen nolatin 15 seDung, effets fe + {x cos (Kua AE 2 ae . ae 2 (xy sim ceenot) de p> & 3%) T ¥ Aue Real Sank = fo" tue - Imfag. To waite bigonamenic: fonies semies falling irfermabin 8 yh eo Ay Lo ee woperedic signa ate) Ts (a) FSCs of att) -- aK COEF S) © Find tafemomehic FS+ Ao= anand aut nT = ZxEK IE F | SE proceed wits two differenahion Te Find Qo (0c component) vse formula. OQ a= ofa Ag = betet gaged By dna, Bye dene Orr ae a fotn) DC vabe = 0 (-' fuevabur & -ve wale get canceled) , Feta ee jKtot tea Efrain Oar ee) = Sa OO, 1 Ke fy be © F yore mete, — OM 1E0) 9 xp {fhe Sart aye = 44 (Ley EL GOD GER. fen, Or @ 3 y at) = i Cf apeF_> tp =F) — jf . ee Gopaalse bain, sequence 4 1-2. 7H) = AG) ae wha) = yt) +t) wey = Shey 49GU-D) FSC eg 69 ES say ES aw) BL, aw sien BS (jxtoae)>be ey 5) Cw = belb= a (Om) ee apes “woo ny eee OM) = a (teem epson) ace eres) _ GxosJax - aay ( ay = —& (1-tosnk) ange A) even > bye Sami. w¥-k> Verkeatons oes Re BS rte (om), aa Ke (FE Gye tus): ge) Wedd, KF0 do=0 Te+ awenahe value of, cniginal ase ve 2 TROD iS Bro @ 20) + AT xe =2(t+2) 6%) =U) half uowe symmetry Codd) Zz A N / G6 = + UE) Sin (KOot) AE 4 ~ Ef wy sincoxmy at. Or, = (AJ 8x) a Be $97 eel ince fonction 1 bof -eone- fm = Re Lax} j Keatd Soonahie en ns Ox = ~ fm {an}=o sie smal 2 SH sft HUE) aq, 18g, Ae Cee) ashe) = aoe ee2 = cos(kwol at) = 2 2 Wr o 43,6 ib ( cos tat + peat y Fyeos Book ps + ) ae Km ae =F ew wit) = Y (cosmes 5 cosant + 4,005 pat peer )- entic tritonomeric Fs valid for real, fanchins but Exponent} FS 4s valid fe any penindic fomnchon « Q3- Find sifenometric PS for Impulse spain Sequence Tbe posed » aye jy -Dw= REAR] FE Goli- Sore Bry = - im fear} = o My Th £ eoagae = (T= (Ec) > 4, £5(8)) = ap +22 Gxcos kook + BKSh Kost) fei = 442% 1% z (cs x0!) +0 16) = 4+ & (coswot + (HS 2wpt + C05 Blunt + Cosyaot +. - ) jn Gwpulse train epautmce y De, Funclamental y even , axtd), all heirs 8k pricent Fat} Wave Reckifred Sige-oawe r r =e ae fapar-b foiee fe éME) = tt) + HD ato SSae = Guage = 240-88) ney PE Gasone = agme period ef, bmpulbe gate = - aw To time peniod ey tmpulse gate GosSan = % Garvan = & aK 7 4 2 5 Wow BR Be © x (aan) a, = +s on = Foagon) ner) as coefficients +s. seal and erty foumser Sees fancon “6 30 oe aol % eby fanchin ef Keva able pa TE ane Oo ]PW 1 Awe RELaKY = — fue Refan} nue) B= Refhl =o seg tEGecoane 4 eine! Ke) Tes yt = a ot +O Age S Peres nt Ema’)Vir Find-out periodic signa} xt) which t© posodic wiry (1 =g). Q= Og2y ageAS =H 5 RSE Oe=0, Aero. sols To waite a -funchon in FS ,Wo, FSC(OK) one required. pi kaet e 2} wor B-™, ) w= F xe ; THE) Wo a ca Keo : Qy=Oj=27 HS 7 Aa> HW wot — just jot faut a= age pase + a, erty a, &? tgs ORE ox ix swe 2 OF TH, My ot ) . ap JE pe jap Se) = nie Ye a) oe aye) ra] Ea AU) > 8 SHVQEE) + y cos Ge) Alt) = PCOS loot) 9 SinGwot) ao =0 peso! | ABE ty Fundamental ) af a 5 regen %> Brvy 24 yabmonic J ver ae + oll otber hasmonits ast absentConclus' s KTP TD i Real they Mog phase plot 18 Odd itude plot 1s Even * 4 w > @re) LS G+) nw —> (R40) FES (+0) * HHalwove Syrmeby (4 CEE) = i.e. Hidden Symmeley od Even signal + 0S G1 cosuok” odd signal + 0S > FGs- Sintoot w= Ag—jBKe CTF) Anz Rex} > Oy=- Tm fan, -funchion function, 1) =p Even hasmonits abst = Ax -j8i sxepafeal) (qin) HEINE an AK) Be Fe onclusion vey | Real * BK=o Sine tovms_abent odd Semabiveey / cosine towns obser 0S E101) bestminic=O Even hasmeni(S m ey Keown aihaien iy 4HnS | Real aie ees | edt +110 |yadnndinay Kenieerccct mal? waa ey Axo a _— above -talde Con be filed by Siroply- wernemnberingy §— [_f enbigy along uty aK. = 4 -SBe"Qe A sigoa) nce) 15 Aefinecl UD = 204 1050(Se yA) + 5S (9E FE) + S9(am), © js ‘tis valid FS (DY valid Pied nawenscs Qs (onkinwed on nect pone , 00 ) (Hosmonic Fourier Govies(HFS) act) = Ao $PE_ Cy COS ( Keot + Be) Kel Cam Jax] 7 OW = LOK joke CEFSR > c= Z KE -8 ) ° TRS =] aK) = ao +2 F (Oxcos wart + Binur’) << Go-J&) =A kel oo Jian “HFS Mt) = AF 2 = HeOs(Kit +O) <= [axj e =4 I )— Tustify hasmenic fourier series wlth Ge help ef cretput —wausferin dy Tumor iq power Lfectonics edd function => always DC Component ao is BO ae 40at) = 20 4 Sin Be 43) + 5 (05 BF pn) + sin ( Bex) ee ee ee A a ten ge EB em my %) hls, mo O% T+ W221 = BET 607, = (exunsyty # = @rmy)Te = . ; - 340 time pend of att) 1s T= 6oxt4 ee ve aia ince, signal 18 pertodkic: th 18 a Valid fuses SOS| Ty the Given wane form PC sppment 7s present along wit, G0%, 13.5%, 2524 haxmerice Gikoury -fanebon % (Sige -funchon 3— since = SMA ae sign wt) acy = SINE 2 SOME yy Ce 15 @ oven -fanckion Cm) rt its plot uit be Syrometic wrt, | Gre 1S Even fanchion » ‘P vobeat axis) a) = sont = osnt) ™ aby t=0 : ) 7 2 Me) = ro) = Ae THe > ath <0 ) Ooi ge Sint vt “> 6-5 te w —— 6-805 aot on™ ey Ginn ts linear upto 1S°an = see conver inte — Sine form an) = Sint xs =p sine aca) = cine (uae Sin Rlvesable) vai _ sin Bt sine (£9 5 oe = 5 Sigcax) = 5 so) CONTENUOUS -TIME FoURTER TRANSFORM periodic > XW0 mportedia: —y freer - Gyecemmneter Fauries teancform ie a Gpectal—case dy laplace -bansform Laplace baer 18 cmrted YO fours arsform at Jur-ext 0 Laphee borsfom (S=o4J4) enbee ROC =o (et) a ( FAT: (only. 3 avis points) (=O) ug —_, x09 x) ” XG) = Sresetarob x9 = (ape ae 8 sue x Ga) = fre ak = XD (ad a0 ' @ejw 7 a valid Gubstitubim if tH) is absdlate intebyable. eat Gr awe er utty; a70 aw Lt x)= gigs OC? RoBi -4 a sosid 04s a ) = 2H, pray ard- i XG) joe) 87 ? at Qi-9 al) == Bucy pau absolute ita, = stir lice au F "Gry ais Coste. = 1) -y unkunded 7 i.e absolute Integrable Noor 23 X@=a 5 onbre s plone xQ9-4; =F ty azo sot . ) eu) ——> axjw/ a , apo aya 07 a bq Ss 4; pti_e 25, sar(rat iterated Propestios 4, Sorex Taansform t— wy epee, he Sxler Teaneare ae a=-1 5 uty —> FI (doesnt exist) r ssi) «posite ayo [wusl) «po Caco 69) 4. yt) E> wo mt) —f > %(w) Vpeanity pmperty “2 XO) bowed A HED +B — fs ayo +8 a 2. Time shifting at») Ls 2 sqya) te gx 3. Tine siesal dp Poeaynency. chipting aw —_t_, xo) ay Jo x9 yey E79) Exe Es x (ww) ate) —$— xGu) Lt x65) acy ts x(a) ¥ time Geabing property ae@y 2 5)x(%) xe) $5 1 xr Ia} g aA tine-compstin) —__, Cguamy — expres) compression in time-dompaiy vesults ty expansion in -Preswanyy. domain and vice-varso- Ss Convolution ’ KY A XO) )6. Piperntaton 7 pr pedty, y- Tntegrabion Property. | atty Eb x) acy A. xo) saw £5 ox fog ts o iia wy —L_. xvi9 Ww ft o99) tne fae , eo —£_. jo xgiy fosy xg a So | Posteo. cifrals are nck absolute, integrable. to fred FT fortes one ath asent je x (Bs is ont Sitgraion for pe XC) 60)» (Ie nly for Sean) = frow —_t_, x50, 4 wx) 6a) 5 —% ie: (ot abstlute, ortegrable + banded) je. morginafy stable : LET con be Bind to — Stable K marginally stable .- : bubaok find Wsslable syst em » Jo. Complex Conjugate Pacporty, a 14) —2—> x(9) vt —E£_» xe) wa —F_, x*Cjo)- ( o+jaJss* -0@)—Jo)Sc. a ped On vassable complet no ornate complen 90 wasn k vatiahle ow ‘age plot | phase plot Mmegin plot | phar flo « frrj eK | Lae NE pea] eo] Lay 6 © “Hen we) Pe 1)-(@49) srt) ay xa) (R49 —> (© 40) « Gepine Lransform is mii possible fir @peredre syimel) Baw. eM xO 1 a _CALUD -fanchin- Nerwicat ovis » 7 even, signal (aro) Lab Symmebic wart, 4) . aL at) -e" saat t70_ ay = ON Bury + eat) XC9)So cp + + oe Tee 07 J aw 7 = x69, (Gr) CRD rug tems ) Since, HY FS tea) and Hey function, 1, fouror -tromsforr xX) os yea) and even funchin q W-vodable 1 RR a = 8 fuey paced}. ) = bea - bet y Nce-D = 60-2) - 6-2) = © (i) Tirge delay by > 6) = 6€9. Gy me vevertal by tks) +uCt-2) > wee Yates) e x) Ft, BS _ obs (¢_ &) =-gsiwe. = — 27569). @) (ei) > Coe). 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