CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data collected and their analysis and interpretation.

Tables are used to describe the results of the study more clearly.

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the information gathered brought from the data gathering

instrument, which the descriptive survey-method. The data were analyzed according to

the scope of the study and served as a tool in establishing a proposal which is one of

the aims of the research. The findings relate to the research questions that guided the

study. Data were analyzed to identify, describe and explore the relationship among the

risks/threats faced by women, the satisfaction rate of existing actions/programs, factors

affecting the implementation and regulation and the program to be proposed in the

selected barangays of Batangas City. Data were obtained from self-administered

questionnaires, completed by 300 respondents (n=300).

The researcher conducted quantitative, descriptive research to investigate

various aspects related to risks/threats faced by women and its significant relationship

to the actions and programs implemented in the selected barangays of Batangas City.

DATA ANALYSES AND PRESENTATION OF THE FINDINGS

The methods of data collection and data analysis have been discussed in

Chapter III. In this part of the chapter, the research findings are discussed. The findings

were utilized to formulate a program to be proposed in the selected barangays of

Batangas City.
 The results of this research are discussed by referring to the following aspects:

(1) the profile of the barangays (2) the risks/threats faced by women in the selected

barangays of Batangas City, (3) satisfaction of the women on the actions and programs

implemented in addressing violence against women, (4) problems affecting the

implementation and regulation of the actions and programs and (5) the program to be

proposed to strengthen the safety and security of women.

1. Profile of the Barangay

Table 1.1

Population of Male and Female in selected barangays of Batangas City

Population
Barangay Female Male

Balagtas 5, 185 5,118

Balete 5,120 5,227
Bolbok 6,735 6,924
Source: Socio- Economic Physical and Political Profile 2017 of Batangas City
Cuta 5,565 6,631

Kumintang Ibaba 4,762 4,678

Libjo 6,244 6,304

Malitam 3,601 3,823

Sta. Rita Karsada 9,182 9,630

Tingga Itaas 1,495 1,565

Wawa 3,596 3,808

Table 1.1 shows the population of men and women in selected barangays of

Batangas City. Majority of the population ranges to more than 5000. From the 10

barangays, it is evident that the most populous is Sta. Rita Karsada in terms of male

which is about 9,630 and female with 9,182 while the least populous is the Tingga Itaas
which only have 3060 as its total population. The study also shows that male

population is higher than of female. The researchers found out that uneven ratio

among men and women could lead to social instability and violence. Diamond-Smith

with his colleagues (2018) study hypothesized that uneven gender ratios in the

population might increase violence against women. Men may be more likely to buy or

potentially force sex (rape) on woman. A research conducted by Diamond-Smith

suggested that despair (because of a number of factors) is linked to violence, and it is

likely that despair combined with competition could lead men to use violence. The

study revealed that men from region-age brackets with higher ratios of men to woman

are significantly more likely to report ever having raped a woman, having perpetrated

intimate partner violence, or having used a weapon.

Table 1.2

Household Number in selected barangays of Batangas City

Household Household Average

Barangay
Number Population Household Size

Balagtas 2398 10,302 4

 Balete 2165 10,347 5

Bolbok 3511 13,658 4

Cuta 2786 11,166 4

Kumintang Ibaba 2302 9440 4

Libjo 3006 12,498 4

Malitam 1663 7408 4

Sta. Rita Karsada 4732 18,403 4

Tingga Itaas 710 3059 4

Wawa 1718 7,387 4

 Table 1.2 shows the number of households, household population and average

household size per barangay and it has been shown that nearly all barangays have

more than 1000 households and populations except for Tingga Itaas with only 710

households and 3059 inhabitants. The Household population of Batangas City's ten

selected barangays represents 31 percent of Batangas City's average household

population. Similarly, the household number of these barangays is about 31% of 80,

277 total number of households in Batangas City. It shows that nine of the barangays

selected are four in each household except for Balete who has 5 as their household

size.

Men as a powerful person inside the home are authoritative in household

settings, which lead to unequal power distribution within the family. Philippine

Commission on Women, a government agency that serves as the national machinery

for gender equality and women’s empowerment, claimed that family factors are present

in the country considering the social status of women. It triggers violence against

women because of the patriarchal system in the society that makes man powerful and

head of the family. According to the data from the Philippine National Police, the

perpetrators of violence against women are commonly intimate male partners. Cross-

cultural studies have cited strong predictors of abuse as male wealth control and

decision-making in family and marital conflicts. As announced on R.A. 9710 A woman

denied equal rights in the family is disregarded for equal rights in all forms of marriage

and family relations.

 Table 1.3

Average Annual Income of Selected Barangays of Batangas City

Barangay Income
Balagtas 2,990,950
Balete 3,264,927
Bolbok 4,129,174
Cuta 4,127,321
Kumintang Ibaba 3,691,799
Libjo 3,501,220
Malitam 2,424,464
Sta. Rita 1,111,413
Tingga Itaas 1,364,078
Wawa 2,477,900
 Source: Socio- Economic Physical and Political Profile 2017 of Batangas City

Table 1.3. Shows the annual income of the selected barangays, and it was

revealed that their income was more than Php 1, 000,000 above. Sta. Rita with the

most population and number of households has the lowest income while Bolbok has

the highest annual income. Considerably, income is a factor that may contribute to

violence. The poorer the household, the higher rate of violence with women in the

lowest income category experiencing more than six times the rate of nonfatal intimate

partner violence as compared to women in the highest income category. Sutherland et

al (2010) revealed in their studies that both income and physical abuse contributed to

the rates of physical health symptoms of women. Abuse contributed to the difference in

physical health beyond the level of income alone predicted. Findings suggest that

abuse by an intimate partner or ex-partner has a negative impact on women's health

and is particularly harmful to low-income women's health.

A National Demographic Health Survey data illustrates the victim and

vulnerability of women in the lower income bracket. On the other hand, Philippine

Commission on Women's agent supported the vulnerability to violence not only of

women living in a lower income bracket. Some of the victims come from a well-known

family but are ashamed of reporting because of the value of the name of their family in
society. Every woman is vulnerable, whether rich or not, to violence across all sectors

of society. Women who are in low income bracket are vulnerable to violence than

women in higher income bracket. It is because of lack of social services resulting to

women engaging in dangerous jobs like prostitution that leads to sexual harassment

which is a violation to the rights of women. In the economic view inside the family, a

barangay chairwoman claimed that violence occurs when the husband controls the

wealth and decision inside the home leaving the woman powerless.

2. Risks/Threats Faced by Women in the barangays of Batangas City

Table 2.1

Percentage Distribution of Risks/Threats Faced by Women in terms of Physical

Violence in the Selected Barangays of Batangas City

 QUESTIONS YES NO
1.Has someone slapped you or 72 28 As
thrown objects at you

2.Has someone pushed you or pulled 77 23

your hair

3.Has someone punched you, or used 59 41

any objects that could hurt you?

4.Has someone kicked you, dragged 51 49

or beaten you?

5.Has someone choked you or 46 54

intentionally inflicted burns?

6.Has someone threatened you with, 55 45

or actually use a gun or a knife
against you?

seen in Table 2.1, Out of 300 respondents 216 or 72% percent said that someone

slapped or thrown objects at them. 232 respondents or 77% percent said that someone

pushed or pulled their hair. This was supported by a 2017 national survey

commissioned by the United Nations Children’s Fund, done through the Council for the

Welfare Children, reports on physical violence shows that majority of incidences for both

young boys and girls are related to corporal punishments, such as spanking, hair

pulling, and ear twisting. Physical victimization demonstrates a different risk pattern. In

general, the risk in relationships between the child and the parent is highest. A parent

slapped one-third of women, while more than 15% had an object thrown at them, hit

with an object, or pushed, grabbed, or shoved them. Risk of other forms of violence,

ranging from having hair pulled to being threatened or attacked with a weapon, varies
from 2 to 10 percent. The table also shows that 178 or 59% percent said that someone

punched or used objects that actually hurt them. And 153 or 51% percent said that

someone had kicked, dragged or beaten them. 139 or 46% percent of the total number

of 300 respondents said that someone had choked and/or intentionally inflicted burns.

And lastly, the table shows that out of 300 respondents 165 or 55% percent said that

someone threatened them with the use of gun or knife.

According to the study of Maslow's hierarchy of needs as referenced by Villarica

(2011), people’s most impeding concern is physical security from violence.Even after

the bulk of battling is over, physical vulnerability is sometimes omnipresent throughout

civilisation as a consequence of fiscally oriented brutality, endemic gunshots, and

former enemy reprisal, sexuality - dwelling repression, mines, and arising segments of

masked delinquents. Meanwhile, state officials and security establishments are

probable to be politized, part of the topic, and grossly impaired or inexistent,

establishing a security vacuum that insurgents, terrorists, extremists, or burglars may

seek to fill. The security threats in transitional contexts enable a dual ability to subject

the peace process to massive - scale demands while preserving electorate order as

well.

Table 2.2

Percentage Distribution of Risks/Threats Faced by Women in terms of Sexual

Violence in the Selected Barangays of Batangas City

 Question YES NO

1. Has someone forced you to sexual 41 59

intercourse against your will?

2.Has someone force you to have 54 46

sexual relations involuntarily, out of
fear that your partner can commit any
action like strike or throw you, leave
you for another woman etc.?

1. Hassomeone forced you to commit 55 45

any sexual acts that were humiliating
and degrading you?

4.Have you ever been harassed by 68 32

making sexual comments, catcalling
and unwanted touching?

Table 2.2 shows that 123 or 41% percent out of 300 respondents said that

someone forced them to have sexual intercourse against their will. 162 or 54% percent

of the respondents said that someone forced them to have involuntarily sexual relations

and out of fear, that their partner would commit any action like strike or leave you for

another woman; 164 or 55% percent said that someone forced them to commit sexual

acts that actually humiliated them and degraded them. 205 or about 68% percent of the

respondents said that have been harassed by making sexual comments, catcalling and

unwanted touching. Concepcion (2015) suggests that Women know how easy it is for a

small compliment to become dangerous because they know that an unwanted advance

will remain as unwanted advance. Consequently, women felt more conscious and

ashamed about their body and body parts which led them to being self - objective
because they felt anxious about how the strangers evaluated their body as they

experienced this. This objectification affected the cognitive or mental condition of

women. Women are being prone and exposed to these threats because according to a

study conducted by Sullivan (2011) there are still no laws or act that could restraint

catcalling which is a verbal way of harassment that’s why male perpetrators use

unwanted words or comments to be noticed by the women.

The impact of sexual violence on physical and mental health is profound, according

to the World Report on Violence and Health 2009. It is associated with an increased risk

of a variety of issues related to sexual and reproductive health, with immediate and

long-term consequences as well as physical injury. Sexual violence can also have a

profound impact on the social well-being of victims; as a result, individuals may be

stigmatized and ostracized by their families and others.

Table 2.3

Percentage Distribution of Risks/Threats Faced by Women in terms of Emotional

Violence in the Selected Barangays of Batangas City

 Question YES NO
As
1. Has someone insulted you or made 82 18
you feel bad about yourself?

2. Has someone belittle or humiliated you 75 25

in front of other people?

3.Has someone did things to scare or 67 33

intimidate you (by the way he look at you,
by yelling or smashing the dishes)

4. Has someone verbally threatened to 38 62

hurt you or your family?

seen in on Table 2.3, Out of 300 respondents 245 or 82% said that someone insulted

them that made them feel bad about themselves. Respondents of about 224 or 75%

percent said that someone belittle or humiliated them in front of others. 201 women or

67% percent of the respondents said that someone did things to scare or intimidate

them. Lastly. 115 or 38% percent said that someone verbally threatened to hurt them or

their family.

According to Spinazzola (2016), psychologically abused persons suffered from

anxiety, depression, low self - esteem, symptoms of post - traumatic stress and

suicidality at the same rate and, in some cases, at a higher rate than children physically

or sexually abused. Most of the psychological abuse was associated with depression,

general anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, attachment issues, and abuse of

substances. Psychological abuse was associated with significantly more severe and far
- reaching negative outcomes than when children were sexually and physically abused

and not psychologically abused. In addition, the research found that sexual and physical

abuse had to occur simultaneously to have the same effect as psychological abuse

alone on behavioral issues at school, attachment issues and self - injurious behaviors.

Table 2.4

Percentage Distribution of Risks/Threats in terms of Economic Violence Faced by

Women in the Selected Barangays of Batangas City

Question YES NO

1. Did your partner forcibly deprive you of getting a 47 53

job, which in turn depressed you or humiliated you?

2. Did your male partner refused to give you money 31 69

for household expenses, even if he has money for
other expenses?

3. Did your male partner hide your family income from 32 68

you, and you do not have access to it?

4. Did your male partner refused to give you money 29 71

for personal or children expenses?

Table 2.4 showed that 140 or 47% of the 300 respondents said that their partners

had forcibly deprived them of a job, which in turn depressed them and humiliated them.

The table also shows that only 94 or 31% of the 300 respondents said their male
partner refused to give them money for housekeeping expenses, even though they have

money for other expenses. In addition, 97 or 32% respondents said their male partner

had hidden their family income from them and had no access to it. Finally, the table

shows that 87 or 29 % of the respondents said their male partner refused to give them

money to spend on personal or children.Reduced women's income, coupled with longer

life expectancy and increased responsibility for raising children, increase the likelihood

of women facing economic disadvantages. A study by Levinson (1989) suggest that

high levels of abuse were indeed associated with the lack of women's power within the

home as well as constraining social and economic factors that provide few options

outside of marriage.

Furthermore, recent studies by Sibel Kalaca and colleagues (2010) show in their

research that their participants argued that women earning more money than their

husbands are at increased risk of physical violence. This has also been found in some

other countries; that is the increasing economic activity of women and the perception of

independence as a threat that leads to increased violence. This is especially true when

male partner is unemployed and feels his household power is undermined. Relatively, in

a rural Haryana study, Choudhry (2011) explored how women can contribute to

reducing land ownership and economic independence (violence against women).

Women highlighted three key factors that could contain, reduce or eliminate violence:

property, education, and employment. These factors, however, have complex

connections with VAW. Although they have the potential to facilitate fairer relationships,
women's economic empowerment (through jobs and earnings) challenges men's

ideology as "bread-earners" and may lead to further violence. He concludes that "the

only answer can be all-round development and job creation that can open the way for

both men and women to work.

3. Actions and Programs Implemented in the Selected Barangays of Batangas City

in addressing Violence against Women and their (4) Satisfaction rate on its

implementation in the Barangays

Table 3

Mean Distribution of the satisfaction on the actions and programs implemented in

the Selected Barangays of Batangas City in addressing Violence against Women

 Weighted Verbal
Actions/Programs RANK
Mean Interpretation

Installation of CCTV cameras in

2.11 Slightly Satisfied 13.5
secluded areas of barangays

Strict implementation of Curfew

2.17 Slightly Satisfied 9
hours in the barangay

Regular Patrolling of Barangay

2.20 Slightly Satisfied 6
Tanod

Existence of service
vehicles/equipment during
2.22 Slightly Satisfied 3.5
emergency hours or barangay
patrol

Equipping of street lights on

2.16 Slightly Satisfied 10.5
accident prone/remote areas

Imposition of Barangay Police

2.18 Slightly Satisfied 8
visibility

Existence of violence against

2.22 Slightly Satisfied 3.5
women (VAW) desk for women

Designation of anti- VAW desk

officer in the barangay who shall 2.25 Slightly Satisfied 1
coordinate a one-stop help desk

Providing playground for children

in times of casualties/ issues of 2.22 Slightly Satisfied 3.5
parents

Giving health assistance to

2.11 Slightly Satisfied 13.5
women (free vaccination etc.)

Concession of Educational
2.05 Slightly Satisfied 16
Assistance

Providing of a family violence

prevention programs including 2.16 Slightly Satisfied 10.5
peer counselling for men

Existence of a developed system

to document and report cases of
2.19 Slightly Satisfied 7
VAW and assistance program to
victims

Supporting organization on
2.04 Slightly Satisfied 17
development programs

Providing Livelihood projects for

2.14 Slightly Satisfied 12
victim-survivors

Active participation of Lupong

Tagapamayapa in Mediation
2.07 Slightly Satisfied 15
Process and Peace and Order
Campaign

Issuance of Barangay Protection

 Table 3 shows the mean distribution of different actions and programs existing in

selected Barangays of Batangas in order to prevent violence against women. The

result shows that respondents were slightly satisfied with the designation of an anti-

VAW desk officer in the barangay who shall coordinate a one stop help desk with a

weighted mean of 2.25 as it ranked one. In a memorandum circular No.2017-114

(2017), it was indicated in there the guidelines in monitoring of the functionality of

violence against women (VAW) desk in every Barangay. As said, VAW must be

established and the VAW desk officer must be designated through a Barangay

ordinance or an executive order. The VAW desk officer is preferably a woman barangay

kagawad, woman barangay tanod, or any other qualified person in the community

designated by the Punong Barangay who must also be trained in gender-sensitive

handling of VAW cases. Existence of service vehicles (barangay patrol) and equipments

for emergency responses, VAW desk for women, playground for children whose parents

are having mediation for issues at hand, issuance of Barangay Protection Order under

R.A.9262 ranked 3.5. Existence of service vehicles like barangay patrol during

emergency hours with a weighted mean of 2.22 is regarded as slightly satisfying.

Service vehicles were provided to serve different purposes and a big help in terms of

mobility and accessibility of people. In areas where the location is geographically

isolated, it is easier to hide abuse, to have lengthy response times, lack of access to

people to help in an emergency, and lack of public transportation. Existence of VAW

Desk for women garnered a weighted mean of 2.22 and a verbal interpretation of

slightly satisfied. Barangay VAW desk is established on the provision stated on

Republic Act (RA) 9710, otherwise known as the Magna Carta of Women, which is a
comprehensive women’s human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination against

women by recognizing, protecting, fulfilling and promoting the rights of Filipino women,

especially those in the marginalized sectors. Section 12 D, Rule IV of the Rules and

Regulations Implementing the Magna Carta of Women provides for the establishment of

a VAW desk in every barangay to ensure that violence against women cases are fully

addressed in a gender-responsive manner. With a weighted mean of 2.22, providing

playground for children whose parents are discussing their issues in the community was

regarded as slightly satisfying. Issuance of Barangay Protection Order under R.A. 9262

(Anti-Violence against women and their children Act of 2004.) has a weighted mean of

2.22 and has a verbal interpretation of slightly satisfied. According to law, R.A 9262, the

Punong Barangay or Kagawad shall assist victim-survivor in any application for a

Barangay Protection Order (BPO). The Punong Barangay or Kagawad, law enforcers

and other government agencies shall not mediate or conciliate or influence the victim-

survivor for a protection order to compromise or abandon the relief sought. Otherwise,

they shall be held administratively liable. Furthermore, Barangay officials and Law

enforcers shall respond immediately to a call for help or request for assistance or

protection of the victim by entering the necessary whether or not a protection order has

been issued and ensure the safety of the victims. Regular Patrolling of barangay Tanod

has a weighted mean of 2.20 and rated by the respondents as slightly satisfying. In a

study conducted by Levinson (2004), he concludes that “the patrol exercise is not only

limited to crime control but also to reduce the fear within the neighborhood”. This builds

stronger relationship between police and community and won the resident trust.

Therefore patrolling is one way of securing, protecting, preserving the life and property
and assuring the safety of the people in the community. Existence of a developed

system to document and report cases of VAW and assistance program to victims

ranked seventh and has a weighted mean of 2.19 and a verbal interpretation of slightly

satisfied. Imposition of Barangay Police Visibility ranked eight and was rated as slightly

satisfying with a corresponding mean of 2.18. Miller (2013) typically beat police on foot

or bicycle patrols that provide more police - community interaction. A roving police team

can't stop crime alone. It can also give people a sense of security and security.

Acquiring the ninth rank, strict implementation of curfew hours with a weighted mean of

2.17 suggests that the respondents are slightly satisfied with how it is implemented in

the barangay. In his studies, Lundman (2011) reports that a significant correlation

exists between curfew laws and the reduction or deflection of deviant criminal activities.

In other words, "strict enforcement of curfew follows the theory of deterrence, which

argues that certain, swift, and severe punishments will rationally weigh the

consequences of juveniles and commit fewer criminal acts. Equipping of street lights on

accident prone areas/remote areas and providing of a family violence prevention

programs including peer counselling for men both ranked 10.5. A weighted mean of

2.16 was acquired by equipping street lights on accident prone areas which the

respondents find to be slightly satisfied. World Bank Energy Sector Management

Assistance (2013) stated that improved street lighting is often seen as a quick win to

enhance the sense of security for women and girls, which in turn can open up access to

social and economic opportunities. In addition, improved street lighting means

significant involvement by local authorities, not only in the installation of lighting

systems, but also in ensuring that they are in good condition. Providing of a family
violence prevention programs including peer counselling for men with a weighted mean

of 2.16 and was commended as slightly satisfying. A study conducted by the John Jay

College of Criminal Justice shows that issues of early conduct have been identified as

one of the most robust risk factors resulting from intimate partner violence. Providing

livelihood projects for victim-survivors of VAW was commended as slightly satisfying

and acquired 2.14 weighted mean ranked twelfth. On thirteenth rank were the

installation of CCTV camera in secluded areas of barangays and giving of health

assistance like free vaccination etc. The results shows that the respondents are slightly

satisfied on the installation of CCTV cameras in their barangay garnering 2.11 weighted

mean. According to Radcliffe (2011), CCTV has several potential public safety

applications and has been deployed in a variety of ways to prevent crime, detect

offenses, and improve emergency response. Giving Health assistance to women has a

weighted mean of 2.11 and was marked as slightly satisfying by the respondents. A

study conducted by the World Health Organization (2013) revealed that women with a

history of intimate partner violence are more likely than non - abused women to seek

health care. In addition, Bonomi et.al (2007) showed that more mental health,

emergency department, hospital ambulance, and primary care, pharmacy, and specialty

services were used by women who were physically abused. Health care systems play

an important role in responding to violence against women through multisectoral

actions. Active Participation of Lupong Tagapamayapa in Mediation process and peace

and order campaign has a weighted mean of 2.07, a verbal interpretation of slightly

satisfied and a fifteenth corresponding rank. Concession of Educational Assistance

ranked sixteenth on its weighted mean of 2.05. The respondents are also slightly
satisfied with its implementation in the barangay. Article 10 The Committee on the

Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) has drawn up the obligation for

States to eradicate discriminatory barriers preventing girls from enjoying their right to

education and to implement measures aimed at achieving equality in practice in order to

achieve equality in practice. Getting the seventeenth rank, results show that

respondents were slightly satisfied on how the barangays are able to support

organizations on development programs for women in the community and acquired a

weighted mean of 2.04.

4. Problems affecting the implementation and regulation of actions and programs in

the prevention of violence against women in the barangay of Batangas City.

Table 4

Mean Distribution of the problems affecting the implementation and regulation of

actions and programs in the prevention of violence against women in the

barangay of Batangas City

Problems Weighted Verbal Rank
Mean Interpretation
No specific plan/program that 4.03 1
would handle unexpected acts of Agree
violence against women in the
barangay

Lack of support fro the community 3.89 Fairly Agree 2

on the actions/programs of the
barangay

Inadequate human resources 3.71 Fairly Agree 6

whenever there are
actions/programs initiated

Inconsistency of the 3.88 Fairly Agree 3

action/program implementation

Insufficient fund and budget for the 3.73 Fairly Agree 5

action and programs

Poor/None transportation 3.68 Fairly Agree 9.5

equipment/ vehicles if emergencies
occur in the barangay

Barangay officials are not 3.70 Fairly Agree 7

accessible/ friendly, so people in
the community lack the interest to
participate in their
actions/programs
Unawareness of barangay official, 3.68 Fairly Agree 9.5
barangay health workers,
barangay nutrition scholars, and
other barangay workers and tanod
on gender sensitivity and proper
response on victims of VAW

Unacquainted on the handling of 3.69 Fairly Agree 8

VAW cases of barangay officials

Improper monitoring of people’s 3.75 Fairly Agree 4

feedback on the actions/programs
implemented on the barangay

GRAND TOTAL 3.77 Fairly Agree

Table 4.1: No specifi c plan/program that would handle
unexpected acts of violence against women in the
barangay

Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Table 4 indicates the level of agreement on the statement that no specific

plan/program that would handle acts of violence against women in the barangay is a

factor affecting the implementation and regulation of existing actions and programs in

the prevention of violence against women in the barangays of Batangas City.

 Table 4.1: No specific plan/program that would handle unexpected acts of
violence against women in the barangay.

Table 4.1indicates the level of agreement on the statement that no specific

plan/program that would handle acts of violence against women in the barangay is a
factor affecting the implementation and regulation of existing actions and programs in
the prevention of violence against women in the barangays of Batangas City; namely
145 (48.33%) strongly agreed, 79 (26.33%) agreed, 37 (12.33%) fairly agreed, 17
(5.66%) disagreed; and 22 (7.33%) strongly disagreed. The Weighted Mean was 4.03
(Agree) ranking first in the over-all factors. Majority of the respondents (74.66%) agreed
or strongly agreed, and small number (12.99%) disagreed or strongly disagreed. Most
respondents therefore believed that no specific plan/program that would handle
unexpected acts of violence against women in the barangay is a factor affecting the
implementation and regulation of existing actions and programs in the prevention of
violence against women in the barangays of Batangas City.

A 2013 analysis conduct by World Health Organization (WHO) with the London
School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the South Africa Medical Research
Council using existing data from over 80 countries, showed that worldwide, 1 in 3, or
35%, of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate
partner or non-partner sexual violence.

Likewise, based on the preliminary findings of the 2017 National Demographic

and Health Survey (NDHS), one in four (26%) Filipina ever-married women aged 15-49
has ever experienced physical, sexual or emotional violence by their husband or
partner. One in five (20%) Filipina women has ever experienced emotional violence, 14
percent has ever experienced physical violence, and 5 percent has ever experienced
sexual violence by their current or most recent husband or partner. (Philippine Statistics
Authority, 2018)

These statistical records shows that violence may occur any moment in the lives
of a women, whether he is her partner or not proving that no specific plan/program that
would handle acts of violence against women in the times where help is needed the
most. Women not being equipped to defend themselves against an attacker is a
problem that needed to be solved before the harassment or violence arise.

Self-defense helps women protect themselves and their family and can be
brought in any situations. While men are touted as the stronger sex, jujitsu, a type of a
martial-art and self-defense technique, is a small man’s sport. Meaning, even though
women are smaller and not as strong, this discipline helps women use their opponent’s
mechanics against them, such as their height, weight, and even strength. In a self-
defense situation, this is pivotal. The majority of attackers are not going to be proficient
in martial arts. This provides an edge to women when in a self-defense situation.

Furthermore, the goal is not to stay and continue fighting, rather it is to defend
and attack to get away from an assailant to find help. Another added benefit of self-
defense training is the ability to disarm an opponent who is using a weapon against you.
The transfer of technique is the same from unarmed to an armed attack. Additionally,
the percentage of physical injury would change as well; more than half of women in
victimization are harmed. Learning self-defense provides the user with skill to avoid
being hurt or injured in an attack. While this doesn’t guarantee safety, it does reduce the
risk exponentially in an attack. In a situation where a women fighting for her life, the life
of a friend, or even her children, understanding how to defend oneself can save a
women’s life and others.
 Table 4.2: Lack of support from the community on the
acti ons/programs of the barangay

Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Table 4.2: Lack of support from the community on the actions/programs of the barangay

Table 4.2 indicates the level of agreement on the statement that lack of support
from the community on the actions/programs of the barangay is a factor affecting the
implementation and regulation of existing actions and programs in the prevention of
violence against women in the barangays of Batangas City; namely 104 (34.67%)
strongly agreed, 111 (37%) agreed, 50 (16.67%) fairly agreed, 18 (6%) disagreed; and
17 (5.67%) strongly disagreed. The Weighted Mean was 3.89 (Fairly Agree) ranking
second on the over-all factors. Majority of the respondents (71.67%) agreed or strongly
agreed, and small number (11.67%) disagreed or strongly disagreed. Most respondents
therefore believed that lack of support from the community on the actions/programs of
the barangay is a factor affecting the implementation and regulation of existing actions
and programs in the prevention of violence against women in the barangays of
Batangas City.

These are just some of the realities that contribute to the vulnerability of Filipino
women to VAW. Many of the victims of VAW are ashamed to relate their experiences
while others tend to dismiss their ordeal as a result of their lack of faith in the country’s
justice system caused by frustrations over the lack of results in filing complaints. By
having Self-defense program as a supportive designed system, women quickly build
self-confidence as they learn how to defend themselves in realistic
scenarios. Progressively they learn to use “real” fear to their advantage by transforming
it into positive fighting energy. Fear becomes part of their fighting shield and energy
used to escape against rape and other street violence.

Table 4.3: Inadequate human resources whenever

there are actions/programs initi ated

Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Table 4.3: Inadequate human resources whenever there are actions/ programs
initiated

Table 4.3 indicates the level of agreement on the statement that inadequate
human resources whenever there are actions/programs initiated is a factor affecting the
implementation and regulation of existing actions and programs in the prevention of
violence against women in the barangays of Batangas City; namely 101 (33.67%)
strongly agreed, 80 (26.67%) agreed, 73 (24.33%) fairly agreed, 22 (7.33%) disagreed;
and 18 (6%) strongly disagreed. The Weighted Mean was 3.71 (Fairly Agree). Majority
of the respondents (60.34%) agreed or strongly agreed, and small number (13.33%)
disagreed or strongly disagreed. Most respondents therefore believed that inadequate
human resources whenever there are actions/program initiated is a factor affecting the
implementation and regulation of existing actions and programs in the prevention of
 violence
Table 4.4: Inconsistency of the acti on/program against
implementati on
women in
the

Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

barangays of Batangas City.

The Women in Development and Nation Building Act (RA 7192) also provides
that external and domestic resources shall be mobilized by national and local
government agencies to support programs/projects for women. Under the same Act, 5-
30% of Official Development Assistance (ODA) funds are allocated for programs and
projects for women.
 Table
Table 4.5: Insuffi cient fund and budget for the acti ons 4.4:
and programs

Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Inconsistency of the action/program implementation

Table 4.4 indicates the level of agreement on the statement that inconsistency of
the action/ program implementation is a factor affecting the implementation and
regulation of existing actions and programs in the prevention of violence against women
in the barangays of Batangas City; namely 118 (39.33%) strongly agreed, 88 (29.33%)
agreed, 52 (17.33%) fairly agreed, 23 (7.67%) disagreed; and 19 (6.33%) strongly
disagreed. The Weighted Mean was 3.87 (Fairly Agree). Majority of the respondents
(68.66%) agreed or strongly agreed, and small number (14%) disagreed or strongly
disagreed. Most respondents therefore believed that inconsistency of the
action/program implementation is a factor affecting the implementation and regulation of
existing actions and programs in the prevention of violence against women in the
barangays of Batangas City.

Acosta (1991) Performance is equated with the responses of the local

government to the needs of the community, especially the provision of essential and
basic public services. High performance is the culmination of reasoned decision -
making; intermediate use of manpower those as financing, staffing, manpower, etc.; and
the execution of rudimentary electorate provision in an urgent and endured vein.
 Table 4.5: Insufficient fund and budget for the actions and programs

Table 4.5 indicates the level of agreement on the statement that insufficient fund
and budget for the actions and program is a factor affecting the implementation and
regulation of existing actions and programs in the prevention of violence against women
in the barangays of Batangas City; namely 88 (29.33%) strongly agreed, 103 (34.33%)
agreed, 66 (22%) fairly agreed, 25 (8.33%) disagreed; and 18 (6%) strongly disagreed.
The Weighted Mean was 3.73 (Fairly Agree). Majority of the respondents (63.66%)
agreed or strongly agreed, and small number (14.33%) disagreed or strongly disagreed.
Most respondents therefore believed that insufficient fund and budget for the actions
and programs is a factor affecting the implementation and regulation of existing actions
and programs in the prevention of violence against women in the barangays of
Batangas City.

A survey by Panadero (2004) insinuates that there is a want to have feedbacks

on the effectivity of the transmission of those provisions in order to have an
underpinning for strengthening. In a Self-defense program, it is easy to identify if the
results are effective or not. In terms of impact of self-defense assessed immediately
after participation the intention is to decrease fear which leads to women restricting their
behavior and to increase confidence that resistance is possible. Brecklin (2007)
 reviewed
Table 4.6: Poor/None transportati on equipments/ 20
vehicles if emergencies occur in the barangay

Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

quantitative studies, with most showing positive impacts across a range of psychological
measures including: increased assertiveness and self-esteem; decreased anxiety/fear;
increased perceived control; increased self-efficacy. Only a minority of studies
measured subsequent behavioral impacts but here too there were positive findings with
respect to physical competence, actual avoidance and use of strategies. She notes that
many women pre-training used avoidance strategies to limit the possibility of violence
and self-defense increased their participation in social and cultural life.

Table 4.6: Poor/None transportation equipments/ vehicles if emergencies occur in

the barangay

Table 4.6 indicates the level of agreement on the statement that poor/none
 Table 4.7: Barangay offi cials are not accessible/
friendly, so people in the community lack the interest
to parti cipate in their acti ons/programs

Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

transportation equipments/ vehicles if emergencies occur in the barangay is a factor
affecting the implementation and regulation of existing actions and programs in the
prevention of violence against women in the barangays of Batangas City; namely 94
(31.33%) strongly agreed, 100 (33.33%) agreed, 64 (21.33%) fairly agreed, 25 (8.33%)
disagreed; and 17 (5.67%) strongly disagreed. The Weighted Mean was 3.68 (Fairly
Agree). Majority of the respondents (64.66%) agreed or strongly agreed, and small
number (14%) disagreed or strongly disagreed. Most respondents therefore believed
that poor/ none transportation equipments/ vehicles if emergencies occur in the
barangay is a factor affecting the implementation and regulation of existing actions and
programs in the prevention of violence against women in the barangays of Batangas
City.

According to Guinid (2003) LGU are no longer symbolic implementers of

initiatives and organizational fiats emanating from national officials. They are today
characterized as the main accuser of monetary and sociological development at the
local levels. In addition, the barangays must be equipped with the necessary skills to
provide technical and physical basic facilities.
 Table 4.8: Unawareness of barangay offi cials, and
other barangay workers and tanod on gender
sensiti vity (Proper response on victims of VAWC)

Table
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
4.7:
Barangay officials are not accessible/ friendly, so people in the community lack
the interest to participate in their actions/ programs

Table 4.7 indicates the level of agreement on the statement that barangay
officials are not accessible/ friendly, so people in the community lack the interest to
participate in their actions/ programs is a factor affecting the implementation and
regulation of existing actions and programs in the prevention of violence against women
in the barangays of Batangas City; namely 95 (31.67%) strongly agreed, 94 (31.33%)
agreed, 61 (20.33%) fairly agreed, 25 (8.33%) disagreed; and 25 (8.33%) strongly
disagreed. The Weighted Mean was 3.70 (Fairly Agree). Majority of the respondents
(63%) agreed or strongly agreed, and small number (16.66%) disagreed or strongly
disagreed. Most respondents therefore believed that barangay officials are not
accessible/ friendly, so people in the community lack the interest to participate in their
actions/ programs is a factor affecting the implementation and regulation of existing
actions and programs in the prevention of violence against women in the barangays of
Batangas City.

Table 4.8: Unawareness of barangay officials, and other barangay workers and
 tanod on gender sensitivity (Proper response on victims of VAWC)

Table 4.8 indicates the level of agreement on the statement that unawareness of
barangay officials, and other barangay workers and tanod on gender sensitivity (Proper
response on victims of VAWC) is a factor affecting the implementation and regulation of
existing actions and programs in the prevention of violence against women in the
barangays of Batangas City; namely 87 (29%) strongly agreed, 93 (31%) agreed, 73
(24.33%) fairly agreed, 31 (10.33%) disagreed; and 16 (5.33%) strongly disagreed. The
Weighted Mean was 3.68 (Fairly Agree). Majority of the respondents (60%) agreed or
strongly agreed, and small number (15.66%) disagreed or strongly disagreed. Most
respondents therefore believed that unawareness of barangay officials, and other
barangay workers and tanod on gender sensitivity (Proper response on victims of
VAWC) is a factor affecting the implementation and regulation of existing actions and
programs in the prevention of violence against women in the barangays of Batangas
City.

Performance can be evaluated in terms of the local governments' capabilities to

answer to the group's need for basic integral functions. Local government excellence is

then observable via determinable achievement in the content of lives of persons, the

community as a whole, and more pertinently the poor.

Table 4.10:
4.9: Unacquainted
Improper monitoring
on the handling
of peoples'
of VAW
feedback
cases
on
of barangay
the actions/programs
offi cials implemented on the barangay

Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Table 4.9: Unacquainted on the handling of VAW cases of barangay officials

Table 4.9 indicates the level of agreement on the statement that unacquainted on
the handling of VAW cases of barangay officials is a factor affecting the implementation
and regulation of existing actions and programs in the prevention of violence against
women in the barangays of Batangas City; namely 89 (29.67%) strongly agreed, 99
(33%) agreed, 65 (21.67%) fairly agreed, 25 (8.33%) disagreed; and 22 (7.33%)
strongly disagreed. The Weighted Mean was 3.69 (Fairly Agree). Majority of the
respondents (62.67%) agreed or strongly agreed, and small number (15.66%)
disagreed or strongly disagreed. Most respondents therefore believed that
unacquainted on the handling of VAW cases of barangay officials is a factor affecting
the implementation and regulation of existing actions and programs in the prevention of
violence against women in the barangays of Batangas City.
 Table 4.10: Improper monitoring of peoples’ feedback on the actions/ programs
implemented on the barangay

Table 4.10 indicates the level of agreement on the statement that improper
monitoring of people’s feedback on the actions/ programs implemented on the barangay
is a factor affecting the implementation and regulation of existing actions and programs
in the prevention of violence against women in the barangays of Batangas City; namely
108 (36%) strongly agreed, 87 (29%) agreed, 54 (18%) fairly agreed, 23 (7.77%)
disagreed; and 28 (9.33%) strongly disagreed. The Weighted Mean was 3.75 (Fairly
Agree). Majority of the respondents (65%) agreed or strongly agreed, and small number
(17.1%) disagreed or strongly disagreed. Most respondents therefore believed that
improper monitoring of peoples’ feedback on the actions/ programs implemented on the
barangay is a factor affecting the implementation and regulation of existing actions and
programs in the prevention of violence against women in the barangays of Batangas
City.

5. Proposed program to prevent violence against women

The program's title is "EmPowering Women: Self-Defense Training Program,"

which aims to integrate self-defense training and seminars as an additional means of

protecting women from threats that will result in violence. Moreover, the program will be
part of a comprehensive effort to prevent sexual assault and other acts of interpersonal

violence and boundary violations. The training and seminars that will be part of the

program are important part of a comprehensive strategy for creating social change,

preventing abuse, and supporting healing. It could also be a tool committed to a broad

vision of responding to violence by society. The program was based on a study

conducted by Jocelyn Hollander, a professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon in

2018 suggesting that women’s self-defense training is the only sexual violence

prevention strategy with solid evidence of effectiveness at reducing rates of

victimization.

Table 5

Proposed Program to prevent Violence against women (VAW)

 PERSONS/AGENCIES FUND TIME SUCCESS
OBJECTIVES ACTIVITIES
INVOLVED SOURCES FRAME INDICATORS

1.To acquire Instruction of Municipal Officers, Gender and 2019- Decrease rates
the necessary self-defense Gender and Development of women
basic and skills (hammer Development officers, (GAD) 2021 victimization;
advance self- strike, groin Brgy. Officials and Budget and utilization of
defense skills kick, heel palm PNP, Self-Defense Internal self-defense
in defending strike, straight Instructors Revenue skills
self from punch, choke Allotment
unexpected defense etc.,) (IRA)
danger
2. To build self- Lecture Municipal Officers, Gender and 2019- Increasing
confidence, to Seminar Gender and Development number of
instill the need focusing on the Development officers, (GAD) 2021 women
and desire for how and why’s Brgy. Officials and Budget and participating in
physical of using self- PNP, Self-Defense Internal the program;
conditioning, defense both Instructors Revenue Decreasing
and a as protection Allotment number of
willingness to and (IRA) reported cases
take affirmative empowering of women’s
action if weapon violence
actually against
assaulted. different forms
of violence

Instruction on
how to sense
danger and
how to react

3. To be aware Discussion and Municipal Officers, Gender and 2019- Barriers to

of the use of demonstration Gender and Development communications
self-defense on different Development officers, (GAD) 2021 are minimized;
instruction as a communication Brgy. Officials and Budget and women are
way to strategies such PNP, Self-Defense Internal seeking help
increase self- as verbal de- Instructors Revenue and voice out
esteem and escalation, Allotment the abuses
personal assertive (IRA) against them
growth in communication,
assertiveness and boundary-
and self- setting skills.
understanding.
 Organize a
coordinated
training with all
the
stakeholders
on self-defense
and its impact
on gender
sensitivity
4. To Promote Integrating Municipal Officers, Gender and 2019- Improved health
health and Self-defense Gender and Development among women;
wellness training in Development officers, (GAD) 2021 women being
intervention health and Brgy. Officials and Budget and physically and
wellness Self-Defense Internal emotionally
intervention Instructors and Revenue stable
program Social Workers and Allotment
with assistance with (IRA)
City Health office

5. To socially Creation of Municipal Officers, Gender and 2019- Increase

engage women committee that Gender and Development involvement or
in the will serve as Development officers, (GAD) 2021 cooperation and
community EmPowered Brgy. Officials and Budget and vigilance of the
Women Self- Self-Defense Internal public; improve
defense task Instructors Revenue assistance from
force Allotment the Barangay
(IRA)
Conduct of
Information
Dissemination
through
Trainings and
Posting.
6. To have Instruction on Municipal Officers, Gender and 2019- Decrease rates
better safety how to improve Gender and Development of women
strategies in street Development officers, (GAD) 2021 victimization on
place awareness Brgy. Officials and Budget and streets
PNP, Self-Defense Internal utilization of
Demonstration Instructors Revenue self-defense
on how to Allotment tools
properly use (IRA)
self-defense
tools such as
pepper spray
and other
intervention
 tool

7. To monitor Assessment Municipal Officers, Gender and 2019- Improvement in

people’s and Evaluation Gender and Development the deploying
feedback on of the Development officers, (GAD) 2021 self-defense
self-defense effectiveness of Brgy. Officials and Budget and training skills
program self-defense PNP, Self-Defense Internal
through weekly Instructors Revenue
demonstration Allotment
of self-defense (IRA)
skills

8. To provide Demonstration Barangay Health Gender and 2019- Proper reaction

information on of do’s and workers, PNP, medical Development in cases of
how to react in don’ts in cases volunteers (GAD) 2021 emergencies
cases of of Budget and
emergencies emergencies. Internal
(first aid) Revenue
Allotment
Distribution of (IRA)
emergency kits
9. To Creation of Barangay Officials Gender and 2019- Consistent
implement the Barangay Development implementation
self-defense for Ordinance (GAD) 2021 of the program
women compelling the Budget and
program integration of Internal
consistently Self-defense Revenue
program as an Allotment
empowerment (IRA)
tool for women
10. To Provide Giving Barangay Officials Gender and 2019- Increasing
proof of Certification to Development number of
training to the the participants (GAD) 2021 women who
participants of of the program Budget and wants to
the program who can Internal participate in
comply with the Revenue the program
requirements Allotment
(IRA) Participants of
the program
who also
become
volunteers of
basic and
advance self-
defense training
program.