NEED AND

TITLE FUNCTION
OF
TEACHING
SUBJECT
ADVANCED
METHODS OF
TEACHING
SUBMITTED By

On Jan
K. ANAND, M .EdThousand
– 24th – Two ., Eleven

Dr. K. CHELLAMANI, Reader,

SUBMITTED
School To
of Education,
Pondicherry University.

ASSIGNMENT
 Error! No text of specified style inANAND.
2 K
document.

THEORIES OF TEACHING

CONCEPT OF TEACHING:
Teaching is process which usually takes place in the class room situations. It is more
of formal processes. In the class room situations we see that the teacher has something in his
mind and he wants to convey it to the students. For this purpose, he takes the help of
teaching. He makes all efforts to make the students understand it. His teaching is successful
if the students are able to grasp it fully.

NEED OF TEACHING:
Through teaching, the teacher aims at

i. Giving some knowledge to the students;

ii. Passing some information to them;
iii. Making the students acquire some skill;
iv. Changing the attitude of the learners;
v. Modifying the behavior of the students;
vi. Giving some experiences of life; etc.,

Teaching in the class depends upon how the teacher performs his duty of teaching. A sincere
and hard working teacher always comes out all successful. He makes every effort to achieve
the desired ends. He always goes well prepared in every way. In his class room teaching,
there is always a very good class room interaction. He faces the class clearly and boldly. He
is always facing to case with the students while speaking in the class. Naturally, that type of
teacher will be able to impress the students fully. Such a teaching can be called effective
teaching.

Teaching may also take place outside the class rooms. The students come in contact
with their teacher in the corridors, in the staff room, in the canteen, in the playgrounds; in the
school assemble grounds etc., the process of teaching surely goes on there also which is more
of informal type. Learning by the students through informal contacts with the teacher is
many a time more sound and lasts longer.

In fact, teaching is an art of educating other people. In this age of science and
technology when there is explosion of knowledge, the process of teaching has reached new
dimensions. It is no longer a simple art of imparting information to the students. It is now
tending to become a technology by itself instructional television, computer assisted
instruction, teaching machines, etc.

2
 Error! No text of specified style inANAND.
3 K
document.

Teaching is an activity which goes on between the two parties i.e. the giver and the
receiver. Here the giver is the teacher more matured person with more experiences of life.
The receiver may be an individual, a small group or a big group.

Teaching is not a mechanical process. It is an intricate, exacting, challenging job.

Teaching can’t be boiled down to a convenient formula of “telling and testing”. It is the
complex art of guiding pupils through a variety of selected experiences towards the
attainment of a widening field of learning.

DEFINITIONS OF TEACHING:
i. According to Rabindra Nath Tagore, “A Teacher can never truly teach unless he
is still learning himself. A lamp can never light another lamp unless it continues
to burn its own flame.”
ii. H.C. Morrison (1934): “teaching is an intimate contact between a more mature
personality and less mature one which is designed to further the education of the
latter.”
iii. N. L, Gage(1962): “Teaching is a form of interpersonal influence aimed at
changing the behavior potential of another person”
iv. B.D. Smith (1961): “Teaching is a system of actions intended to induce learning.”
v. John Dewey: “One might as well say he has sold when no one has bought, as to
say he has taught when no one has learned.”

Relation of Teaching with other related concepts:

The terms like training instructions, conditioning and indoctrination etc. are
sometimes taken as synonymous with teaching. In fact, these terms denote one or other type
of teaching. The teaching is a broader concept and these are a part or one aspect of it.

Training is concerned with a little more raised level of teaching than conditioning,
which is the lowest level of a mode of teaching. A trained person can do a number of jobs on
some machines skillfully. Training helps in shaping, conducting and teaching various skills.

As compared to teaching training requires much less intelligence. Simple behavior may be
produced through training but not complicated behavior.

Instruction works on higher footing than conditioning and training. Instruction is

mainly concerned with the development of knowledge and understating in an individual.
Teaching is much more than the act of acquiring some knowledge and understanding.
Instruction cares only for development of intellect and affects the cognitive domain of one’s
behavior, while teaching is aimed at shaping a total man. And lastly, the face to face
interaction of the teacher and taught is found in teaching. It is not essential in the process of
ins-traction. Her, the teacher can be replaced by instructional materials.

Indoctrination represents a fairly higher level of teaching which adds to the establishment or
shaping of beliefs and ideas. Higher role of intelligence is required here. It results in bringing
quite stable changes in the cognitive and affective domains of one’s behavior. But,
3
 Error! No text of specified style inANAND.
4K
document.

indoctrination is only one mode of teaching. Indoctrination may be teaching but the reverse is
not true. Teaching is possible without adopting indoctrination as the mode of teaching.

The above mentioned mode of teaching cannot be termed as quite unrelated. They
overlap each other in many ways.

Variable involved in teaching:

In a teaching task in progress, we can observer the presence of the following types of
variables;

I. Independent variable
II. Dependent variable
III. Intervening or mediating variables.

In the process o teaching, it is the student who is subjected to changes and

development through the efforts of the teacher and the teaching process. Therefore, he acts as
a dependent variable while the teacher has to play the role of independent variable. For the
achievement of the goals of teaching, there be a need of desirable interaction between
independent and depend variable. This role is played by the intervening variables.

In this way, the teacher plays the role of independent variable. He is responsible for
the functioning of the dependent variable, i.e., the students. He is free to act in the teaching
process while students are quite dependent on him for seeking behavioral changes and
development. Teacher has to plan, organize, lead and control the process of teaching so that
desirable outcomes of his teaching may be properly obtained. He has to handle his teaching
activities and all the intervening variables in such a way that the desired move ability and
function ability can be created among his students for achieving the teaching objectives.

The intervening variables as it sounds do not exist for creating some interference or
obstacle in the functioning of independent or dependent variable. Rather they help in the
smooth functioning of these variables for the realization of the teaching objectives. The
contents of teaching, methods and techniques of teaching, etc., are all known as intervening
variables. These variables are responsible for bringing desirable interaction between the
teacher and the students by producing proper teaching environment, teaching material, and
facilities and creating appropriate learning conditions or situations.

Functions of Teaching:
4
 Error! No text of specified style inANAND.
5 K
document.

In teaching process, the active or functional part is played by the independent and
dependent variable. Mainly following three types of functions are performed by these
variables:

I. Diagnostic functions
II. Prescriptive functions
III. Evaluative functions
I. Diagnostic functions:

The goal is to bring desirable changes in the behavior of students. The initial task
needs a proper diagnosis for the prescription of appropriate treatment (the actual attempts) for
bringing desirable behavioral changes in the students. Accordingly, a teacher has to perform
the following diagnostic functions:

1. He has to diagnose the entering behavior of the student. The initial potential of the
student in terms of cognitive, cognitive and affective abilities should be properly
diagnosed with the help of some diagnostic tests.
2. He has to diagnose and formulate specific educational objectives, the type and
amount of behavioral changes he wants to introduce in the student in the light of
the entering behavior and environmental conditions.
3. He has to analyze the content, instructional material and environmental facilities
available for carrying out his task.
4. He has to diagnose his own potential and capabilities and bring desirable
improvement in his own behavior for the success of his own mission.

Although the teacher, as independent variable, is more active in exercising diagnostic

functions, yet the role of the student as a dependent variable cannot be underestimated. He
has also to perform certain important diagnostic functions on the basis of his perception for
his abilities and responses as follows;

1. He has to diagnose the strength and weakness of his entry behavior.

2. He has to assess himself in terms of the tools of learning like language and
comprehension, power of expression, ability to think and analyze psychomotor
skill and emotional behavior.
3. He has to make efforts to know the behavior of the teacher, the types of teaching
strategies, the nature of the content and instructional material for the purpose of
initiation and response on his part.

II. Prescriptive functions:

On the basis of diagnosis, the teacher takes decision about the needed prescription for
achieving the stipulated objectives. Accomplishment of objectives needs an appropriate
interaction between the teacher and the student which, in turn, needs proper management of
the intervening variables by the teacher. Accordingly, he has to perform the following
functions;

5
 Error! No text of specified style inANAND.
6K
document.

1. Selecting appropriate contents and organizing them into proper sequence.

2. 2. Selecting proper teaching techniques, strategies and feedback devices in view of the
individual difference among the students.
3. Seeking essential cooperation from the students for a purposeful interaction.

In the performance of prescriptive functions also, the teacher is likely to be more active
than the students. The prescription is made for the student to bring desirable changes in his
behavior. He has to work for the purposeful interaction and give his sincere cooperation for
the teacher in exercising the various prescriptive functions.

III. Evaluative functions:

Evaluative function concerned with the tasks of evaluating the progress and outcomes of
the prescriptive functions that may be decided in the form of realization of the stipulated
objectives. The failure in the realization of the objectives is essentially a failure in the
prescriptive functions either due to improper diagnosis or some serious mistakes in
prescribing or carrying out the treatment (actual teaching) task.

Various evaluation devices in the form of tests, observations, interviews, rating scales,
inventories and unstructured projective techniques are help in exercising evaluative functions.
In contrast to diagnostic or prescriptive functions, the student remains more active in the
evaluative functions. He has to respond and evaluate his own progress in terms of the abilities
acquired and behavior changes occurred. He is taught and helped by the teacher in bringing
improvement in his behavior on the basis of his entry behavior and potentialities. Now, it is
this turn to see how far the treatment prescribe for done by the teacher is helpful for him. If
the prescription suits him he can go ahead with it. If it does not, he must give his full
cooperation to the teacher (just like a patient who has to consult his doctor and seek his
advice for further diagnosis and subsequent prescription in order to get maximum advantage
for bringing improvement in his behavior.)

References:
1. “Essentials of Educational Technology” By Mangal, 2009 ISBN 978-81-203-3723-7,
Pg 150 -153.
2. “Essentials of Instructional Technology” By A. R. Rather, ISBN 81-7141-818-X,
2004, Pg 1 – 13.
3. “Essential of Instructional Technology.” By Chand Tara, 2004, Pg 13 -14.