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Ghghhiyuyy

The document discusses several topics in physics, geophysics, remote sensing, nuclear physics, and chemistry. It covers concepts such as Maxwell's equations, principles of geophysical prospecting methods, fundamentals of remote sensing including relationships between electromagnetic spectrum properties, basic nuclear properties and radioactivity, and key concepts in physical, inorganic, organic, and analytical chemistry. The document provides an overview of the essential information tested in Stage-I (Objective Type) examinations in physics and chemistry.

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Durgesh Trivedi
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119 views4 pages

Ghghhiyuyy

The document discusses several topics in physics, geophysics, remote sensing, nuclear physics, and chemistry. It covers concepts such as Maxwell's equations, principles of geophysical prospecting methods, fundamentals of remote sensing including relationships between electromagnetic spectrum properties, basic nuclear properties and radioactivity, and key concepts in physical, inorganic, organic, and analytical chemistry. The document provides an overview of the essential information tested in Stage-I (Objective Type) examinations in physics and chemistry.

Uploaded by

Durgesh Trivedi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ampere's law, Biot and Savart's law, Gauss’s Theorem, Poisson's equation.

Laplace's equation: solution of Laplace's equation in Cartesian coordinates, use


of Laplace's equation in the solutions of geophysical and electrostatic problems.
Displacement current, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Maxwell's
equations. Boundary conditions. Wave equation, plane electromagnetic waves in
free space, dielectric and conducting media, electromagnetic vector and scalar
potentials.

4. Geophysical Prospecting:

Elements of geophysical methods: Principles, data reduction and


applications of gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic and well logging
methods. Fundamentals of seismic methods: Fermat’s Principle, Snell’s Law,
Energy portioning, Reflection and transmission coefficients, Reflection and
Refraction from layered media. Signals and systems, sampling theorem, aliasing
effect, Fourier series and periodic waveforms, Fourier transform and its
application, Laplace transforms, Convolution, Auto and cross correlations,
Power spectrum, Delta function, unit step function.

5. Remote Sensing and Thermodynamics:

Fundamentals of remote sensing, electromagnetic spectrum, energy-


frequency-wavelength relationship, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, Wien’s Law,
electromagnetic energy and its interactions in the atmosphere and with terrain
features. Planck’s Radiation Law. Laws of thermodynamics and thermodynamic
potential.

6. Nuclear Physics and Radiometry:

Basic nuclear properties: size, shape, charge distribution, spin and parity;
Binding energy, semi-empirical mass formula; Fission and fusion. Principles of
radioactivity, Alpha, beta and gamma decays, Photoelectric and Compton Effect,
Pair Production, radioactivity decay law, radioactivity of rocks and minerals,
Radiation Detectors: Ionization chamber, G-M counter, Scintillation counter and
Gamma ray spectrometer. Matter Waves and wave particle duality, Electron
spin, Spectrum of Hydrogen, helium and alkali atoms.

******

Stage-I (Objective Type)

Paper-II : Chemistry

1. Chemical periodicity:

Schrödinger equation for the H-atom. Radial distribution curves for 1s,
2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d orbitals. Electronic configurations of multi-electron atoms.

Periodic table, group trends and periodic trends in physical properties.


Classification of elements on the basis of electronic configuration. Modern

Page 7 of 29
IUPAC Periodic table. General characteristics of s, p, d and f block elements.
Effective nuclear charges, screening effects, atomic radii, ionic radii, covalent
radii. Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity. Group
trends and periodic trends in these properties in respect of s-, p- and d-block
elements. General trends of variation of electronic configuration, elemental
forms, metallic nature, magnetic properties, catenation and catalytic properties,
oxidation states, aqueous and redox chemistry in common oxidation states,
properties and reactions of important compounds such as hydrides, halides,
oxides, oxy-acids, complex chemistry in respect of s-block and p-block elements.

2. Chemical bonding and structure:

Ionic bonding: Size effects, radius ratio rules and their limitations.
Packing of ions in crystals, lattice energy, Born-Landé equation and its
applications, Born-Haber cycle and its applications. Solvation energy, polarizing
power and polarizability, ionic potential, Fajan's rules. Defects in solids.

Covalent bonding: Valence Bond Theory, Molecular Orbital Theory,


hybridization. Concept of resonance, resonance energy, resonance structures.

Coordinate bonding: Werner theory of coordination compounds, double salts


and complex salts. Ambidentate and polydentate ligands, chelate complexes.
IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds. Coordination numbers,
Geometrical isomerism. Stereoisomerism in square planar and octahedral
complexes.

3. Acids and bases:

Chemical and ionic equilibrium. Strengths of acids and bases. Ionization


of weak acids and bases in aqueous solutions, application of Ostwald's dilution
law, ionization constants, ionic product of water, pH-scale, effect of temperature
on pH, buffer solutions and their pH values, buffer action & buffer capacity;
different types of buffers and Henderson's equation.

4. Theoretical basis of quantitative inorganic analysis:

Volumetric Analysis: Equivalent weights, different types of solutions, normal


and molar solutions. Primary and secondary standard substances.

General principles of different types of titrations: i) acid-base, ii) redox, iii)


complexometric, iv) Precipitation. Types of indicators - i) acid-base, ii) redox iii)
metal-ion indicators.

5. Kinetic theory and the gaseous state:

Kinetic theory of gases, average kinetic energy of translation, Boltzmann


constant and absolute scale of temperature. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of
speeds. Calculations of average, root mean square and most probable velocities.

Page 8 of 29
Collision diameter; collision number and mean free path; frequency of binary
collisions; wall collision and rate of effusion.

6. Chemical thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium:

First law and its applications to chemical problems. Thermodynamic


functions. Total differentials and state functions. Free expansion, Joule-
Thomson coefficient and inversion temperature. Hess’ law.

Applications of Second law of thermodynamics. Gibbs function (G) and


Helmholtz function (A), Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, criteria for thermodynamic
equilibrium and spontaneity of chemical processes.

7. Solutions of non-electrolytes:

Colligative properties of solutions, Raoult's Law, relative lowering of


vapour pressure, osmosis and osmotic pressure; elevation of boiling point and
depression of freezing point of solvents. Solubility of gases in liquids and solid
solutions.

8. Electrochemistry:

Cell constant, specific conductance and molar conductance. Kohlrausch's


law of independent migration of ions, ion conductance and ionic mobility.
Equivalent and molar conductance at infinite dilution. Debye-Hückel theory.
Application of conductance measurements. Conductometric titrations.
Determination of transport number by moving boundary method.

9. Basic organic chemistry:

Delocalized chemical bond, resonance, conjugation, hyperconjugation,


hybridisation, orbital pictures of bonding sp3, sp2, sp: C-C, C-N and C-O
system), bond polarization and bond polarizability. Reactive intermediates:
General methods of formation, relative stability and reactivity of carbocations,
carbanions and free radicals.

10. Stereochemistry:

Configuration and chirality (simple treatment of elements of symmetry),


optical isomerism of compounds containing two to three stereogenic centres, R,S
nomenclature, geometrical isomerism in compounds containing two C=C double
bonds (E,Z naming), and simple cyclic systems, Newman projection (ethane and
substituted ethane).

11. Types of organic reactions:

Aliphatic substitution reactions: SN1, SN2 mechanisms, stereochemistry,


relative reactivity in aliphatic substitutions. Effect of substrate structure,

Page 9 of 29
attacking nucleophile, leaving group and reaction medium and competitive
reactions.

Elimination reactions: E1, E2, mechanisms, stereochemistry, relative reactivity


in aliphatic eliminations. Effect of substrate structure, attacking base, leaving
group, reaction medium and competitive reactions, orientation of the double
bond, Saytzeff and Hoffman rules.

Addition reactions: Electrophilic, nucleophilic and radical addition reactions at


carbon-carbon double bonds.

Electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic


(halogenation, sulphonation, nitration, Friedal-Crafts alkylation and acylation),
nucleophilic (simple SNAr, SN1 and aryne reactions).

12. Molecular Rearrangements:

Acid induced rearrangement and Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements.


Neighbouring group participation.

*****

Page 10 of 29

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