PIA Training Centre (PTC) Module 1 – MATHEMATICS

Category – B Sub Module 1.3 – Geometry

MODULE 1
Sub Module 1.3

GEOMETRY

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Category – B Sub Module 1.3 – Geometry

CONTENTS RELATION BETWEEN RADIANS AND DEGREES ........................................................ 18

TYPES OF ANGLES ........................................................................................... 20
BASIC GEOMETRIC DEFINITIONS ................................................................. 1 PROPERTIES OF ANGLES AND STRAIGHT LINES ...................................................... 20
SIMPLE GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS ........................................................ 5 PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 23
TO FIND THE CENTER OF A GIVEN CIRCLE .............................................................. 5 TRIGONOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS, USE OF TABLES ............................... 25
TO BISECT THE GIVEN ANGLE AOB...................................................................... 5
THE NOTATION FOR A RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE .................................................. 25
TO DRAW THE INSCRIBED CIRCLE FOR A GIVEN TRIANGLE ......................................... 6
THE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS ........................................................................... 25
TO DRAW A HEXAGON GIVEN THE LENGTH OF A SIDE .............................................. 8
THE SINE OF AN ANGLE.................................................................................... 26
TO BLEND AN ARC IN A RIGHT ANGLE .................................................................. 9
THE COSINE OF AN ANGLE ................................................................................ 30
TO DRAW AN ARC FROM A POINT TO A CIRCLE OF RADIUS ‘R’ ................................... 9
THE TANGENT OF AN ANGLE ............................................................................. 34
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION .................................................................. 10
SUMMARY OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN TABULAR FORM ...... 38
NATURE AND USE OF GRAPHS .................................................................. 11
PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 39
USE OF GRAPHS ............................................................................................. 11
RECTANGULAR AND POLAR CO-ORDINATES ............................................. 42
NOMOGRAMS ............................................................................................... 12
CONVERTING RECTANGULAR AND POLAR CO-ORDINATES ....................................... 43
QUESTION: WHAT WOULD BE THE DISTANCE WITH 250 KNOTS AND WITH
................................................................................................................. 13 PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 44
3 HOURS? ................................................................................................. 13

GRAPHS OF EQUATIONS/FUNCTIONS ....................................................... 14

GRAPHS OF STRAIGHT LINES/LINEAR FUNCTIONS ................................................. 14

GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS .................................................................. 15
GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE WAVES ................................................................ 16

PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 17

SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRY ........................................................................... 18

RADIAN MEASURES ........................................................................................ 18

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Category – B Sub Module 1.3 – Geometry

Basic Geometric Definitions We put two points in order to name the line as line AF. However,
there are an infinite amount of points. You can also name it line FA.
Point: A point is a location in space. It is represented by a dot.
Line segment: A line segment is part of a line. The following is a
Point are usually named with a upper case letter. A point is an
segment. A segment has two endpoints. The endpoints in the
exact location in space. It describes a location but has no size.
following segments are A and F. Notice also that the line above
Examples are shown below: For example, we refer to the following
has no endpoints.
as "point A"

Ray: A ray is a collection of points that begin at one point (an

endpoint) and extend forever on one direction. The following is a
ray.

Line: A line is a collection of points that extend forever. The

following is a line. The two arrows are used to show that it extends
forever.

Angle: Two rays with the same endpoint is an angle. The following
is an angle.

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Parallel lines When two lines never meet in space or on a plane

no matter how long we extend them, we say that they are parallel
lines. The following lines are parallel.

Plane: A plane is a flat surface like a piece of paper. It extends in

all directions. We can use arrows to show that it extends in all
directions forever. The following is a plane

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Intersecting lines: When lines meet in space or on a plane, we

say that they are intersecting lines. The following are intersecting
lines.

Vertex: The point where two rays meet is called a vertex. In the
angle above, point A is a vertex.

Chord A chord is a straight-line segment that links any two

points along the edge of a curve.

Circle A circle can be defined the set of all points that are
equidistance from a point called the radius.

center of the circle. Circles are defined by the value of their

radius and their center. The

radius of a circle is the defined as the straight-line distance Diameter

from the center of the circle to
The diameter of a circle is a line segment that passes through
the edge of the circle. The diameter of a circle is a line the center of the circle and has its endpoints on the circle. All
segment that passes through the center of the circle and has the diameters of the same circle have the same length.
endpoints that lie on the circle

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Arc
An arc is a part of a circle. In the above diagram, the line containing the points B and
C is a tangent to the circle.

It touches the circle at point B and is perpendicular to the

radius. Point B is called the point of tangency.

in the diagram above, the part of the circle from B to C forms an

arc. An arc can be measured in degrees.

In the circle above, arc BC is equal to the ∠BOC that is 45°.

Tangent
A tangent is a line that touches a circle at only one point. A
tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact.
The point of tangency is where a tangent line touches the circle.

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Category – B Sub Module 1.3 – Geometry

SIMPLE GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS To Bisect the Given Angle AOB

To Find the Center of a Given Circle

From Figure shown below, it can be seen that with center O, we
set out equal arcs to cut the arms of the angle at A and B. With
Figure (a) below shows the circle, with three well-spaced points centers A and B we set out equal length arcs to meet at C. Then
A, B and C marked on its circumference. Bisect the chord line OC bisects the angle.
between one pair of points, say AB. Figure (b) shows the circle
with the second pair of points BC bisected. The point of
intersection at O is the center of the circle.

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To Draw the Inscribed Circle for a Given Triangle

The largest possible circle that can be drawn interior to a plane

figure. For a polygon, a circle is not actually inscribed unless
each side of the polygon is tangent to the circle

Figure (a) below shows the given triangle ABC with ∠A and ∠B
both having been bisected and the bisectors extended to meet
at O. In Figure (b) a perpendicular is constructed from O to cut
AB at D. Then with center O and radius OD draw the inscribed
circle of the triangle ABC.

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NOTES

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Category – B Sub Module 1.3 – Geometry

To Draw a Hexagon given the Length of a Side

Draw a straight line AF equal to the given length of the side.

With centers A and F, draw the arcs of radius AF to intersect at
O. With the center O draw a circle of radius OA to cut the arcs
at B and D (Figure (a) below). With centers B and E, draw arcs
of radius AF to cut the circle at C and D, respectively (Figure
(b)). Finally join the points on a circle to obtain the required
regular hexagon (Figure (c)).

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To Blend an Arc in a Right Angle To Draw an Arc from a Point to a Circle of Radius ‘r’

Set out faint intersecting lines at right angles, for the desired Set out radius R from P and radius R + r from O to meet at C
arc. From corner A, set out AB and AD equal to required radius
(Figure (a) below). From C draw an arc radius R to touch the
R. From B and D set out arcs of radius R, to intersect
atO(Figure (a) below). From O draw an arc radius R to blend circle and point P (Figure (b)). It is also straightforward to blend
with the straight lines (Figure (b)). Finally erase unwanted an arc from a point to blend with the far side of a circle. In this
construction lines and darken with appropriate grade pencil. case, set out radius R from P and radius R−r from O. Then from
C draw an arc of radius R to touch the circle at P

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Category – B Sub Module 1.3 – Geometry

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

Charts and Graphs are pictorial representations of data. They

enable us to quickly visualize certain relationships, complex
calculations and predict trends. Furthermore, charts allow us to
see the rate and magnitude of changes.

Information is presented graphically in many different forms.

Graphs are often found in the form of bar charts, pictographs,
broken line graphs (or continuous curve graphs) and the circular
or pie chart. Another type of graph that we will meet in aircraft
maintenance is the Nomogram.

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NATURE AND USE OF GRAPHS Use of Graphs

Many of the graphs that we will meet will conform to a standard We will find many graphs which produce a straight line, which
layout of two variables displayed on adjacent axes, normally may, or may not pass through the origin. A graph of this type is
vertical and horizontal. This layout is described as Cartesian formed when load is plotted against extension for an ‘elastic’
and usually has the two axes, labeled x and y which intersect at material subjected to a tensile test.
the zero point.

For such a graph, it is evident that the load value is directly

proportional to the extension that the load produces.

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If we plot a graph, which represents the compression of a gas in Nomograms

a closed cylinder, it takes the form as shown. If the temperature
The need to show how two or more variables affect a value is
of the gas remains constant during the compression, then
common in the maintenance of aircraft. Nomogram also known
Pressure x volume = Constant, produces a curve known as a
as an alignment chart is a special type of graph that enables us
Hyperbola.
to solve complex problems involving more than one variable.

Most Nomogram charts contain a great deal of information and

require the use of scales on three sides of the chart, as well as
diagonal lines. In fact, some charts contain so much
information, that it can be very important for you to carefully
read the instructions before using the chart and to show care
when reading information from the chart itself.

Illustrated below is a graph of three variables, distance, speed

and time, the resulting distance can be extracted from the graph
at the point where these two dashed lines meet. A speed of
375 knots for 2.3 hours would result in a distance of
approximately 150 nautical miles.

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Question: what would be the Distance with 250 knots and with
3 hours?

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GRAPHS OF EQUATIONS/FUNCTIONS Example: Draw the graph of the equation 2x  y  4  0 .

Graphs of Straight Lines/Linear Functions The given equation in the form of function can be written as

y  2x  4 ,
The equation having one degree is called Linear Equation; for
example, 2x  y  5  0 is a linear equation of two variables. If we in which ‘ x ’ is the independent variable and ‘ y ’ is the
solve this equation for ‘ y ’ we get y  5  2x , which is said to be dependent variable. The following table shows some values of ‘
the Linear Function, in which ‘ x ’ is said to be the independent x ’ and their corresponding values of ‘ y ’ with respect to the
and ‘ y ’ is the dependent variable. For plotting the graph of an above function.
equation, first it should be converted into its equivalent function
form and then we assign some values of independent variable
to get the corresponding values of the dependent variable, in x 0 1 -1 2 -2 3
order to get the ordered pairs, by which the curve of the given
equation passes, and can be plotted. y = 2x – 4 -4 -2 -6 0 -8 2

The plotting of graph of straight line / linear function can be Depending upon the ordered pair shown above, the graph of the
understood by considering an example as follows. given equation is shown below.

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For plotting the graph of a parabola, we need to find its vertex

and some ordered pairs. The vertex of the parabola is the point
 b  (b 2  4ac ) 
from where the parabola turns, and is given by  , .

 2a 4a 

Example: Draw the graph of the function y  x 2  3x  2 , taking

values of independent variable ‘ x ’ between 0 to 4.

The given quadratic function is y  x 2  3x  2 , in which a  1,

b  3 and c  2 . By putting these values in the formula of the
vertex we get 1.5,0.25 .

The following table shows the values of ‘ x ’ between 0 to 4 and

their corresponding values of ‘ y ’ with respect to the given
Graphs of Quadratic Functions
function.

As we have studied earlier, a quadratic equation is a second

degree equation. Thus a quadratic function is of the form x 0 1 2 3 4
y  ax2  bx  c , in which ‘ x ’ is the independent variable, ‘ y ’ is
y = x2 – 3x + 2 2 0 0 2 6
the dependent variable, and ‘ a ’, ‘ b ’ and ‘ c ’ are constants. The
graph of a quadratic function is always a ‘Parabola’. If ‘ a ’ is
positive then parabola opens upwards and if ‘ a ’ is negative
then parabola opens downwards. Depending upon the vertex and the ordered pair shown above,
the graph of the given function is shown below.

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Graphs of Sine and Cosine Waves

Alternating voltages and currents are often represented by sine

and cosine waves. These are the result of plotting the path of a
rotating output along a straight axis.

The only difference between them is that the sine wave always
has its zero value at the start and completion of each rotation.
The cosine wave however, begins and finishes its rotation with
the output at its maximum value.

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Draw the graph of the equation x  y  3  0 .

2. Draw the graph of the equation 3x  y  1  0 .

2
3. Draw the graph of the function y  x  4 x  12 .

2
4. Draw the graph of the function y   x  7 x  18 .

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SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRY But the angle at the centre subtended by a semi-circle is 180
and hence
Radian Measures

 radians  180ο
We have seen that an angle is measured in degrees. There is ο
however another way of measuring an angle. In this second 1 radian  180  57.3 ο

system the unit is known as the radian. Referring to
It is worth remembering that

ο 0
0  180 radians
ο 
60  3 radians
ο 
45  4 radians
ο 
90  2 radians
ο 
30  6 radians
Relation between radians and degrees

If we make the arc AB equal to a semi-circle then,

Length of arc = r Example: Find the angle in radians subtended by an arc 12.9
cm long whose radius is 4.6 cm.
r
Angle in radians = 
r
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Category – B Sub Module 1.3 – Geometry

length of arc Angle in radians

Angle in radians 
radius of circle   angle in deg rees

12.9 180

4.6
 2.804 radians   104

180
 1.815 radians
Example: Express an angle of 1.26 radians in degrees and
minutes.

Angle in deg rees

180  angle in radians


180  1.26 ο
  72.18


Now

ο
0.18  0.18  60 minutes  11 minutes

Angle=7211'

Example: Express an angle of 104 in radian.

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Types of Angles Properties of Angles and Straight Lines

An acute angle is less than 90; a right angle is equal to 90;

and a reflex angle is greater than 180. An obtuse angle lies (1)The total angle on a straight line is 180. The angles A and B
between 90 and 180. are called adjacent angles. They are also supplementary.

(2) When two straight lines intersect the opposite angles are
equal. The angles A and C are called the vertically opposite
angles. Similarly the angles B and D are also vertically opposite
angles.

An obtuse angle lies between 90 and 180.

Complementary angles are angles whose sum is 90, whereas

supplementary angles are angles whose sum is 180

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(3) When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then: Example: Find the angle A shown in Fig.

(a) The corresponding angles are equal a=1; b=m; c=p;

d=q.

(b) The alternate angles are equal d=m; c=l.

The interior angles are supplementary d + l = 180; c + m=

180.

ο ο ο
B  180  138  42
B  A correspond ing angles 
ο
A  42

(4) Conversely if the two straight lines are cut by a transversal

the lines are parallel if any one of the following is true:

(a) Two corresponding angels are equal.

(b)Two alternate angles are equal.

(c) Two interior angles are supplementary.

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Example: In Fig. the line BF bisects  ABC . Find the value of c  b alternate angles : BZ || EY 
the angle  .

b  38ο since c  38ο 
a  d alternate angles : XD || BZ 
ο

d  80 sin ce a  80ο 
ABC  b  d  80ο  38ο  118ο
FBC  118ο  2  59sin ce BF bi sec ts ABC 
ο
b    59
ο
38    59ο
  59ο - 38ο  21ο

The lines AX, BZ and EY are all parallel because they lie at
right-angles to the line XY.

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Category – B Sub Module 1.3 – Geometry

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Find the angle in radians subtended by the following
arcs:
(a) arc = 10.9cm, radius = 3.4cm (b) arc =
7.2m, radius = 2.3m

2. Express the following angles in degrees and minutes:

(a) 5 radians (b) 1.73 radians (c)
0.159 radians

3. Express the following angles in radians:

(a) 83 (b) 189 (c) 295

4. Find ‘x’ in the following figures:

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5. Find ‘A’ in the following figures:

6. In the figure below, find a, b ,c & d:

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TRIGONOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS, USE OF TABLES

The Notation for a Right-angled Triangle

The sides of a right-angled triangle are given special names.

The side AB lies opposite the right-angle and it is called the
hypotenuse. The side BC lies opposite to the angle A and it is
called the side opposite to A. The side AC is called the side The Trigonometric Ratios
adjacent to A.
Consider any angle 0 which is bounded by the lines OA and
OB as shown. Take any point P on the boundary line OB. From
P draw line PM perpendicular to OA to meet it at the point M.
Then

MP
the ratio is called the sine of AOB ;
OP

OM
the ratio is called the cosine of AOB ;
OP
and

When we consider the angle B the side AB is still the MP

the ratio is called the tangent of AOB .
hypotenuse but AC is now the side opposite to B and BC is the OM
side adjacent to B.

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The Sine of an Angle

Example: Find by drawing a suitable triangle the value of sine

The abbreviation ‘sin’ is usually used for sine. In any right- 30.
angled triangle the sine of an angle

side opposite the angle


hypotenuse
BC
sin A 
AC
AB
sin C 
AC

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Draw the lines AX and AY which intersect at A so that the angle Example: Find the length of AB in the figure shown:
ο
YAX  30 as shown. Along AY measure off AC equal to 1
unit (say 10cm) and from C draw CB perpendicular to AX.
Measure CB, which will be found to be 0.5 units (5cm in this
case).

ο 5
Therefore sin 30   0.5.
10

AB is the side opposite ACB. AB is the hypotenuse since it is

Although it is possible to find the sines of the angles by drawing, opposite to the right angle.
this is inconvenient and not very accurate. Tables of sines have
been calculated which allow us to find the sine of any angle.
Part of this table is shown below:
Therefore

To find sin 12, the sine of an angle with an exact number of

AB ο
degrees is shown in the column headed 0. Thus sin12 =  sin 22
BC
0.2079. ο
AB  BC  sin 22  80  0.3746
 29.97 mm

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Example: Find the angles CAB and ABC in  ABC which is

shown below:
Example: Find the length of AB in the figure shown:

AC 20
BC is the side opposite to BAC and AB is the hypotenuse. sin B    0.333 3
AB 60
From the sine tables
ο '
 B  19 28
BC ο ο
 sin 23 35' ο ο
 A  90  19 28 '  70 32 '
AB
BC 60
AB  
sin 23 35' 0.400 0
ο

 150 mm

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Trigonometry 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

Function

1 / Ӷ2 = Ӷ3 / 2
Sin 0 1 / 2 = 0.5 1
0.707 =0.866

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The Cosine of an Angle

The cosine of an angle may be found by drawing, the
construction being similar to that used for the sine of an angle.
In any right-angled triangle the cosine of an angle
However, tables of cosines are available and these are used in
side adjacent to the angle a similar way to the table of sines except that the mean
 differences are now subtracted.
hypotenuse
AB
cos A 
AC
BC
cos C 
AC

The abbreviation ‘Cos’ is usually used for Cosine.

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Example: Find the length of the side BC in the figure given Example: Find the length of the side AC in the figure given
below: below:

AB is the side adjacent to BAC and AC is the hypotenuse.

AB
 cos 60 
AC
BC is the side adjacent to BCA and AC is the hypotenuse. AB 28
AC  
  56 cm
cos 60 0.5000

BC
 cos 38 
AC
BC  AC  cos 38   120  0.788 0
 94.56mm

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Example: Find the angle 0 shown in the figure below: Question: Find the AngleA in the figure given below:

Question: Find the length of the side BC in the figure given

below:
Since  ABC is isosceles the perpendicular AD bisects the base
BC and hence BD=15mm.

BD 15
cos 0    0.3
AB 50
ο
0  72 32'

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Trigonometry 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

Function

Ӷ3 / 2 1 / Ӷ2 = 1/2=
Cos 1 0
=0.866 0.707 0.5

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From the table of tangents the tangents of angles from 0 to 90

The Tangent of an Angle can be read directly.
In any right-angled triangle, For example:
The tangent of an angle

side opposite to the angle ο

 tan 37  0.753 6
side adjacent to the angle
BC
tan A 
AB
AB
tan C 
BC

The abbreviation ‘tan’ is usually used for tangent.

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Example: Find the length of the side AB in the figure shown: Question: Find the length of the Angle A in the figure shown:

AB is the side opposite C and AC is the side adjacent to  C.

Hence, Question: Find the length of the Angle B in the figure shown:

AB
 tan C
AC
AB ο
 tan 42
AC
ο
AB  AC  tan 42  40  0.9004
 36.02 mm

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Example: Find the length of the side BC in the figure shown AB AB

(a)  tan 38 or BC 
below: BC tan 38 
32
Therefore BC   40.96 mm
0.7813
(b) Since C  38 
ο ο ο
A  90  38  52
now
BC
 tan A or BC  AB  tan A
AB
BC  32  1.280  40.96 mm

Both methods produce the same answer but method (b) is

better because it is quicker and more convenient to multiply
There are two ways of doing this problem: than divide. Whenever possible the ratio should be arranged so
that the quantity to be found is the numerator of the ratio.

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Trigonometry 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

Function

1 / Ӷ3 ∞
Tan 0 1 Ӷ3 =1.73
=0.577 (Infinity)

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Summary of the Trigonometric Functions in Tabular Form

Trigonometry 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

Function

Sin 0 1 / 2 = 0.5 1 / Ӷ2 = 0.707 Ӷ3 / 2 =0.866 1

Cos 1 Ӷ3 / 2 =0.866 1 / Ӷ2 = 0.707 1 / 2 = 0.5 0

∞
Tan 0 1 / Ӷ3 =0.577 1 Ӷ3 =1.73
(Infinity)

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS 4. Find the angles marked 0 in the following figures:

1. Use the tables to write down the values of:

(a) sin 1812 (b) sin 723

2. Use the tables to write down the angles whose sines

are:
(a) 0.156 4 (b) 0.913 5

3. Find the lengths of the sides marked ‘x’ in the following

figures:

5. In  ABC,  C=90,  B=2317 and AC=11.2cm. Find

AB.

6. In  ABC,  B=90, A=6728 and AC=0.86 m. Find

BC.
7. Use the tables to write down the values of:
(a) cos 15 (b) cos 2418

8. Use the tables to write down the angles whose cosine

are:
(a) 0.913 5 (b) 0.342 0

9. Find the lengths of the sides marked x

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12. Calculate  BAC and the length BC in the figure below:

10. Find the angles marked 0 , the triangles being right

13. Calculate BD, AD, AC and BC in the figure below:
angled:

14. Use tables to write down the values of:

(a) tan 18 (b) tan 3224

15. Use tables to write down the angles whose tangents are:
11. In  ABC,  C=90,  B=33 and BC-2.4cm. Find AB. (a) 0.445 2 (b) 3.270 9

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16. Find the lengths of the sides marked ‘y’ in the triangles 19. In  ABC, A=1223, B=90 and BC=7.31cm. Find
being right-angled: AB.

17. Find the angles marked  , the triangles being right-

angled:

18. In  ABC,  B=90,C=49 and AB=3.2cm. Find BC.

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RECTANGULAR AND POLAR CO-ORDINATES

A point on a graph can be defined in several ways. The two

most common ways use either rectangular or polar co-
ordinates.

Rectangular co-ordinates use two perpendicular axis, normally

labeled x and y as shown in the figure below, where any point P
is identified by its horizontal distance along the x-axis and its
vertical distance up the y-axis. Polar co-ordinates give the
distance r, from the origin O and the angle θ of the line, joining
the origin and the point P with the x-axis.

Thus, for example, the point (4,−3) has the rectangular or

Cartesian co-ordinates for the point, i.e. 4 units to the right
along the x-axis and 3 units in the negative y direction, i.e.
downwards (figure (a) below). The point (25  128o) gives the
polar co-ordinates for the point P, that is 25 units in magnitude,
from the origin, at an angle of 128o, measured anticlockwise
from the horizontal x-axis (figure (b) below).

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Converting Rectangular and Polar Co-ordinates

A useful skill is to be able to convert rectangular to polar co-

ordinates and vice versa. This is particularly helpful, when
dealing with sinusoidal functions and other oscillatory functions
that you may meet in your later modules.

Consider the figure below, which shows a set of rectangular and

polar axes combined.

Then to convert rectangular to polar co-ordinates, we use

Pythagoras theorem and the tangent ratio to give:

y
r  x 2  y 2 and   tan 1
x

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To convert polar to rectangular co-ordinates, we use the sine Example: Convert the polar co-ordinates (150  300o) into
and cosine ratios to give: rectangular co-ordinates.

y  r sin and x  r cos It is given that r  150 and   300 .

Example: Convert the rectangular co-ordinates (-5,-12) into
polar co-ordinates.
Now, x  r cos  150 cos 300  (150)(0.5)  75
It is given that x  5 and y  12.
and
y  r sin   150 sin 300  (150)(0.866)  129.9

Now, r  (5) 2  (12) 2  25  144  169  13 Thus, the given point in rectangular form can be written as (75,-
129.9).
 12 12
and   tan 1  tan 1  67.4 
5 5
PRACTICE QUESTIONS

As the point (-5,-12) lies in the third quadrant, therefore

1. Calculate the polar coordinates of the following points:
  180  67.4  247.4 . Thus, the given point in polar form (a) (6,7) (b) (-4,3)
can be written as (13  247.4o).
2. Calculate the rectangular coordinates of the following
points:
(a) (5,30o) (b) (8,150o)

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